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1.
Development ; 151(9)2024 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38587174

RESUMO

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is complex and consists of multiple organs with unique functions. Rare gene variants can cause congenital malformations of the human GI tract, although the molecular basis of these has been poorly studied. We identified a patient with compound-heterozygous variants in RFX6 presenting with duodenal malrotation and atresia, implicating RFX6 in development of the proximal intestine. To identify how mutations in RFX6 impact intestinal patterning and function, we derived induced pluripotent stem cells from this patient to generate human intestinal organoids (HIOs). We identified that the duodenal HIOs and human tissues had mixed regional identity, with gastric and ileal features. CRISPR-mediated correction of RFX6 restored duodenal identity. We then used gain- and loss-of-function and transcriptomic approaches in HIOs and Xenopus embryos to identify that PDX1 is a downstream transcriptional target of RFX6 required for duodenal development. However, RFX6 had additional PDX1-independent transcriptional targets involving multiple components of signaling pathways that are required for establishing early regional identity in the GI tract. In summary, we have identified RFX6 as a key regulator in intestinal patterning that acts by regulating transcriptional and signaling pathways.


Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Homeodomínio , Organoides , Fatores de Transcrição de Fator Regulador X , Transativadores , Humanos , Fatores de Transcrição de Fator Regulador X/genética , Fatores de Transcrição de Fator Regulador X/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Transativadores/metabolismo , Transativadores/genética , Organoides/metabolismo , Organoides/embriologia , Duodeno/metabolismo , Duodeno/embriologia , Intestinos/embriologia , Atresia Intestinal/genética , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Padronização Corporal/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Mutação/genética
2.
J Clin Invest ; 134(8)2024 Jan 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38618958

RESUMO

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly immunogenic skin cancer primarily induced by Merkel cell polyomavirus, which is driven by the expression of the oncogenic T antigens (T-Ags). Blockade of the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) pathway has shown remarkable response rates, but evidence for therapy-associated T-Ag-specific immune response and therapeutic strategies for the nonresponding fraction are both limited. We tracked T-Ag-reactive CD8+ T cells in peripheral blood of 26 MCC patients under anti-PD1 therapy, using DNA-barcoded pMHC multimers, displaying all peptides from the predicted HLA ligandome of the oncoproteins, covering 33 class I haplotypes. We observed a broad T cell recognition of T-Ags, including identification of 20 T-Ag-derived epitopes we believe to be novel. Broadening of the T-Ag recognition profile and increased T cell frequencies during therapy were strongly associated with clinical response and prolonged progression-free survival. T-Ag-specific T cells could be further boosted and expanded directly from peripheral blood using artificial antigen-presenting scaffolds, even in patients with no detectable T-Ag-specific T cells. These T cells provided strong tumor-rejection capacity while retaining a favorable phenotype for adoptive cell transfer. These findings demonstrate that T-Ag-specific T cells are associated with the clinical outcome to PD-1 blockade and that Ag-presenting scaffolds can be used to boost such responses.


Assuntos
Carcinoma de Célula de Merkel , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Humanos , Antígenos Virais de Tumores , Carcinoma de Célula de Merkel/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Célula de Merkel/genética , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética
3.
Commun Med (Lond) ; 4(1): 145, 2024 Jul 18.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39025920

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Beta-cell monogenic forms of diabetes have strong support for precision medicine. We systematically analyzed evidence for precision treatments for GCK-related hyperglycemia, HNF1A-, HNF4A- and HNF1B-diabetes, and mitochondrial diabetes (MD) due to m.3243 A > G variant, 6q24-transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TND) and SLC19A2-diabetes. METHODS: The search of PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase for individual and group level data for glycemic outcomes using inclusion (English, original articles written after 1992) and exclusion (VUS, multiple diabetes types, absent/aggregated treatment effect measures) criteria. The risk of bias was assessed using NHLBI study-quality assessment tools. Data extracted from Covidence were summarized and presented as descriptive statistics in tables and text. RESULTS: There are 146 studies included, with only six being experimental studies. For GCK-related hyperglycemia, the six studies (35 individuals) assessing therapy discontinuation show no HbA1c deterioration. A randomized trial (18 individuals per group) shows that sulfonylureas (SU) were more effective in HNF1A-diabetes than in type 2 diabetes. Cohort and case studies support SU's effectiveness in lowering HbA1c. Two cross-over trials (each with 15-16 individuals) suggest glinides and GLP-1 receptor agonists might be used in place of SU. Evidence for HNF4A-diabetes is limited. Most reported patients with HNF1B-diabetes (N = 293) and MD (N = 233) are on insulin without treatment studies. Limited data support oral agents after relapse in 6q24-TND and for thiamine improving glycemic control and reducing/eliminating insulin requirement in SLC19A2-diabetes. CONCLUSION: There is limited evidence, and with moderate or serious risk of bias, to guide monogenic diabetes treatment. Further evidence is needed to examine the optimum treatment in monogenic subtypes.


Monogenic diabetes is a type of diabetes caused by changes in genes that affect how the body makes or responds to insulin. Precision medicine (where knowledge of the gene change directs the selection of treatment) is available for some forms of monogenic diabetes. This study evaluated the published literature for several forms of monogenic diabetes to assess the level of evidence supporting specific precision treatments. Among the 146 small studies that we reviewed, only six compared different treatments. However, we found evidence supporting oral medications for some types of monogenic diabetes, and evidence that treatment is not needed for one particular type. Based on our results, we provide treatment recommendations for certain forms of monogenic diabetes and identify future directions for research to help us optimize precision medicine in monogenic diabetes.

4.
Nat Commun ; 15(1): 2007, 2024 Mar 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38453922

RESUMO

Monoclonal IgG antibodies constitute the fastest growing class of therapeutics. Thus, there is an intense interest to design more potent antibody formats, where long plasma half-life is a commercially competitive differentiator affecting dosing, frequency of administration and thereby potentially patient compliance. Here, we report on an Fc-engineered variant with three amino acid substitutions Q311R/M428E/N434W (REW), that enhances plasma half-life and mucosal distribution, as well as allows for needle-free delivery across respiratory epithelial barriers in human FcRn transgenic mice. In addition, the Fc-engineered variant improves on-target complement-mediated killing of cancer cells as well as both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Hence, this versatile Fc technology should be broadly applicable in antibody design aiming for long-acting prophylactic or therapeutic interventions.


Assuntos
Neoplasias , Receptores Fc , Camundongos , Animais , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G , Meia-Vida , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/metabolismo , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/metabolismo , Camundongos Transgênicos , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/metabolismo , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico
5.
Front Immunol ; 15: 1360281, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38633261

RESUMO

Background: Mutation-derived neoantigens are critical targets for tumor rejection in cancer immunotherapy, and better tools for neoepitope identification and prediction are needed to improve neoepitope targeting strategies. Computational tools have enabled the identification of patient-specific neoantigen candidates from sequencing data, but limited data availability has hindered their capacity to predict which of the many neoepitopes will most likely give rise to T cell recognition. Method: To address this, we make use of experimentally validated T cell recognition towards 17,500 neoepitope candidates, with 467 being T cell recognized, across 70 cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy. Results: We evaluated 27 neoepitope characteristics, and created a random forest model, IMPROVE, to predict neoepitope immunogenicity. The presence of hydrophobic and aromatic residues in the peptide binding core were the most important features for predicting neoepitope immunogenicity. Conclusion: Overall, IMPROVE was found to significantly advance the identification of neoepitopes compared to other current methods.


Assuntos
Neoplasias , Linfócitos T , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos
6.
Structure ; 2024 Aug 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39146931

RESUMO

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies that bind their cognate antigen in a pH-dependent manner (acid-switched antibodies) can release their bound antigen for degradation in the acidic environment of endosomes, while the IgGs are rescued by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). Thus, such IgGs can neutralize multiple antigens over time and therefore be used at lower doses than their non-pH-responsive counterparts. Here, we show that light-chain shuffling combined with phage display technology can be used to discover IgG1 antibodies with increased pH-dependent antigen binding properties, using the snake venom toxins, myotoxin II and α-cobratoxin, as examples. We reveal differences in how the selected IgG1s engage their antigens and human FcRn and show how these differences translate into distinct cellular handling properties related to their pH-dependent antigen binding phenotypes and Fc-engineering for improved FcRn binding. Our study showcases the complexity of engineering pH-dependent antigen binding IgG1s and demonstrates the effects on cellular antibody-antigen recycling.

7.
Inflamm Bowel Dis ; 2024 Jul 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38970379

RESUMO

Upadacitinib, a selective JAK-1 inhibitor, was used as rescue therapy for ulcerative colitis in the setting of pregnancy following use of mesalamine, vedolizumab, infliximab, and corticosteroids. This resulted in an uncomplicated live full birth without need for surgical intervention.

9.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 21(3): 186-198, 2004. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-383266

RESUMO

El empleo de dosis elevadas de amoxicilina asociada a inhibidores de b-lactamasas es una estrategia razonable para eludir la creciente resistencia de S. pneumoniae y H. influenzae en otitis media aguda (OMA). Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia clínica y tolerancia de amoxicilina/sulbactam en una combinación 4:1 en niños con OMA. Métodos: en un estudio abierto, no comparativo, efectuado durante 18 meses, se enrolaron niños entre 3 y 86 meses de edad, consultantes en 2 unidades de emergencia de Santiago, Chile, con OMA diagnosticada por otorrinolaringólogo, sin tratamiento antimicrobiano previo. Una vez solicitado el consentimiento informado se les efectuó una timpanocentesis con fines diagnósticos indicándose luego amoxicilina/sulbactam 50/12,5 mg/kg dos veces al día durante 10 días. Se efectuó seguimiento con examen clínico en los días 3, 10 y 40 e impedanciometria en el día 10 y 40 si la anterior era anormal. Se empleó el score de Dagan (SD) como evaluación y los criterios de mejoría/curación fueron predefinidos. Resultados: 172 niños (edad promedio: 30,9 meses, rango 4-86) completaron el estudio. Los principales microorganismos aislados fueron S. pneumoniae 40 por ciento (30 por ciento resistentes a penicilina), Haemophilus 28 por ciento (10,9 por ciento productores de b-lactamasa), y Moraxella 4 por ciento. El SD medio disminuyó de 10 en el ingreso a 3 en el día 3, y a 1 en el día 10 (p < 0,001). Al día 10 y 40 respectivamente, 48,1 y 74,1 por ciento estaban curados, 45,1 y 18,5 por ciento mejoraron y en 6,8 y 3,1 por ciento había fracasado el tratamiento. La diarrea aumentó de 6,4 por ciento al ingreso a 32,5 por ciento en el día 3 y 8,1 por ciento en el día 10, requiriendo sólo manejo dietético. Dos niños discontinuaron el tratamiento debido a vómitos uno y a exantema el otro. Conclusiones: Amoxicilina/sulbactam en dosis de 100/25 mg/kg/día durante 10 días tuvo una eficacia clínica (curación o mejoría) de 93,2 por ciento. La diarrea transitoria fue común aunque no severa requiriendo sólo restricción dietética.


Assuntos
Humanos , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Amoxicilina/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Otite Média/etiologia , Otite Média/tratamento farmacológico , Sulbactam/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , Resistência a Medicamentos , Eficácia , Infecções por Haemophilus , Infecções por Moraxellaceae , Infecções Pneumocócicas , Equivalência Terapêutica
10.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 59(5): 306-11, sept.-oct. 1988. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-65192

RESUMO

Actualmente está bien documentada la difusibilidad de Hi b especialmente en niños y se ha planteado quimioprofilaxis a los menores de 4 años que son contactos de infecciones sistémicas. Para conocer nuestra situación epidemiológica, se estudiaron 31 infecciones sistémicas por Hi b en pacientes ingresados a los hospitales L. Calvo Mackenna y Exequiel González Cortés (24 meningitis, 3 celulitis faciales, 1 neumonía abscesada, 3 pleuroneumonías, una de las cuales presentó además pericarditis) y se investigó la presencia de portadores entre los contactos intrafamiliares. Se estudiaron 191 contactos (X 6,4 por cada caso índice), encontrándose 18% de portadores entre los niños y 5,9% entre los adultos. Se detectó un caso secundario en un contacto de 7 meses de edad. Se logró la erradicación de todos los portadores mediante tratamiento con rifampicina durante 4 días. Se determinó el perfil de sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos de las cepas de Hi aisladas de pacientes y portadores, observándose 12% de cepas resistentes a ampicilina y cloramfenicol entre las cepas de los casos índices. No se observó resistencia en Hi b aislados de portadores


Assuntos
Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Infecções por Haemophilus/diagnóstico , Haemophilus influenzae/patogenicidade , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Infecções por Haemophilus/transmissão , Meningite por Haemophilus/diagnóstico , Rifampina/uso terapêutico
11.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 58(2): 126-30, mar.-abr. 1987. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-48517

RESUMO

Entre los nuevos agentes capaces de producir diarrea aguda se ha descrito la participación de Aeromonas hydrophila. Con objeto de conocer la incidencia e importancia relativa de este potencial enteropatógeno en nuestro medio, estudiamos 285 niños menores de 2 años con síndrome diarreico agudo y 140 niños controles pareados en edad y sexo en 2 ciudades (Santiago y Valparaíso) durante los veranos 1983-84 y 85-86. El aislamiento de Aeromonas hydrophila en pacientes de Valparaíso fue de 5,5% (4/73) en niños con diarrea y 2,3% (1/44) en controles, diferencia estadísticamente no significativa. No hubo aislamiento de este agente en Santiago (0/212). Se efectuó estudio de enterotoxicidad de las cepas aisladas que resultó negativo tanto para enterotoxinas termoestable (ST) mediante modelo de ratón y para enterotoxina termolábil (LT) mediante ELISA. Las variaciones geográficas observadas en el aislamiento de aeromonas en diarrea aguda, puede correlacionarse tal vez con existencia de reservorios acuáticos naturales


Assuntos
Lactente , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Aeromonas/isolamento & purificação , Diarreia Infantil/microbiologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Aeromonas/patogenicidade , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Enterotoxinas/análise
12.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 58(4): 285-90, jul.-ago. 1987. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-45867

RESUMO

Para conocer importancia relativa de agentes enteropatógenos bacterianos y virales en niños con diarrea aguda que necesitan atención médica de nivel primario o secundario, se efectuó un estudio etiológico durante 2 períodos de verano. Primer período, verano 1983, 102 pacientes que cumplían con definición pre establecida de diarrea aguda (58 de hospital, 44 de consultorio) y 66. controles; segundo período, verano 86 se estudiaron 161 pacientes con diarrea (80 hospitalizados, 81 ambulatorios) y 71 controles pareados por edad. En el grupo con diatte los principales agentes detectados fueron E. coli enteropatógeno (ECEO) (37%), E. coli enterotoxiogénico (ECET) (21%), rotavirus (16%) shigella (12%). En el grupo control se aislaron ECEP, ECET, campylobacter y rotavirus; la frecuencia de ECEP, shigella y rotavirus fue significativamente inferior. En los pacientes hospitalizados por diarrea, con especto a los ambulatorios la prevalencia de ECEP y rotavirus en hospitalizados fue significativamente superior. Hubo mayor tendencia al aislamiento más frecuente de campylobacter en los pacientes ambulatorios


Assuntos
Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Diarreia Infantil/microbiologia , Enterobacteriaceae/patogenicidade , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificação , Shigella/isolamento & purificação
13.
Arch. pediatr. Urug ; 52(3): 107-19, 1981.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-5453

RESUMO

Se analisan 91 ninos (de edades comprendidas entre 18 meses y 12 anos), portadores de purpura trombopenico a comienzo agudo. Catorce de ellos (15,38%) evolucionaron a la cronicidad. Fueron controlados por un periodo de tiempo entre 3 y 10 anos. En todos los pacientes cronicos se comprobaron alteraciones de la inmunidad celular y humoral. El 100% fueron esplenectomizados, luego del fracaso de los corticoides e inmunosupresores. La esplenectomia resulto eficaz en 11 de ellos, obteniendose la normalizacion plaquetaria en un tiempo medio de 87 dias. Desde el punto de vista psicologico presentaron: ansiedad frente a la enfermedad, el medico y el hospital.Angustia de tipo depresivo con defensas inadecuadas. Dificultad en el desarrollo psicoxexual, lo que pertubo el aprendizaje, la relacion laboral y de pareja


Assuntos
Púrpura Trombocitopênica , Formação de Anticorpos , Imunidade Celular , Esplenectomia
14.
Rev. chil. pediatr ; 62(5): 321-2, sept.-oct. 1991.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-104762

RESUMO

Se describen los hallazgos obtenidos en los examenes bacteriológicos, micológicos y parasitológicos en 100 niñas que consultaron por vulvovaginitis a la unidad de ginecología pediátrica del Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna entre los meses de noviembre de 1988 a julio de 1989. En todas las pacientes se obtuvieron muestras de secreción vaginal para estudio de bacterias, hongos y trichomonas y en 55 se realizó la prueba de Graham con cinta adhesiva transparente para detección de huevos de Enterobius vermicularis en el área perianal. Se consiguió identificar al presunto agente etiológico en 81%de los casos, correspondiendo éste en 68%a bacterias, en 4%a hongos, 1%trichomonas vaginalis y 8%Enterobius vermicularis


Assuntos
Recém-Nascido , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Feminino , Lactente , Humanos , Adolescente , Vulvovaginite/etiologia , Assistência Ambulatorial , Estudos Prospectivos , Vulvovaginite/microbiologia , Vulvovaginite/parasitologia
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