Effects of temozolomide on U87MG glioblastoma cell expression of CXCR4, MMP2, MMP9, VEGF, anti-proliferatory cytotoxic and apoptotic properties.

Temozolomide is an alkylating agent which is used in glioblastoma treatment. We aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of temozolomide and exposure time on U87MG glioblastoma cell expression of CXCR4, MMP2, MMP9 and VEGF. U87MG cells were cultured in different temozolomide concentrations and incubation time and the effects of temozolomide on inducing apoptosis was investigated. The levels of VEGF and CXCR4 expression were measured by RT-PCR and flowcytometry. Moreover, MMP2 and MMP9 activity and expression were assessed by ELISA and zymography. CXCR4 and VEGF expression levels decreased upon applying higher concentration of temozolomide. MMP2 and MMP-9 had lower activity in cells with longer exposure time or higher doses of temozolomide. Temozolomide induces the apoptosis in U87MG glioblastoma cells at therapeutic or higher dose. It is capable of decreasing their expression levels of VEGF and CXCR4.

Cholinergic agonists inhibit proliferation of human fibroblast-like synoviocytes and monocytic cell lines and reduce VEGF and MMPs expression by these cells.

Background and purpose: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and joint destruction. Excessive proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and over-expression of angiogenic factors play a crucial role in pannus formation and joint destruction in RA. Clarification of the role of cholinergic agonists in modulation of inflammation and immune system reactions is progressively ongoing. In this study, the anti-angiogenic effect of two cholinergic agonists, nicotine and ARR17779, on human FLS, and monocytic cell lines (U937) was evaluated.Experimental approach: The cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and treated with different doses of nicotine and ARR17779 in the presence of TNF-α, LPS, and IFN-γ. After 48 h, cell number was counted in different groups. After RNA extraction, cDNA was synthesized and the expression of VEGF and MMPs has been evaluated by real-time PCR using specific primers and probes. VEGF was assayed in U937 cell line supernatant using ELISA method.Key results: Both nicotine and ARR17779 inhibited FLS and U937 cell proliferation. Cholinergic agonists reduced the expression of MMPs and VEGF. VEGF level in supernatant of U937 cells treated with cholinergic agonists was also reduced.Conclusion and implications: Our results suggest that cholinergic agonists can modulate pathological conditions related to pannus formation in in-vitro conditions. Based on these results, cholinergic agonists can be considered as novel therapeutic options in RA. Further animal studies are needed before introducing these agents into clinical uses.

Comparison of different doses of subconjunctival sunitinib with bevacizumab in the treatment of corneal neovascularization in experimental rats.

BACKGROUND: To compare the efficacy of subconjunctival administration of bevacizumab and different doses of sunitinib malate in reducing corneal neovascularization (CNV). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, central corneal cauterization was created in the right eye of fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats. On day 1 (1 week after cauterization), rats were randomly assigned into five treatment groups. Group control (n = 10) received subconjunctival injection of 0.02 ml of base saline solution. Group 1 (n = 10) received 0.02 ml of bevacizumab (25 mg/ml). Group 2, 3, and 4 (n = 10 for each group) were treated with 0.02 ml of sunitinib malate (10, 20, and 50 µg/ml, respectively). On days 1, 7, and 14, digital photographs of the cornea were taken, and the area of CNV was measured. RESULTS: During the 2-week follow-up, CNV area in treatment groups was less than in control group (P < 0.05). On day 7, corneal avascular area was highest in Group 3 at 63%. On day 14, the area of CNV in Groups 2 and 3 was less than in Group 1 (P = 0.031 and 0.011, respectively), but the difference between Groups 2 and 3 was not statistically significant (P = 0.552). The decreased CNV area on day 14 in Group 4 was significant in comparison to bevacizumab, but it was not significant on day 7 (P = 0.25 on day 7 and 0.002 on day 14). CONCLUSION: Subconjunctival sunitinib malate is more effective than bevacizumab in regressing CNV. This effect is more prominent on day 14.

Alterations of Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Expression Profile in Normal and Malignant Breast Tissues.

BACKGROUND: The actions of Vitamin D in different tissues, including breast tissue, are mediated by vitamin D receptor (VDR). Vitamin D has antitumor functions in the body; any changes in VDR expression can therefore affect the anticancer activities of Vitamin D. The present study was conducted to compare expression levels of VDR mRNA and protein in normal and tumor breast tissues. METHODS: Tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples from 30 patients with breast cancer were procured from the Iran National Tumor Bank of the Cancer Institute. After the extraction of RNA and cDNA synthesis, expression of the VDR gene was analyzed using Real Time RT-PCR based on TaqMan method. The expression of VDR protein was also assessed using the western blotting method. The results were quantified and analyzed in Alpha Ease, SPSS, and Excel. RESULTS: VDR mRNA and protein expression was significantly greater in tumor tissues compared to in the adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.01). Comparison of the relationship between the VDR gene mRNA expression level in tumor tissues and the clinicopathological parameters (including tumor stage, grade, size, patients' age groups, and the presence or absence of lymphatic invasion) showed VDR gene expression to be significantly related to tumor size and stage (p < 0.05). However, no relationships were observed between the expression of VDR protein in the tumor tissues and either of the parameters examined. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest possible changes in the vitamin D signaling pathway associated with carcinogenesis of the breast, which can affect the anticancer activities of vitamin D. The study of blood vitamin D concentrations and expression changes of its anabolic and catabolic pathway enzymes can probably promote our understanding of the effects of vitamin D and its changes during breast tumorigenesis.

Investigating efficacy of colchicine plus phenolic monoterpenes fraction as a potential treatment for patients diagnosed with COVID-19: A randomized controlled parallel clinical trial.

Background: COVID-19 now is a serious concern for the world healthcare system. This study aimed to investigate possible therapeutic effect of colchicine and phenolic monoterpenes accompanied by standard care of treatment (SCT) in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. Methods: In this randomized controlled parallel clinical trial, a total number of 179 (of 200) patients with confirmed COVID-19 were enrolled according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The patients were allocated by simple randomization method into two groups control (receiving SCT with 71 patients) and intervention (receiving SCT plus colchicine and phenolic monoterpenes with 107 patients). The mortality ratio during hospitalization as well as a 2-week follow-up, ICU admission rate, and hospitalization duration were assessed as main outcomes. Results: The mortality ratio was 0.9% (1/108) and 8.45% (6/71) in the intervention and the control groups (p-value = 0.035) respectively, these ratios after a 14-day follow-up were 1.85% (2/108), and 9.85 (7/71) respectively (p-value = 0.031). Also, the ICU admission was significantly lower (p-value = 0.006) in the intervention group 2/108 (1.85%) compared with controls 10/71 (14.08%). Moreover, the duration of hospitalization followed a similar pattern to ICU admission with 4.17 ± 1.34 vs. 6.39 ± 2.59 days in the intervention and control groups respectively (p-value< 0.001). Furthermore, no significant side effect was found between the groups. Conclusion: According to the results, the combination of colchicine plus phenolic monoterpenes could be an additive treatment for the SCT. The authors strongly recommend further trials on this combination with other SCTs.

HLA-DRB, -DQA, and DQB alleles and haplotypes in Iranian patients with diabetes mellitus type I.

Specific alleles at the HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 loci seem to be associated with variable risks of developing type 1 diabetes (T1D). This study assessed the distribution of HLA-DR and -DQ alleles among Iranian T1D patients and healthy controls. In this study, HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 alleles were determined in 100 children with T1D and 100 unrelated healthy controls. The following alleles were found to have a strong positive association with T1D: DRB1*0301, DRB1*0401, DRB1*0402, DQA1*0301, DQA1*0501, DQB1*0201, and DQB1*0302. Meanwhile, protective associations were found for DRB1*1001, DRB1*1101, DRB1*15, DRB1*16, DQA1*0102, DQA1*0103, DQB1*0301, DQB1*0501, and DQB1*0602 alleles. The haplotypes found most frequently among patients with T1D were DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201, DRB1*0401-DQA1*0301- DQB1*0302, and DRB1*0402-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302, whereas DRB1*1101-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0301 and DRB1*16-DQA1*0102- DQB1*0501 haplotypes were negatively associated with the disease. These results confirm the previously reported association of specific HLA-DR and HLA-DQ alleles and haplotypes with T1D in Iranian population. The notable difference was the identification of DRB1*16-DQA1*0102-DQB1*0501 as a protective haplotype and the absence of a negative association of DRB1*1301-DQA1*0103-DRB1*0603 with T1D.

Erythropoietin levels in aqueous humor of patients with glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To compare the aqueous concentration of erythropoietin (EPO) in eyes with primary open-angle (POAG), pseudoexfoliative (PXFG), and neovascular (NVG) glaucoma with age-matched eyes with cataracts, and to correlate its concentration with other factors including age, gender, intraocular pressure (IOP), type of glaucoma, and severity of glaucoma. METHODS: In this prospective non-randomized comparative study, a total of 26 eyes with cataracts (control group) and 92 glaucomatous eyes (POAG, 40 eyes; PXFG, 26 eyes; NVG, 26 eyes) were enrolled. Aqueous samples (0.1 to 0.2 ml) were obtained during phacoemulsification, trabeculectomy, phacotrabeculectomy, or Ahmed valve glaucoma implants. The aqueous concentration of EPO was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The mean±SEM aqueous level of EPO was statistically significantly higher in eyes with glaucoma (56.7±9.3 mIU/ml) compared to the control group (0.8±0.51 mIU/ml; p<0.001). Eyes with NVG had the highest aqueous level of EPO. Aqueous EPO concentrations remained considerably elevated even in eyes with controlled IOP in all three types of glaucoma. Eyes with PXFG displayed the greatest change in aqueous EPO concentration proportionate to the IOP level. In simple regression analysis, IOP, mean deviation, and the type of glaucoma were the factors that had a statistically significantly positive correlation with the aqueous level of EPO (p=0.011 and <0.001, respectively). Only the type of glaucoma remained statistically significant in the multiple regression analysis (adjusted R(2)=0.278). CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the control group, the aqueous humor EPO concentration is increased in eyes with POAG, PXFG, and NVG, both with and without controlled IOP. The aqueous level of EPO was more proportionate to the level of IOP in eyes with PXFG compared to eyes with POAG and NVG.

Gene polymorphism of interleukin-1 alpha and beta in keratocystic odontogenic tumors.

AIM AND BACKGROUND: Odontogenic keratocysts have a different growth mechanism and biologic behavior in comparison with more common dentigerous and radicular cysts. It was reclassified as keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT). The proliferative activity of the epithelial cells of KCOT has a close relationship with tissue levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1). Moreover, IL-1 increases the expression of several matrix metalloproteinases in the fibroblasts of adjacent stroma and activates the osteoclastogenesis process. So it plays an important role in the activity, spread, and local aggressiveness of this tumor. Therefore, it seems that the gene polymorphism of the cytokines of the IL-1 family is influential in the pathogenesis of KCOT and the patients' susceptibility to disease. METHOD: A total of 38 blood samples of patients suffering from KCOT and 150 blood samples of healthy patients were assessed using PCR-SSP. The blood samples were assessed for the following polymorphisms: interleukin-1 alpha (-889) and interleukin-1 beta (-511). Following up the patients, we found six recurrent and one syndromic cases. FINDINGS: By comparing the case and control groups, we observed the significant dominance of allele T over C, and genotype TT over CC and CT in IL-1α, although no significant difference was seen in the allele frequency and genotypes regarding IL-1ß. CONCLUSION: The function of IL-1α has a significant relationship with KCOT. Its effective genotype associated with pathogenesis, growth, local invasion, and recurrence is TT.

Assessment of Human Leukocyte Antigen Differences between Smokers with Reinke's Edema and Those with Laryngeal Cancer.

Introduction: The present study aimed to assess human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing differences between smokers with Reinke's edema and those with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Materials and Methods: The HLA class I, II alleles were examined in 76 unrelated Iranian patients using low-resolution polymerase chain reaction with the sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) method. Results: The frequency of the HLA-A*36 allele and HLA-B*35 was significantly higher in patients with SCC. The frequency of HLA-DRB1*01 alleles in Reinke's edema was significantly higher, as compared to that in others. In the volunteer group, HLA-DRB1*13 and HLA-DRB1*15 were significantly higher. Conclusions: As evidenced by the obtained results, HLA-A*36 was significantly higher in SCC, as compared to that in volunteers and Reinke's edema patients. It can be concluded that being positive for HLA-A*36 increases the chance of SCC by three times. This result should be further investigated in cohort studies conducted on larger samples. Furthermore, HLA-A*24 was significantly higher in the volunteer group, as compared to that in other groups. The HLADRB1*01 was remarkably higher in Reinke's edema, as compared to that in SCC.

Challenging Issues in Diagnosis and Screening of BK Virus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplant Recipients, A Multicenter Experience in Iranian Population.

INTRODUCTION: BK virus nephropathy (BKVN) is an important complication of kidney transplantation and kidney biopsy remains the gold standard for its diagnosis. Urine/serum polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a more sensitive diagnostic method, although it has some potential limitations. METHODS: This study enrolled all kidney transplant recipients who underwent kidney transplant biopsy, collected from three medical centers. Urine and serum PCR results of the patients were also collected from the molecular laboratories. The cut-off value for positive viral DNA load in serum and urine were > 104 and > 107 copies/mL, respectively. Sensitivity, specifity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) and cut off values for PCR results were compared with pathologic diagnosis among laboratories. RESULTS: Among 369 biopsy samples, 33 (8.9%) had definite diagnosis of BKVN. PCR results were available for 138 cases. Three patients with definite BKVN had negative PCR results. In 22 patients, PCR was positive without evidence of BKVN. The overall sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of PCR for detecting BKVN, based on a unique cut-off value, were 88, 81, 51, and 97%; respectively. The overall accuracy of PCR in all laboratories was high (82 to 86%), however significant inter-laboratory differences in sensitivity and specificity was found . A 2-log difference in threshold value for positive results was observed in one laboratory. CONCLUSION: PCR may show a significant variability between different laboratories. Interpretation of PCR results using a single cut-off value for all laboratories, may decrease the sensitivity for the diagnosis and screening of BKVN.  DOI: 10.52547/ijkd.7143.

Cytokine gene polymorphisms in common variable immunodeficiency.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and an increased susceptibility to recurrent infections, autoimmunity and cancers. There are some conflicting results regarding the cytokine profile of CVID patients. While cytokine production could be associated with gene polymorphism, genetic profiles of a number of cytokines were analyzed in this study. The allele and genotype frequencies of the polymorphic genes coding for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12, interferon-gamma and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta were investigated in 30 patients with CVID in comparison with 140 controls. The genotype TGF-beta CG at position +915 was significantly overrepresented in the patient group, while the frequencies of the genotypes TGF-beta TT at +869 and GG at +915 were significantly decreased in the patient group in comparison with controls. TGF-beta TC and IL-2 GT were the most frequent haplotypes in the patients, whereas the TGF-beta TG haplotype was significantly decreased in the patient group. The allele and genotype frequencies of interferon-gamma at position UTR +5644 and also IL-12 at position -1188 were similar in patients and controls. Cytokine single nucleotide polymorphisms could play a role in the pathophysiology of CVID. Considering the significantly lower frequency of the high production haplotype (TG) and the higher frequency of the low production halplotype (TC) of TGF-beta, low production of this cytokine is expected in some CVID patients.

GCH1 (rs841) polymorphism in the nitric oxide-forming pathway has protective effects on obstructive sleep apnea.

Several studies have recently investigated the contribution of genetic factors in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Patients with OSA suffer from a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) serum level. This study investigated rs841, A930G p22phox, and rs1799983 polymorphisms in three critical genes involved in NO formation. A total of 94 patients with OSA and 100 healthy controls were enrolled into the study. Results showed there was no association between rs841, A930G p22phox and rs1799983 polymorphism and the risk of OSA (P = 0.51, P = 0.4 and P = 0.33, respectively). Moreover, rs841 GA genotype had a reverse relationship with the severity of OSA (P = 0.005). On the other hand, rs841 GA and A930G p22phox AA genotypes had a protective effect on daytime sleepiness in OSA patients (P = 0.01and P = 0.02, respectively). Additionally, the combination of rs841 and A930G p22phox (AG/AG and AG/AA) genotypes was significantly associated with a reduction in daytime sleepiness in OSA patients (P = 0.03 and P = 0.03, respectively). According to the results of our study, GA genotype of rs841 and GA/AA genotypes of A930G p22phox polymorphisms significantly reduced the severity of the problem and daytime sleepiness in OSA patients.

In Vitro Evaluation of CMV Specific CD8+T Cells Function in CMV+ Colorectal Cancer Patients Compared to Healthy Controls.

The oncogenic role of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been recently shown in different cancers like colorectal cancer (CRC). According to the recent immunotherapy approach to target the CMV-expressing tumor cells, we investigated the CMV peptide-stimulated CD8+T cells functions in CRC patients compared to healthy individuals. All sixteen patients and seven controls were CMV seropositive. Blood samples were obtained from patients without chemotherapy and radiotherapy before surgery. Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells were generated using 14-day culture of PBMCs in the presences of CMV peptide epitopes and rhIL-2. In addition to the supernatant evaluations for TNF-α and IFN-γ, the functionality of CD8+ T cells was examined by detecting CD107a and intracellular IFN-γ using flow cytometry. CMV DNA was detected in tissues by Real Time PCR. CMV DNA was found in 31% of tumor tissues, while it was not seen in the adjacent non-tumor tissues. There was a close association between CMV in tumor tissue and tumor grade. Surface expression of CD107a and intracellular IFN-γ in CMV-stimulated CD8+T cells and the level of IFN-γ production in patient and control groups increased significantly after culture. The number of functions increased in patients (p<0.05) and healthy individuals after culture. Followingstimulation, expressions of CD107a and intracellular IFN-γ were elevated in tumor CMV positive patients while the TNF-α secretion was decreased. In vitro stimulation of PBMC in the presence of CMV peptide epitopes and IL-2 can be an applicable method to generate cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in CRC patients for future T cell therapy.

Circulating mesenchymal stem cells, stromal derived factor (SDF)-1 and IP-10 levels increased in clinically active multiple sclerosis patients but not in clinically stable patients treated with beta interferon.

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to migrate into the inflammatory regions in response to chemokines such as, IP-10 and SDF-1α and function as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cells. METHODS: In this study we investigated the MSCs frequency in peripheral blood of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) patients in clinically active and not on disease-modifying therapy (DMT) (n = 22) and clinically stable on DMT (Interferon-ß (IFN-ß) therapy) for at least 6 months (n = 22) in comparison to sex and age-matched healthy controls (n = 25) using flow cytometry. The serum and gene expression levels of IP-10 and SDF-1a were also measured in studied groups by ELISA and Real time- PCR. RESULTS: We obtained significant high levels of circulating CD45-CD34- CD90+ and CD45-CD34- CD105+ cells in clinically active patients, not on DMT and patients under IFNß therapy compared with control group. Furthermore, a significant increase in the percentage of circulating CD45-CD34- CD105+ CD90+ cells was found in clinically active patients and not on DMT compared with control group. Serum analysis of IP-10 and SDF-1α showed a significant increase in IP10 concentration in both clinically active not on DMT (P = 0.02) and on DMT (P = 0.005) RRMS patients in comparison with controls. The expression level of SDF-1α mRNA significantly increased in clinically active not on DMT (P = 0.03), while decreased in patients under IFNß therapy (P = 0.04). The mRNA expression of IP-10 only increased in patients on DMT compared with controls (P = 0.05). CONCLUSION: Circulating MSCs, IP-10 and SDF-1α levels, increased in RRMS patients with clinically active not on DMT and IFN-ß therapy reduced circulating MSCs and SDF-1α levels.

A Comparative Evaluation of Regulatory T Cells Profile among Acute and Chronic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Using Flow Cytometry.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is described as a major health problem in many countries of the world. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are characterized as one of immunologic indexes. One of the best methods to determine of Tregs percentage is flow cytometry. The aim of this study was determination of the role of Tregs profile among acute and chronic forms of human CL using flow cytometry analysis. METHODS: This study was conducted on 24 patients referred to Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran with acute and 14 patients with chronic phases of CL as well as 15 healthy individuals as control group in 2015-2016. After microscopic examination, 2 ml of peripheral blood samples were collected for determining percentage of CD4 + CD25 + CD127 low Tregs by using flow cytometry method. RESULTS: Using flow cytometry analysis, the average percentage of Tregs were calculated 5.73, 6.71 and 6.61 for acute, chronic and healthy individuals, respectively. With SPSS software and Scheffe multiple comparison tests, the differences within in these groups are statistically significant (P=0.04) and between the acute and chronic group, there was marginally significant with approximately 91% of confidence level (P=0.088). CONCLUSION: Marginally differences were found significantly among averages of Regulatory T cells, acute and chronic phases of CL. Further comprehensive studies can be needed to verify the role of Tregs in both phases of CL cases.

Inhibition of corneal neovascularization with a nutrient mixture containing lysine, proline, ascorbic acid, and green tea extract.

Corneal neovascularization is a significant, sight-threatening complication of many ocular surface disorders. Various growth factors and proteinases are involved in corneal neovascularization. The data supporting a causal role for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extensive. Inhibition of VEGF and MMPs is a main strategy for treating corneal neovascularization. Several findings have shown that corneal neovascularization can be reduced by using anti-VEGF and anti-MMPs agents. Efficacy of a nutrient mixture (NM) containing lysine, proline, ascorbic acid, and green tea extract has been demonstrated for reducing VEGF and MMPs secretion by various cells. Moreover, NM can inhibit endothelial cell migration and capillary tube formation. We herein note that topical application of NM is potentially useful for inhibiting corneal neovascularization and restoration of corneal clarity. Further investigations in animal models are needed to place NM alongside corneal neovascularization therapeutics.

Anti-angiogenic effect of soybean kunitz trypsin inhibitor on human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

Soybean kunitz trypsin inhibitor (STI) was purified from aqueous extract of defatted soybean meal by affinity and ion exchange chromatography. In this study the effect of purified STI on cell migration and tubulogenesis in microcarrier-based fibrin gel was assayed. Purified STI had strong inhibitory effect on human umbilical vein endothelial cells migration and tubulogenesis in fibrin matrix, without toxic effects in the studied doses.

Gene expression profiles of CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 in malignant and normal breast tissues.

Active vitamin D has several antitumor effects, including prodifferentiative, antiproliferative and proapoptotic functions in a number of tissues via its binding to vitamin D receptor. The 24­hydroxylase (CYP24A1) and 1­hydroxylase (CYP27B1) enzymes are considered to be pivotal determinants of the local concentration of active vitamin D. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mRNA expression levels of the CYP24A1 and CYP27B1 genes in malignant and normal breast tissues. The tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples of 30 patients with breast cancer were acquired from the Iran National Tumor Bank, Imam Hospital (Tehran, Iran). RNA was extracted and, following cDNA synthesis, Taq­Man quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis was performed for CYP24A1 and CYP27B1. The results demonstrated that the mRNA expression of CYP27B1 was downregulated in the tumor tissues, compared with the adjacent normal tissues (P<0.01), whereas the mRNA expression of CYP24A1 was significantly upregulated in the tumor tissues (P<0.01). This major difference revealed that the normal breast tissues transcriptionally expressed CYP24A1 slightly. These results are suggestive of dysregulation of the vitamin D signaling and metabolic pathways during tumorigenesis in breast cancer. Local alterations in the anabolism and catabolism of active vitamin D in breast cancer by the CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 may impair its anticancer functions.

Association Study of HLA-DQB1*0602 Allele in Iranian Patients with Narcolepsy.

Narcolepsy is a rare, disabling disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis. Several studies demonstrated its association with HLA-DQB1*0602 in various ethnic groups. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of HLA-DQB1*0602 allele in Iranian patients with narcolepsy and assess its predictive parameters for diagnosing narcolepsy. In addition, car accidents and job problems were assessed among narcoleptic patients. We studied 44 narcoleptic patients, 30 patients with other types of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS)  and 50 healthy age and sex matched individuals in this case-control study. Patients and controls filled out a questionnaire including items about car accidents due to sleepiness and job problems. International classification of sleep disorders-2 criteria was used as the gold standard for diagnosis of narcolepsy. The DNAs isolated from whole blood samples were collected from the patients and controls to assess the presence of HLA-DQB1*0602. The results showed that HLA DQB1*0602 was present in 4 (8%) individual of controls and 20 (45.5%) patients with higher prevalence in patients with cataplexy (78.9%) than patients without cataplexy (p<0.001). The sensitivities of the DQB1*0602 for diagnosing narcolepsy with cataplexy and narcolepsy without cataplexy were 78.9 and 20; specificities were 88 and 72.4, respectively. 18.2% of patients had car accidents due to sleepiness and 68.2% suffered from job problems. Our study shows that evaluation of DQB1*0602 in patients suspected to narcolepsy could be helpful especially in complex cases with atypical cataplexy and indistinguishable multiple sleep latency test MSLT results. Moreover, high rates of car accidents and job problems are found among narcoleptic patients.

Silymarin (Livergol®) Decreases Disease Activity Score in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Non-randomized Single-arm Clinical Trial.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease, which can lead to joint destruction and disability. Pannus formation due to chronic synovitis is the hallmark of RA. Oxidative stress as a consequence of immune cell activation and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs can prevent inflammation and tissue destruction. Silymarin, an antioxidant extract from Silybum marianum, has been traditionally used for the treatment of liver diseases for decades. In the present non-randomized single-arm clinical trial (NRSACT) study we evaluated the effects of silymarin tablet (Livergol®) on inflammatory markers in stable RA patients. Disease activity score (DAS-28) was measured before and after adding silymarin to standard drug regimen used for controlling inflammation in RA patients. Silymarin significantly reduced the DAS28 related symptoms in 44 RA patients after 90 days (3.02±0.98 versus 2.3±0.74, p<0.001). The exact mechanism of therapeutic effects of silymarin in RA patients is not clear but it could be as the results of its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties. Conducting the study on larger number of patients and also measuring cytokines levels including TNF-α and IL-1ß may clarify the underlying mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of silymarin in RA patients.