The potential mechanisms and treatment effects of stem cell-derived exosomes in cardiac reengineering.

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of diverse compositions that are secreted by numerous cell types. Exosomes contain significant bioactive components, including lipids, proteins, mRNA, and miRNA. Exosomes play an important role in regulating cellular signaling and trafficking under both normal physiological and pathological circumstances. A multitude of factors, including thermal stress, ribosomal stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and oxidative stress influence the concentrations of exosomal mRNA, miRNA, proteins, and lipids. It has been stated that exosomes derived from stem cells (SCs) modulate a range of stresses by preventing or fostering cell balance. Exosomes derived from SCs facilitate recovery by facilitating cross-cellular communication via the transmission of information in the form of proteins, lipids, and other components. For this reason, exosomes are used as biomarkers to diagnose a wide variety of diseases. The focus of this review is the bioengineering of artificial exosomal cargoes. This process encompasses the control and transportation of particular exosomal cargoes, including but not limited to small molecules, recombinant proteins, immune modulators, and therapeutic medications. Therapeutic approaches of this nature have the potential to deliver therapeutic medications precisely to the intended site for the cure of a variety of disorders. Notably, our attention has been directed towards the therapeutic implementations of exosomes derived from SCs in the cure of cardiovascular ailments, including but not limited to ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, sepsis, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and cardiac fibrosis. In general, researchers employ two methodologies when it comes to exosomal bioengineering. This review aims to explain the function of exosomes derived from SCs in the regulation of stress and present a novel therapeutic approach for cardiovascular disorders.

Garlic Extract Participates in the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cells Via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway.

Objective: To investigate the effect of garlic extract (GE) on the proliferation and apoptosis of cell lines A549 and H1299 in lung cancer (LC). Methods: A549 and H1299 cells with well-developed logarithmic growth were added with GE at a concentration of 0 µg/ml, 25 µg/ml, 50 µg/M, 75 µg/ml, and 100 µg/ml, respectively. The inhibition of A549 cell proliferation was detected using CCK-8 after cultured for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. The apoptosis of A549 cells was analyzed via flow cytometry (FCM) after 24 h of cultivation. In vitro migration of A549 and H1299 cells was determined by cell wound scratch assay after 0 h and 24 h culture. The caspase-3 and caspase-9 protein expression levels in A549 and H1299 cells were evaluated through western blot after 24 h of cultivation. Results: Colony formation and EdU assays revealed that Z-ajoene could inhibit cell viability and cell proliferation in NSCLC cells. After 24 h culture, there was no significant difference in the proliferation rate of A549 and H1299 cells with different GE concentrations (P > 0.05). A remarkable proliferation rate difference emerged between A549 and H1299 cells with different GE concentrations after 48 and 72 hours of cultivation. The proliferation rate of A549 and H1299 cells in the experiment group was significantly lower than that in the control group. With an elevated level of GE concentration, the proliferation rate of A549 and H1299 cells decreased (P < 0.05) while the apoptotic rate increased continuously. Conclusion: GE could exert toxic effects on A549 and H1299 cells, inhibit cell proliferation, promote apoptosis, and attenuate cell migration. Meanwhile, it might induce apoptosis of A549 and H1299 cells through the caspase signal pathway, which is positively correlated with the mass action concentration and is expected to be a new drug for LC treatment.

Jacobi spectral collocation method for the approximate solution of multidimensional nonlinear Volterra integral equation.

We present in this paper the convergence properties of Jacobi spectral collocation method when used to approximate the solution of multidimensional nonlinear Volterra integral equation. The solution is sufficiently smooth while the source function and the kernel function are smooth. We choose the Jacobi-Gauss points associated with the multidimensional Jacobi weight function [Formula: see text] (d denotes the space dimensions) as the collocation points. The error analysis in [Formula: see text]-norm and [Formula: see text]-norm theoretically justifies the exponential convergence of spectral collocation method in multidimensional space. We give two numerical examples in order to illustrate the validity of the proposed Jacobi spectral collocation method.