Increasing evidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus transmission, the Netherlands, June 2016.

We present a case of endemic tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) occurring in June 2016 in the eastern part of the Netherlands in an area where a strain of TBE virus, genetically different from the common TBE virus strains in Europe, was reported in ticks in 2016. With the start of the tick season in spring, this second autochthonous Dutch TBE case should remind physicians to consider the possibility of endemic TBE in patients with respective symptoms.

18F-FLT PET in hematologic disorders: a novel technique to analyze the bone marrow compartment.

UNLABELLED: Few diagnostic procedures are available to determine the degree of bone marrow cellularity and the numbers of cycling cells in patients with bone marrow disorders. Noninvasive imaging of the bone marrow compartment may be helpful. The PET tracer 3'-fluoro-3'-deoxy-L-thymidine (18F-FLT) has been developed recently. 18F-FLT uptake is related to the rate of DNA synthesis and increases with higher proliferation rates in many types of cancer. Background uptake of 18F-FLT in bone marrow is common. 18F-FLT PET might, therefore, visualize the high cycling activity of hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow compartment. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility of visualization and quantification of the activity of the bone marrow compartment with 18F-FLT PET to distinguish different hematologic disorders. METHODS: Clinical and laboratory data of 18 patients with myelodysplasia (MDS), chronic myeloproliferative disorders, myelofibrosis, aplastic anemia, or multiple myeloma were correlated with the results of 18F-FLT PET using visual analysis and the standardized uptake value (SUV). Findings were compared with those of healthy control subjects (n = 14). RESULTS: With SUV and visual analysis, a distinction could be made between MDS (n = 9), chronic myeloproliferative disorders (n = 3), and myelofibrosis (n = 3) compared with healthy control subjects. A significant increase in 18F-FLT uptake was observed in all of the studied patients with MDS and myeloproliferative disorders. In contrast, patients with myelofibrosis and aplastic anemia (n = 1) demonstrated a decline in bone marrow 18F-FLT uptake compared with healthy control subjects. Comparable results were observed in osteolytic lesions of patients with multiple myeloma (n = 2). CONCLUSION: 18F-FLT PET can be used to visualize the proliferative activity of the bone marrow compartment and may be helpful to distinguish separate hematologic disorders.

The role of serial pre-transplantation positron emission tomography in predicting progressive disease in relapsed lymphoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) appears to be an excellent tool for evaluating early response to chemotherapy in lymphoma patients. As only chemosensitive patients with relapsed lymphoma may benefit from ablative therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), PET may be used to select patients for ASCT. A prospective study was performed to investigate the optimal time point of pre-transplantation PET, using different PET-parameters. DESIGN AND METHODS: Three serial whole-body attenuation-corrected FDG-PET scans were performed in 39 consecutive patients with relapsed lymphoma (28 with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and 11 with Hodgkin's disease) eligible for second-line chemotherapy followed by ASCT: PET1 before treatment, PET2 after two cycles of induction chemotherapy and PET3 after a third cycle of chemotherapy just before ASCT in cases with an abnormal PET2. Visual analysis and standardized uptake value (SUV) parameters were obtained for each scan. The follow-up lasted a minimum of 6 months after ASCT. RESULTS: PET2 normalized in 43% (17/39) of the patients, and PET3 normalized in 27% (6/22). Persistent abnormal FDG-uptake was observed in 41% of the patients: 15% showed partial remission and 26% stable or even progressive abnormalities. With a median follow-up of 22 months (range 6-55) 54% of all patients relapsed after ASCT. The results demonstrated that those patients who showed a complete response after the second and third cycles of chemotherapy had a 2-year progression-free survival of 71% and 58%, respectively, while those who showed no response, all relapsed shortly after ASCT. Analysis of the SUV parameters did not reveal additional information compared to that yielded by the visual assessment. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Two serial PET scans predict outcome after ASCT more precisely than one interim PET in patients with relapsed lymphoma.

Early FDG-PET assessment in combination with clinical risk scores determines prognosis in recurring lymphoma.

This study was set up to demonstrate whether prognostic classification based on the secondary age-adjusted International Prognostic Index (sAA-IPI) for recurring aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or the prognostic score for recurring Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) can be improved by including the midtreatment results of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxy-glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Clinical data on patients with recurring lymphoma who were treated with second-line chemotherapy (DHAP-VIM-DHAP) followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) were collected and combined with the results of FDG-PET performed before and after 2 cycles of reinduction chemotherapy. PET responses after 2 courses were scored as complete remission (CR), partial remission (PR), or no response (NR). A multivariate analysis was performed to design a predictive model. The number of patients (101 of 117) included those (78 patients with aggressive NHL and 23 patients with HL) that could be analyzed according to protocol. Of these, 80 patients were chemosensitive and 77 received transplants. Both secondary clinical risk score (P<.001) and FDG-PET response (P<.001) were independent predictive factors for the total evaluable group of patients with lymphoma and for patients with NHL alone. The combined use of the clinical risk score and FDG-PET response after 2 chemotherapy courses identified at least 4 categories of patients with a failure-free survival varying between 5% to 100% after transplantation (P<.001). These data indicate that the secondary clinical risk score in conjunction with FDG-PET response provides a more accurate prognostic instrument for the outcome of second-line treatment at least in patients with recurring NHL.

Predictive value of early 18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in chemosensitive relapsed lymphoma.

18F-fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) might be a better tool than computerized tomography (CT) in predicting long-term treatment outcome in patients with relapsed chemosensitive lymphoma who are candidates for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). We studied patients with recurrent or persistent aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin's disease (HD), who were treated with three courses of second-line induction chemotherapy [DHAP-VIM (dexamethasone, cytarabine, cisplatin followed by etoposide, iphosphamide and methotrexate)-DHAP], followed by myeloablative therapy and ASCT if chemosensitive. FDG-PET was performed in parallel to conventional diagnostic methods before starting, and after two courses of, second-line therapy. Of 68 relapsed lymphoma patients, 46 chemosensitive patients (33 NHL and 13 HD) were included, of whom 39 were transplanted. After DHAP-VIM, the second PET scan was normalized in 15/46 patients; progression-free survival at 2 years was 62% for PET-negative patients versus 32% for PET-positive patients (P = 0.048). The relative risk for progressive disease in patients with < 90% intensity reduction was 2.85 (95% confidence interval 1.15-7.05, P = 0.018). Early FDG-PET may help to predict the long-term treatment outcome of ASCT in chemosensitive patients with relapsed lymphoma and identify those patients who need extra or alternative treatment. Disappearance or > 90% reduction of intensity of abnormal FDG uptake after two courses of reinduction therapy was correlated with a favourable outcome.