Percutaneous approach to residual pulmonary bifurcation stenosis in conotruncal diseases.

Residual stenosis after right ventricle outflow tract surgery represents a major issue to manage in the children and adult patient with conotruncal defects. Despite a detailed multimodality imaging, the anatomy of distal pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery bifurcation may be challenging in these patients.The aim of this study was to analyse retrospectively the outcome of the percutaneous transcatheter treatment in children with post-surgical stenosis of pulmonary artery bifurcation.We enrolled 39 patients with a median age of 6.0 years. Standard high-pressure balloon dilation was attempted in 33 patients, effective in 5 of them. Pulmonary branch stenting was performed in 10 patients, effective in 6. A kissing balloon approach was chosen in 17 patients (6 after angioplasty or stenting failure), and this technique was effective in 16 cases. Finally, a bifurcation stenting was performed in 10 patients (second step in 9 cases), effective in all the cases. None of the patients approached by kissing balloon needed a bifurcation stenting.In conclusion, standard balloon angioplasty and standard stenting might be ineffective in post-surgical stenosis involving pulmonary artery bifurcation. In this population, kissing balloon or bifurcation stenting, followed by side branch de-jailing, may be more effective in relieving the gradient.

Hybrid approach for end-stage heart failure treatment in a 6-month-old baby.

A 6-month-old baby girl, with a history of 2 months of intensive care management and two episodes of cardiac arrest, was transferred from another European country to initiate the "Giessen approach" for end-stage heart failure in children. At the admission, left ventricular ejection fraction was 20%. Severe mitral valve regurgitation and severe left atrial dilatation were present. Right ventricular function was preserved, and tricuspid valve regurgitation was mild. As a result, the patient underwent surgical pulmonary artery banding. Additionally, unloading of the left atrium was achieved by implanting an 8 mm atrial flow regulator device through a hybrid per-atrial approach. Two months after the procedure, the patient was progressively weaned from the inotropes and transferred to the ward.

Unusual case of severe aortic regurgitation in a child with bicuspid aortic valve.

Aortic regurgitation (AR) is common after aortic balloon valvuloplasty in children and it has been associated with large balloon/annulus ratio, abnormal valve morphology and aortic valve prolapse. We present a rare case of severe AR after aortic balloon valvuloplasty due to aortic strands rupture, causing prolapse of the co-joined cusp.  These findings were identified by 3D echocardiography, highlighting the importance of this imaging technique even in pediatric patients.

A case of atrial septal defect associated with anomalous sinoatrial node artery in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.

An 11-year-old boy affected by pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (AP-IVS) was listed for percutaneous pulmonary valvuloplasty and closure of multi-fenestrated atrial septal defect (ASD). Intra-procedural transesophageal echocardiography arose the suspect of abnormal coronary artery pattern while selective angiography documented a single sinoatrial node artery (SANa) with an unusual retro-aortic course. As consequence, we proceeded to effectively close the defects with a not self-centering device placed in the most central side hole. This case supports the hypothesis that sometimes arrhythmic complication during ASD closure procedures might be due to unrecognized injury of the SANa.

Severe scoliosis and percutaneous atrial septal defect closure, a word of caution.

In the presence of complex septal morphology or extra-cardiac factors like severe scoliosis or diaphragm paralysis, the procedure may become more challenging, and pre-formed sheaths and devices thought to facilitate the implantation might turn into a problem to address. Similarly to Herron and Kobayashi, we have experienced a similar issue during atrial septal defect closure with Gore Cardioform atrial septal defect device® in a 12-year-old female patient with severe scoliosis. After the conformation of the locking loop and the removal of the safety cord, the Gore Cardioform atrial septal defect device prolapsed in the right atrium.

Cangrelor use in a 6-year-old patient undergoing complex percutaneous coronary intervention after post-surgical myocardial infarction.

Cangrelor is an intravenously administered P2Y12 receptor antagonist, which has been approved for adult patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and, due to its unique pharmacokinetics, it allows effective and controllable peri-procedural platelet inhibition. We report the case of a 6-year-old child with anomalous origin of right coronary artery from aortic left coronary sinus, who underwent elective surgical replacement of stenotic and calcified conduit between the right ventricle and the main pulmonary artery. The surgery was complicated by acute myocardial infarction secondary to coronary extrinsic compression. The patient was successfully treated with urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (simultaneous V-stenting) and cangrelor infusion, subsequently switched to clopidogrel therapy.

Covered Stent as a Bridge to Surgery for Obstructive Melody Pulmonary Valve Endocarditis.

Endocarditis is life threatening after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. We report a patient with acute heart failure caused by obstructive pulmonary vegetation in a Melody valve. Because of severe right ventricular dysfunction, immediate cardiac surgery was contraindicated. The patient underwent trans-catheter implantation of a covered stent to relieve obstruction. Following an initially good outcome, surgery was performed 2 weeks later. This was complicated by left main coronary artery tear and fatal bleeding. Despite covered stent was an effective bridge, surgery remains extremely challenging in such cases with important surrounding inflammation and fibrosis as well as potential proximity of coronary arteries.

[Anti remodeling therapy: new strategies and future perspective in post-ischemic heart failure: Part I]. / Terapie antiremodeling: nuove strategie e prospettive future nell'insufficienza cardiaca cronica post ischemica: Parte I.

In recent years, the remarkable progress achieved in terms of survival after myocardial infarction have led to an increased incidence of chronic heart failure in survivors. This phenomenon is due to the still incomplete knowledge we possess about the complex pathophysiological mechanisms that regulate the response of cardiac tissue to ischemic injury. These involve various cell types such as fibroblasts, cells of the immune system, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and stem cells, as well as a myriad of mediators belonging to the system of cytokines and not only. In parallel with the latest findings on post-infarct remodeling, new potential therapeutic targets are arising to halt the progression of disease. In this review, we evaluate the results obtained from four new therapeutic strategies: in this part we evaluate gene therapy and novel aspect of stem cells therapy in remodeling; in the second part we will investigate, micro-RNA, posttranslational modification and microspheres based therapy.

[Anti remodeling therapy: new strategies and future perspective in post-ischemic heart failure. Part II]. / Terapie antiremodeling: nuove strategie e prospettive future nell'insufficienza cardiaca cronica post ischemica: Parte II.

In recent years, the remarkable progress achieved in terms of survival after myocardial infarction have led to an increased incidence of chronic heart failure in survivors. This phenomenon is due to the still incomplete knowledge we possess about the complex pathophysiological mechanisms that regulate the response of cardiac tissue to ischemic injury. These involve various cell types such as fibroblasts, cells of the immune system, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and stem cells, as well as a myriad of mediators belonging to the system of cytokines and not only. In parallel with the latest findings on post-infarct remodeling, new potential therapeutic targets are arising to halt the progression of disease. After the evaluation of the results obtained from gene therapy and stem cells, in this part we evaluate micro-RNA, post-translational modification and microspheres based therapy.

Neonatal Enterovirus-Associated Myocarditis in Dizygotic Twins: Myocardial Longitudinal Strain Pattern Analysis.

Enteroviruses (EVs) are the most common causes of viral myocarditis in neonates. Neonatal enterovirus myocarditis manifestations range from nonspecific febrile illness to congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock with high risk of in-hospital mortality and long-term cardiac sequelae. Early recognition is essential to undertake appropriate therapy and predict outcomes. Echocardiography and echo-derived left ventricular strain measures seem promising for these purposes. We herein report two cases of neonatal enterovirus-associated myocarditis in dichorionic diamniotic twins, with different presentation, clinical course, and intensity of treatments.

Impact of Gore Cardioform Atrial Septal Defect Occluder on Atrial and Ventricular Electromechanics in a Pediatric Population.

Transcatheter closure is the first-line treatment for ostium secundum atrial septal defect (ASD). The GORE Cardioform ASD Occluder (GCA) is potentially innovative compared with other self-centering devices. This study aimed to compare the mechanic changes in atrial and ventricular properties before and after GCA implantation. All consecutive patients aged <18 years who underwent isolated ASD closure with a single GCA device were enrolled from 2 centers. Echocardiography and electrocardiogram were performed the day before, 24 hours, and 6 months after ASD closure. Between January 2020 and February 2021, 70 pediatric patients with ASD were enrolled. The mean age was 7.9 ± 3.9 years, and the mean defect diameter was 17.1 ± 4.5 mm. Global longitudinal strain analysis showed no change in left ventricular longitudinal function (T0 -23.2 ± 2.8%, 24 hours -23.0 ± 2.8%, and 6 months -23.5 ± 2.7%). An early and transient reduction in longitudinal strain was detected in the basal septal segments (T0 -19.8 ± 3.3%, 24 hours -18.7 ± 3.6%, and 6 months -19.2 ± 3.4%), left atrium (T0 41.4 ± 15.3%, 29.2 ± 1.4%, and 39.0 ± 12.9%), and right ventricle (-27.6 ± 5.4%, -23.6 ± 5.0%, and -27.3 ± 4.6) 24 hours after closure, secondary to hemodynamic changes because of flow redirection after ASD closure. Six months after the procedure, only the left atrium showed a mild global longitudinal strain reduction because of the presence of the device within the septum. GCA device had no impact on global and regional ventricular function. Atrial mechanics were preserved, except for the segments covered by the device. This is the first device demonstrating no impact on the left and right ventricular mechanics, irrespective of the device size.

Standardized diagnostic reference levels for paediatric interventional cardiology: Data from an Italian referral centre.

PURPOSE: To provide data on radiation exposure in paediatric interventional cardiology procedures, addressing the scarcity of valuable Local Diagnostic Reference Levels (LDRLs),established according to the standardized approach proposed by the Radiation Protection 185 report (RP185). METHODS: Paediatric catheterization procedures conducted at the University-Hospital of Padua from September 2019 to December 2022 were stratified by body weight (BW) classes and procedure type. LDRLs were calculated for groups with at least 20 patients as the 75th percentile of Kerma-Area Product (PKA) and Air Kerma at reference point (Ka,r) values. Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to evaluate differences in the dose-related quantities among BW groups for a selected procedure and among procedures for the same BW class. Results were compared with recent literature. RESULTS: A total of 838 procedures were analysed. LDRL were provided for five therapeutic procedures. The 75th percentile of PKA and Ka,r increases with weight, regardless procedure type. PKA and Ka,r are generally statistically different between BW groups, for both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and between different procedures at fixed weight group. Angioplasty and Right Ventricular Outflow Tract treatments (PVR) showed exposure values approximately doubled then other procedures. PKA/(BW·FT) is not statistically different among procedures except for Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) closures. LDRL values from this study are generally lower than the published ones. CONCLUSIONS: The study stands out as one of the few that presents a considerable number of LDRLs for weight categories and procedure types with a sample size of at least 20 patients per group, in agreement with RP185. PKA shows strong correlation with the product BW·FT.

Cardiac Mechanics Evaluation in Preschool-Aged Children with Preterm Birth History: A Speckle Tracking and 4D Echocardiography Study.

Background: The premature-born adult population is set to grow significantly, and prematurity has emerged as an important cardiovascular risk factor. We aimed to comprehensively assess cardiac mechanics and function in a cohort of ex-preterm preschoolers. Methods: Ex-preterm children (<30 weeks of gestation), aged 2 to 5 years, underwent transthoracic 2D, speckle-tracking, and 4D echocardiography. The findings were compared with 19 full-term children. Results: Our cohort of 38 children with prematurity history showed a normal morpho-functional echocardiographic assessment. However, compared to controls, the indexed 3D end-diastolic volumes of ventricular chambers were reduced (left ventricle 58.7 ± 11.2 vs. 67.2 ± 8.5 mL/m2; right ventricle 50.3 ± 10.4 vs. 57.7 ± 11 mL/m2; p = 0.02). Left ventricle global and longitudinal systolic function were worse in terms of fraction shortening (32.9% ± 6.8 vs. 36.5% ± 5.4; p = 0.05), ejection fraction (59.2% ± 4.3 vs. 62.3% ± 3.7; p = 0.003), and global longitudinal strain (-23.6% ± 2.4 vs. -25.5% ± 1.7; p = 0.003). Finally, we found a reduced left atrial strain (47.4% ± 9.7 vs. 54.9% ± 6.8; p = 0.004). Conclusions: Preschool-aged ex-preterm children exhibited smaller ventricles and subclinical impairment of left ventricle systolic and diastolic function compared to term children. Long-term follow-up is warranted to track the evolution of these findings.

Borderline Ventricles: From Evaluation to Treatment.

A heart with a borderline ventricle refers to a situation where there is uncertainty about whether the left or right underdeveloped ventricle can effectively support the systemic or pulmonary circulation with appropriate filling pressures and sufficient physiological reserve. Pediatric cardiologists often deal with congenital heart diseases (CHDs) associated with various degrees of hypoplasia of the left or right ventricles. To date, no specific guidelines exist, and surgical management may be extremely variable in different centers and sometimes even in the same center at different times. Thus, the choice between the single-ventricle or biventricular approach is always controversial. The aim of this review is to better define when "small is too small and large is large enough" in order to help clinicians make the decision that could potentially affect the patient's entire life.

First report from the European registry for anomalous aortic origin of coronary artery (EURO-AAOCA).

OBJECTIVES: Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA) is a group of rare congenital heart defects with various clinical presentations. The lifetime-risk of an individual living with AAOCA is unknown, and data from multicentre registries are urgently needed to adapt current recommendations and guide optimal patient management. The European AAOCA Registry (EURO-AAOCA) aims to assess differences with regard to AAOCA management between centres. METHODS: EURO-AAOCA is a prospective, multicentre registry including 13 European centres. Herein, we evaluated differences in clinical presentations and management, treatment decisions and surgical outcomes across centres from January 2019 to June 2023. RESULTS: A total of 262 AAOCA patients were included, with a median age of 33 years (12-53) with a bimodal distribution. One hundred thirty-nine (53.1%) were symptomatic, whereas chest pain (n = 74, 53.2%) was the most common complaint, followed by syncope (n = 21, 15.1%). Seven (5%) patients presented with a myocardial infarction, 2 (1.4%) with aborted sudden cardiac death. Right-AAOCA was most frequent (150, 57.5%), followed by left-AAOCA in 51 (19.5%), and circumflex AAOCA in 20 (7.7%). There were significant differences regarding diagnostics between age groups and across centres. Seventy-four (28.2%) patients underwent surgery with no operative deaths; minor postoperative complications occurred in 10 (3.8%) cases. CONCLUSIONS: Currently, no uniform agreement exists among European centres with regard to diagnostic protocols and clinical management for AAOCA variants. Although surgery is a safe procedure in AAOCA, future longitudinal outcome data will hopefully shed light on how to best decide towards optimal selection of patients undergoing revascularization versus conservative treatment.

[The portopulmonary hypertension: an overview from diagnosis to treatment]. / Ipertensione portopolmonare: dalla diagnosi alla terapia.

Portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) refers to the condition of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in association with portal hypertension. Among patients with portal hypertension, reported incidence rates of POPH range from 2 to 10% and long-term prognosis in cases of POPH is poor. Fundamental issues of management of POPH include identification of patients likely to benefit from liver transplantation (LTx) and treatment with specific pulmonary vasodilators before and after LTx. This review presents as an overview of the current knowledge on the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of patients with portopulmonary hypertension.

Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy of the Atrial Flow Regulator in Pediatric Patients: A Single-Center Experience.

Background: The Atrial Flow Regulator (AFR; Occlutech) can be used to create interatrial communication with a predetermined diameter in various pathophysiological settings. In the pediatric population, the experience is limited to a few case reports. We aim to report the initial single-center experience of AFR implantation in children with congenital and acquired heart disease. Methods: From December 2021 to June 2023, we enrolled 10 patients (aged 6 months-16 years). Indications to treatment were: left ventricular systolic dysfunction (n = 6), restrictive cardiomyopathy with pulmonary hypertension (n = 2), postoperative right ventricle dysfunction after surgical repair of a native Tetralogy of Fallot in a 12-year-old child (n = 1), and failure Fontan (n = 1). AFR implantation was successfully performed in all patients. Transseptal puncture was needed in 8 cases; in the other 2 cases, preexisting patent foramen ovale and fenestrated atrial septal defect were used. Balloon predilation was performed in 9 cases. An 8 mm device was implanted in all cases. The mean time of the procedure was 50 minutes, the median fluoroscopy time was 17 minutes, and median radiation exposure dose was 2.3 Gy × cm2. Results: No complications were reported during the procedure. Three patients died during the follow-up: 1 due to sepsis (16 days after the procedure), 1 due to disease progression (8 months after), and 1 due to failure of ECMO decannulation 7 days after the atrial venting. In the remaining patients, a reduction of LA dilation, postcapillary pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure symptoms were observed. Conclusions: AFR is safe and feasible in children and critical settings, allowing right/left cavities unloading and improvement of hemodynamics and symptoms.

Acute Changes in Right Ventricular Function in Pediatric Patients with Pulmonary Valve Stenosis Undergoing Percutaneous Valvuloplasty: A Speckle-Tracking Study.

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary valve stenosis determines multiple effects on the right ventricular dimension and function. Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty is the treatment of choice in severe pulmonary valve stenosis in patients of all ages. However, little is known regarding right ventricular function immediate changes after percutaneous balloon dilation. Pediatric patients with isolated pulmonary valve stenosis represent a pure clinical model of chronic RV pressure overload not affected by other confounders or comorbidities. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study seeks to explore right ventricle (RV) mechanics in pediatric patients early after percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty (BPV) for valvar pulmonary stenosis (PS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-three pediatric patients (19 males), mean age 3.2 ± 4.9 years old, with severe pulmonary valve stenosis and indication for percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty were recruited. All patients underwent standard transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) with an analysis of right ventricle free-wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) one day before and one day after the procedure. For each patient, we collected invasive parameters during the interventional procedure before and after BPV. RESULTS: After the procedure, there was an immediate significant reduction in both peak-to-peak transpulmonary gradient (peak-to-peak PG) and ratio between the right ventricle and aortic systolic pressure (RV/AoP) with a drop of ∆29.3 ± 14.67 mmHg and ∆0.43 ± 0.03, respectively. Post-procedural echocardiography showed peak and mean transvalvar pressure gradient drop (∆50 ± 32.23 and ∆31 ± 17.97, respectively). The degree of pulmonary valve regurgitation was mild in 8% of patients before the procedure, affecting 29% of our patients post-BPV (p = 0.007). The analysis of right ventricular mechanics showed a significant improvement of fractional area change (FAC) immediately after BPV (40.11% vs. 44.42%, p = 0.01). On the other hand, right ventricular longitudinal systolic function parameters, TAPSE and global RVFWLS, did not improve significantly after intervention. The segmental analysis of the RVFWLS showed a significant regional increase in the myocardial deformation of the apical segments. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous BPV represents an efficient and safe procedure to relieve severe pulmonary valve stenosis. The analysis of the right ventricular function on echocardiography demonstrated an immediate global systolic function improvement, while longitudinal systolic function was persistently impaired 24 h after intervention, possibly due to the necessity of a longer recovery time.

Chronic Heart Failure in Children: State of the Art and New Perspectives.

Pediatric heart failure (HF) is an important clinical condition with high morbidity and mortality. Compared to adults, pediatric HF shows different etiologies characterized by different physiology, a different clinical course, and deeply different therapeutic approaches. In the last few years, new drugs have been developed and new therapeutic strategies have been proposed with the goal of identifying an individualized treatment regimen. The aim of this article is to review the new potential drugs and non-pharmacological therapies for pediatric heart failure in children.

Childhood Obesity and Congenital Heart Disease: A Lifelong Struggle.

Congenital heart disease (CHD) affects approximately one in every one hundred infants worldwide, making it one of the most prevalent birth abnormalities globally. Despite advances in medical technology and treatment choices, CHD remains a significant health issue and necessitates specialized care throughout an individual's life. Childhood obesity has emerged as a novel global epidemic, becoming a major public health issue, particularly in individuals with lifelong conditions such as CHD. Obesity has profound effects on cardiac hemodynamics and morphology, emphasizing the importance of addressing obesity as a significant risk factor for cardiovascular health. Obesity-induced alterations in cardiac function can have significant implications for cardiovascular health and may contribute to the increased risk of heart-related complications in obese individuals. Moreover, while diastolic dysfunction may be less apparent in obese children compared to adults, certain parameters do indicate changes in early left ventricular relaxation, suggesting that obesity can cause cardiac dysfunction even in pediatric populations. As most children with CHD now survive into adulthood, there is also concern about environmental and behavioral health risk factors in this particular patient group. Addressing obesity in individuals with CHD is essential to optimize their cardiovascular health and overall quality of life. This review aims to succinctly present the data on the impact of obesity on CHD and to enhance awareness of this perilous association among patients, families, and healthcare providers.