The effect of some N solutions for parenteral nutrition on gastric and pancreatic secretion.

In patients without pancreatic disease Aminofusin L forte infused for 1 h did not stimulate gastric or pancreatic secretion. On the other hand, infusion of casein by hydrolysate led to a significant increase in the concentration and total output of HCl. 4 h intravenous infusion of Aminofusin L forte caused a transient but significant rise of the bicarbonate concentration, amylase activity and above all trypsin activity and output. The results show that N solutions used for parenteral protein nutrition influence in a different way both gastric and pancreatic secretion.

[The mechanism of action of parenterally administered protein hydrolysates on the exocrine activity of the pancreas]. / O mekhanizme deistviia parenteral'no vvedennykh belkovykh gidrolizatov na vneshnesekretornuiu deiatel'nost' podzheludochnoi zhelezy

In dogs with fistulae of the stomach and the pancreatic duct as well as in dogs with artificially made partition between the stomach and the duodenum, effect of protein hydrolysates administered into the blood, on the pancreas secretion, was shown to manifest itself only in conditions of unopposed transition of the stomach acid contents into the duodenum. In the mechanism of protein hydrolysates action on the pancreas secretion, the major part is played by their ability to stimulate the stomach secretion and the transition of the acid content into the duodenum. Under the influence of the acid contents, release of the secretin occurs in the duodenum which induces the secretion of the pancreatic juice.

[Effect of parenterally administered amino acids and protein hydrolysate on the electrical activity of brain structures]. / Osobennosti deistviia parénteral'no vvedennykh aminokislot i belkovogo gidrolizata na élektricheskuiu aktivnost' struktur golovnogo mozga.

Glycin, glutamic acid or casein hydrolysate induced high frequency and high voltage electrical waves in the brain-stem RF and often in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus and cortex. These changes were more obvious during feeding of the dogs. Sham feeding and parenteral administration of glucose or 0.9% solution of NaCl evoked responses different from the above ones. Gastric secretion stimulated by i.v. administration of nitrous substances by food was not directly related to the above responses either. The impulses responsible for the secretion seem to arise at another level of the brain.

[Potentiating effect of sodium glutamate on gastric secretion and its possible use as a clinical test]. / Potentsiruiushchee deistvie glutamata natriia na zheludochnuiu sekretsiiu i ego vozmozhnoe ispol'zovanie v kachestve klinicheskogo testa.

The authors report a potentiating effect of sodium glutamate on gastric secretion in subjects free of gastrointestinal diseases. Similar effect has been discovered in dogs. In subjects with gastric hyposecretion (chronic gastritis, functional regulatory disturbances) sodium glutamate combined with pentagastrin is a helpful tool in overall evaluation of gastric secretion. In achlorhydria is can be used for determination of a residual capacity of the stomach to secrete the hydrochloric acid in failure of humoral stimulators.

[Thermal skin reaction to food intake and its changes in certain forms of obesity]. / Temperaturnaia reaktsiia kozhi na priem pishchi i ee izmeneniia pri nekotorykh formakh ozhireniia.

The authors review data on recently discovered temperature response of deep skin layers to the meal. The reaction is of a reflex nature and is one of the mechanisms regulating heat exchange in the body. In healthy people this reaction is weak. In alimentary obesity, it becomes much stronger, probably due to impaired heat exchange because of accumulated fat. In obesity related to diencephalic syndrome skin reaction is similar to control. In this obesity, pituitory seems to lose ability to regulate circulation in the blood. The above reaction can be used as a test differentiating the two forms of obesity.

[Localization of the primary action of amino acids leading to the stimulation of gastric secretion]. / O lokalizatsii pervichnogo deistviia aminokislot, privodiashchego k vozbuzhdeniiu zheludochnoi sekretsii.

An attempt has been made to specify whether the stimulant action of amino acids on gastric secretion is related to their direct effect on the structures of the central nervous system or to the influence on certain peripheral receptor formations followed by information transmission to the nervous centres. Acute experiments on dogs were performed to compare the effect of amino acids injected to the carotid artery and to the peripheral vein. It was established that amino acids injected to the carotid artery produced a more rapidly developing and more pronounced secretory reaction of the gastric glands than amino acids injected to the peripheral vein. This fact may strongly indicate that the above effect of amino acids is linked with their direct action on brain structures.

[Inhibitory effect of parenterally administered dicarboxylic amino acids on gastric secretion]. / Tormoziashchee deistvie parenteral'no vvedennykh dikarbonovykh aminokislot na zheludochnuiu sekretsiiu

Tests conducted on dogs established that glutaminic and aspargic acids introduced into the blood by the drip method call forth inhibition of the gastric secretion stimulated by other amino acids (alanine, glycine, proline). The dicarboxylic amino acids inhibit also the reflex phase of the gastric secretion provoked by injection of histamine. It is only against the background of a repeated introduction of histamine for many hours that they produce a sharply marked inhibitory effect. This manifests itself chiefly in dogs with denervated isolated pouches, while with intact innervation of gastric glands this effect is very poorly pronounced. Introduction of beta-adrenolytic-obsidan is attended by a drastic reduction of this effect.

[Pancreatic exocrine secretion to the introduction into the blood of amino acid mixtures of varying composition]. / Vneshniaia sekretsiia podzheludochnoi zhelezy pri vvedenii v krov' smesei aminokislot raznogo sostava.

Tests conducted on dogs with a fistula of the pancreatic duct evidenced that various amino acids mixtures containing all the essential amino acids and differing mainly in the replaceable nitrogen dissimilarly act on the external secretion of the pancreas after their introduction into the blood. The most intensive secretion produces a mixture in which the replaceable nitrogen is represented by glycine alone. The mixture, one of its constituent is one of the dicarboxylic acids (glutamic) very poorly stimulates this function. At the same time, the action of all the studied amino acids mixtures is less pronounced than is the effect of the caseine hydrolysate. The commercial agent aminofusin L-600, containing all the essential amino acids with addition of polyols (xylitol and sorbitol) with no dicarboxylic amino acids in its composition, produces an intensive pancreatic secretion close to that caused by the caseine hydrolysate.

[Gastric secretory function and the energy component of the mixtures used in parenteral feeding]. / Sekretornaia funktsiia zheludka i énergeticheskii komponent ispol'zuemykh v parenteral'nom pitanii smesei.

Experiments on dogs with a gastric fustula and Pavlov's (miniature) isolated pouch, kept on a high-standard mixed ration evidenced that intravenous administration of various substances acts on the fundal gastric glands differently. Some of such substances stimulate the secretion of an acid gastric juice (xylitol and ethyl alcohol), while others are inert in this respect (sorbitol, 1.2-propandiol, 1.3-butandiol, fatty intralipid emulsion). Five percent solutions of glucose and fructose do not provoke any significant secretion of juice, although also lead to a short-lived pH fall in the gastric secretion. At the same time the action of the said substances is markedly less intensive than the caseine hydrolysate (TSOLIPK) has an effect on the gastric juice. In the practice of parenteral nutrition with the preparation of nutrative mixtures the ability to provoke the gastric secretion by the ethyl alcohol and xylitol an account should be taken of.

[Effect of glutamate and combined with inosine monophosphate on gastric secretion]. / Deistvie glutamata i ego sochetaniia s inozinmonofosfatom na zheludochnuiu sekretsiiu.

Experiments on dogs with Pavlov pouch and gastric fistula demonstrate that monosodium glutamate (MSG) enriched with inosine monophosphate (IMP) potentiate pentagastrin-induced gastric secretion. The preparation (Chi-Mi) was introduced directly into the intestine through a fistula. When given alone in an equal quantity MSG produced the same effect. In per os administration Chi-Mi was more effective, probably due to a different response of the gustatory receptors to MSG and Chi-Mi. When the latter two were added to meat used as a food stimulus, Chi-Mi brought about more intensive gastric secretion in all its phases. In sham feeding Chi-Mi also intensified the secretion augmenting the reflex phase of gastric secretion when added to food substances. The findings may appear helpful in further search for medical application of glutamate and allied substances.

[Effect of a 10-day partial parenteral feeding on gastric secretion]. / Vliianie 10-dnevnogo chastichnogo parenteral'nogo pitaniia na zheludochnuiu sekretsiiu.

Investigations conducted on dogs subjected to a lengthy (10 days) parenteral introduction of the caseine hydrolysate ascertained an intensification of gastric secretion and an increase of total proteinases in the juice in the course of the experiment, reaching its peak on the 8-9th day. A study of the juice secretion in response to the food stimulant showed that this becomes more intensive during the first phase of the gastric secretion, which points to the importance of the nervous factor in the action of nitrogenous substances on the stomach.

[Nature of the stimulating action of parenterally administered casein hydrolysate on gastric secretory function]. / O prirode stimuliruiushchego deistviia parenteral'nogo vvodimogo gidrolizata kazeina na sekretornuiu funktsiiu zheludka.

Experiments on 4 gastric fistula dogs kept on full-value diet were made in an effort to specify the character of the stimulatory action of parenteral caseine hydrolysate (TSOLIPK) on the gastric fundal glands. In the course of administering the solutions similar to individual components of casein hydrolysate into the blood it was established that the secretory effect of the protein hydrolysate is not a consequence of the presence of ammonia contained by the hydrolysate or depends on the humic substances. It is assumed that the stimulatory action of parenteral casein hydrolysate on the gastric fundal glands is determined by the main protein break down products, i.e. by amino acids and peptides that are capable of acting on the nerve structures and of stimulating gastric secretion via excitation of the centres responsible for gastric function control.

[Reflex nature of the initial component of thermogenesis]. / Reflektornaia priroda nachal'nogo zvena termogeneza.

In experiments on dogs with sham feeding it has been shown that the initial component of thermogenesis induced by food is of reflectory nature. During sham feeding 100 g of meat after 10-15 min induced 1.2-2-fold increase of oxygen consumption as compared to the initial value. Other food products (bread, butter, glucose solution) in the same time interval produce a slightly lower but always distinct effect. Even aspartam (28 mg in 50 ml of water) induces a manifest increase of oxygen consumption. This effect is completely eliminated by atropine. alpha- and beta-adrenoblockers (combined phentolamine and propranolol hydrochloride) lead to a sharp decrease in the intensity and duration of the effect. It has been concluded that both cholinergic and adrenergic nervous routes participate in this reflectory action. A suggestion has been made that the importance of this reflex lies in the anticipating stimulation of certain metabolic processes associated with impending assimilation of the ++consumed food.

[The use of monosodium glutamate in the combined therapy of patients with atrophic gastritis]. / Primenenie odnozameshchennogo glutamata natriia v kompleksnoi terapii bol'nykh atroficheskim gastritom.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) taken per os has been found to stimulate gastric secretion provoked by pentagastrin. MSG gave rise to a marked elevation of endogenic gastrin levels both in experimental animals and atrophic gastritis patients. Thirty-six patients with secretory gastric insufficiency received MSG as an additive to their food during combined therapy of their disease. The preparation proved to be well-tolerated, good stimulant of gastric secretion, efficient in digestion improvement. MSG is recommended as an adjuvant in combined therapy of atrophic gastritis.

[Glutathione participation in regulating the secretory function of the stomach]. / Uchastie glutationa v reguliatsii sekretornoi funktsii zheludka.

In experiments on dogs with Pavlov's pouches it was shown that glutathione infusion into the blood produced a highly pronounced stimulating effect on the gastric secretion induced by pentagastrin. Endogenous glutathione produced similar effect. It was found that intake as a drink of mono-sodium glutamate led to a significant increase of glutathione concentration in the dogs' blood, that was, probably, the result of its intensified production in the intestinal wall and passing into the blood. The growth of glutathione concentration in the blood coincided with its stimulating effect on the gastric secretion. Glutathione administered separately into the blood, or intake of glutathione without pentagastrin did not produce stimulating effect on gastric secretion. The data presented have evidenced that glutathione, besides its known functions, plays a role of the factor engaged in the regulation of gastric secretion.

[Thermal reaction of subcutaneous tissue to food intake in patients with obesity]. / Termicheskaia reaktsiia podkozhnoi kletchatki na priem pishchi u bol'nykh ozhireniem.

Investigating the temperature of deep layers of skin and in the main of subcutaneous tissue in patients with obesity we found the close connection between changes of this temperature and food intake. In patients who are in postabsorptive period the intake of the small portion of test food (220 kcal) induces in 3-4 min a marked increase of the subcutaneous tissue temperature (often by 1.0-1.5 degrees C in comparison with the initial level). Further the temperature still rises some what and then keeps at increased level for 30-45 min. At the end of the treatment course of patients in the clinic (and the body weight loss by 10-14 kg) these changes of the temperature become much less intensive or do not quite manifest. The above thermic reaction is developed apparently as a result of the dilatation of blood vessels of the skin and filling the venous plexus with the arterial blood. Probably in depends upon the regulatory activity of hypothalamus which is directed on an increase of heat loss into environment.

[Inhibiting action of glycomacropeptide on stomach secretion induced by various humoral stimulants]. / Ingibiruiushchee deistvie glikomakropeptida na sekretsiiu zheludka, vyzvannuiu razlichnymi gumoral'nymi razdrazhiteliami.

Tests staged on dogs demonstrated the action of GMP to differ depending upon the nature of the gastric secretion stimulant actually used. The inhibition of the gastric juice secretion occurring against the background of multiple introduction of histamine or gastrin tetrapeptide amide was quite spectacular: the secretion dropped down to zero and the action was more prolonged than following administration of pentagastrin with which the secretion was not inhibited to such a sharp degree and the effect of GMP was less protracted. The mechanism of the GMP action of the gastric secretion and the causes of described differences require further investigations.

[Heterogeneity of the kappa-casein glycomacropeptide and physiological activity of its fractions]. / Geterogennost' kappa-kazeinovogo glikomakropeptida i fiziologicheskaia aktivnost' ego fraktsii.

A number of fractions with differing intensity of the inhibitory action on the gastric secretion were obtained by gel filtration in a column with biogels P-30 and P-2 of cappa-casein glycomacropeptide. A low-molecular fraction displays the greatest capacity for inhibiting gastric secretion. Desialism, heating and partial hydrolysis of glycomacropeptide with pepsin, trypsin and chemotrypsin used separately have no effect on its inhibitory activity. The resulting data suggest that the inhibitory action of glycomacropeptide is caused by a certain part rather than by entire molecule.

[Reflex of food-induced thermogenesis in normal subjects and its changes in patients with obesity]. / Reflektornyi period vyzvannogo pishchei termogeneza v norme i ego izmeneniia u bolnykh ozhireniem.

Dog experiments have established that an initial period of food-induced thermogenesis (FIT) has a reflex nature. This is proved by FIT appearance in sham feeding and disappearance after atropine administration. Various food substances proved capable of evoking this reflex. It was also registered in humans. Oxygen consumption rose within 3-10 minutes after a test meal reaching a 25% maximal increment. However, no or minimal manifestations of the reflex occurred in obese patients. They had to undergo a 30-day weight-reducing treatment to reacquire the lost reflex. Physiological value of FIT as a mechanism stimulating tissue metabolism and preparing food substances assimilation are discussed.