Thiotepa-Based Intensified Reduced-Intensity Conditioning Adult Double-Unit Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Results in Decreased Relapse Rate and Improved Survival Compared with Transplantation Following Standard Reduced-Intensity Conditioning: A Retrospective Cohort Comparison.

The "Minnesota" reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) cord blood transplantation (CBT) regimen (standard RIC) of fludarabine (Flu) (200 mg/m2), cyclophosphamide (Cy) (50 mg/kg), and 200- or 300-cGy total body irradiation (TBI) is the most published RIC CBT regimen. Though well tolerated, high relapse rates remain a concern with this regimen. Intensification of conditioning may reduce relapse without increasing transplant-related mortality (TRM). We performed a retrospective cohort comparison of outcomes in adult patients who underwent first double-unit CBT with standard RIC as compared with the intensified regimen of Flu 150 mg/m2, Cy 50 mg/kg, thiotepa 10 mg/kg, and 400-cGy TBI (intensified RIC). Of the 99 patients studied, 47 received intensified RIC. Acute myelogenous leukemia was the major indication for transplant. The median age at transplant was 67 years (range, 24 to 74 years) and 54 years (range, 25 to 67 years) in standard RIC and intensified RIC, respectively. Median hematopoietic stem cell transplantation comorbidity index was 3 (range, 0 to 5) and 1 (range, 0 to 6) in the standard RIC and intensified RIC groups, respectively. Median follow-up among survivors was 22 months (range, 3.7 to 79 months) following standard RIC and 15 months (range, 2.8 to 36 months) following intensified RIC. The cumulative incidence (CI) of relapse was significantly lower following intensified RIC compared with standard RIC (P = .0013); this finding maintained significance in multivariate analysis (P = .045). TRM was comparable between the 2 groups (P = .99). Overall survival (OS) was significantly improved following intensified RIC as compared with standard RIC (P = .03). Median OS was 17 months following standard RIC versus not reached followed intensified RIC. The CI of grade II to IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was significantly higher in the intensified RIC cohort than the standard RIC-cohort (P = .007), while CI of grade III to IV acute GVHD, any chronic GVHD, and moderate-to-severe chronic GVHD was comparable in each cohort (P = .20, P = .21, and P = .61, respectively). This retrospective analysis shows an improvement in OS and decreased relapse without increase in TRM in patients receiving intensified RIC as compared with standard RIC. Our data suggest that consideration of thiotepa-based intensified RIC may improve outcomes in fit, older patients undergoing double-unit CBT.

Evolving Treatment Paradigm in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer.

Locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) carries higher risks of local and distant recurrence when treated with surgical resection alone. Multiple treatment strategies have been investigated to reduce recurrence risk and improve survival. Currently, there are 3 primary strategies for managing LARC: (1) preoperative long-course radiotherapy (RT) combined with radiosensitizing chemotherapy, which is better tolerated than postoperative chemoradiotherapy and provides tumor downstaging and improved pathologic complete response (pCR), followed by postoperative chemotherapy; (2) preoperative short-course RT alone as an alternative strategy for reducing the risk of local recurrence, followed by adjuvant postoperative chemotherapy; and (3) total neoadjuvant therapy with induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy to improve pCR and reduce the difficulty of delivering chemotherapy in the postoperative setting. In addition to these currently recommended treatment paradigms, promising new strategies are available for treatment reduction. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone may allow for omission of RT in select patients with favorable LARC. For patients who have complete clinical responses to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and RT, nonoperative management is being considered for sphincter preservation, with surgery used as salvage. These are active areas of investigation in both institutional and cooperative group trials. The results are anticipated to provide better tailoring of neoadjuvant therapy based on patient tumor and disease response characteristics.

Targeted therapy for a subset of acute myeloid leukemias that lack expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) activity is high in hematopoietic stem cells and functions in part to protect stem cells from reactive aldehydes and other toxic compounds. In contrast, we found that approximately 25% of all acute myeloid leukemias expressed low or undetectable levels of ALDH1A1 and that this ALDH1A1- subset of leukemias correlates with good prognosis cytogenetics. ALDH1A1- cell lines as well as primary leukemia cells were found to be sensitive to treatment with compounds that directly and indirectly generate toxic ALDH substrates including 4-hydroxynonenal and the clinically relevant compounds arsenic trioxide and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide. In contrast, normal hematopoietic stem cells were relatively resistant to these compounds. Using a murine xenotransplant model to emulate a clinical treatment strategy, established ALDH1A1- leukemias were also sensitive to in vivo treatment with cyclophosphamide combined with arsenic trioxide. These results demonstrate that targeting ALDH1A1- leukemic cells with toxic ALDH1A1 substrates such as arsenic and cyclophosphamide may be a novel targeted therapeutic strategy for this subset of acute myeloid leukemias.

An acute negative bystander effect of γ-irradiated recipients on transplanted hematopoietic stem cells.

Ultimate success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) depends not only on donor HSCs themselves but also on the host environment. Total body irradiation is a component in various host conditioning regimens for HSCT. It is known that ionizing radiation exerts "bystander effects" on nontargeted cells and that HSCs transplanted into irradiated recipients undergo proliferative exhaustion. However, whether irradiated recipients pose a proliferation-independent bystander effect on transplanted HSCs is unclear. In this study, we found that irradiated mouse recipients significantly impaired the long-term repopulating ability of transplanted mouse HSCs shortly (∼ 17 hours) after exposure to irradiated hosts and before the cells began to divide. There was an increase of acute cell death associated with accelerated proliferation of the bystander hematopoietic cells. This effect was marked by dramatic down-regulation of c-Kit, apparently because of elevated reactive oxygen species. Administration of an antioxidant chemical, N-acetylcysteine, or ectopically overexpressing a reactive oxygen species scavenging enzyme, catalase, improved the function of transplanted HSCs in irradiated hosts. Together, this study provides evidence for an acute negative, yet proliferation-independent, bystander effect of irradiated recipients on transplanted HSCs, thereby having implications for HSCT in both experimental and clinical scenarios in which total body irradiation is involved.

Targeting acute myeloid leukemia stem cells: a review and principles for the development of clinical trials.

Despite an increasingly rich understanding of its pathogenesis, acute myeloid leukemia remains a disease with poor outcomes, overwhelmingly due to disease relapse. In recent years, work to characterize the leukemia stem cell population, the disease compartment most difficult to eliminate with conventional therapy and most responsible for relapse, has been undertaken. This, in conjunction with advances in drug development that have allowed for increasingly targeted therapies to be engineered, raises the hope that we are entering an era in which the leukemia stem cell population can be eliminated, resulting in therapeutic cures for acute myeloid leukemia patients. For these therapies to become available, they must be tested in the setting of clinical trials. A long-established clinical trials infrastructure has been employed to shepherd new therapies from proof-of-concept to approval. However, due to the unique features of leukemia stem cells, drugs that are designed to specifically eliminate this population may not be adequately tested when applied to this model. Therefore, in this review article, we seek to identify the relevant features of acute myeloid leukemia stem cells for clinical trialists, discuss potential strategies to target leukemia stem cells, and propose a set of guidelines outlining the necessary elements of clinical trials to allow for the successful testing of stem cell-directed therapies.

Effect of maneuvers, diuresis, and fluid administration on ultrasound-measured liver stiffness after Fontan.

BACKGROUND: To determine the effect of stress maneuvers/interventions on ultrasound liver stiffness measurements (LSMs) in patients with Fontan circulation and healthy controls. METHODS: In this prospective, IRB-approved study of 10 patients after Fontan palliation and 10 healthy controls, ultrasound 2D shear-wave elastography LSMs were acquired at baseline and after maximum inspiration, expiration, standing, handgrip, aerobic exercise, i.v. fluid (500 mL normal saline) administration, and i.v. furosemide (20 mg) administration. Absolute and percent change in LSM were compared between baseline and each maneuver, and then from fluid infusion to after diuresis. RESULTS: Median ages were 25.5 and 26 years in the post-Fontan and control groups (p = 0.796). LSMs after Fontan were higher at baseline (2.6 vs. 1.3 m/s) and with all maneuvers compared to controls (all p < 0.001). Changes in LSM with maneuvers, exercise, fluid, or diuresis were not significant when compared to baseline in post-Fontan patients. LSM in controls increased with inspiration (+0.02 m/s, 1.6%, p = 0.03), standing (+0.07 m/s, 5.5%, p = 0.03), and fluid administration (+0.10 m/s, 7.8%, p = 0.002), and decreased 60 minutes after diuretic administration (-0.05 m/s, -3.9%, p = 0.01) compared to baseline. LSM after diuretic administration significantly decreased when compared to after i.v. fluid administration at 30 minutes (-0.79 m/s, -26.5%, p = 0.004) and 60 minutes (-0.78 m/s, -26.2%, p = 0.017) for patients after Fontan and controls at 15 minutes (-0.12 m/s, -8.70%, p = 0.002), 30 minutes (-0.15 m/s, -10.9%, p = 0.003), and 60 minutes (-0.1 m/s, -10.9%, p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: LSM after Fontan is higher with more variability compared to controls. Diuresis is associated with significantly decreased liver stiffness in both patients after Fontan and controls, with the suggestion of a greater effect in Fontan patients.

Outcomes of Haplo-Cord Versus Dual Cord Transplants: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis.

Despite the concurrent use of haploidentical cord (HCT) and dual cord (DCT) stem cell transplant approaches for over a decade, there have been few comparisons of their outcomes. Our objective in this study is to assess for differences in the outcomes and adverse effects associated with HCTs versus DCTs. Here we report a retrospective analysis of HCTs and DCTs at our institution. From October 2012 to October 2022, 70 HCT and 133 DCT transplants were performed following 50 mg/kg of IV cyclophosphamide, 150 mg/m2 of IV fludarabine, 10 mg/kg of IV thiotepa, and 4 Gy total body irradiation conditioning. With a median follow-up of 3.6 years among survivors, there was no difference in overall survival (OS) (3 years OS 65% DCT versus 63% HCT, P = 1) or relapse-free survival (3 years RFS 62% DCT versus 64% HCT, P = .97) for all patients. Time to neutrophil recovery was faster in HCT recipients (median 17 versus 22 days, P = .021), with no difference in platelet recovery to 20,000/µL (P = .12). Median hospitalization for HCT recipients was 20 days versus 24 days for DCT recipients (P < .0001). Engraftment syndrome treated with steroids occurred in 47/133 (35%) DCT recipients versus 42/70 (60%) HCT recipients (odds ratios 0.37, P value=.001). There was a significant increase in grade 3 to 4 acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in haplo-cord recipients (P = .007), but no difference in grade 2 to 4 aGVHD (P = .11), all chronic GVHD (cGVHD) (P = .9), or moderate-severe cGVHD (P = .3). Our outcomes demonstrate faster engraftment and shorter hospitalization in HCTs relative to DCTs, but more engraftment syndrome and higher grade 3 to 4 aGVHD. When both are options, these factors should guide the choice between HCTs and DCTs.

Digital droplet PCR analysis of organoids generated from mouse mammary tumors demonstrates proof-of-concept capture of tumor heterogeneity.

Breast cancer metastases exhibit many different genetic alterations, including copy number amplifications (CNA). CNA are genetic alterations that are increasingly becoming relevant to breast oncology clinical practice. Here we identify CNA in metastatic breast tumor samples using publicly available datasets and characterize their expression and function using a metastatic mouse model of breast cancer. Our findings demonstrate that our organoid generation can be implemented to study clinically relevant features that reflect the genetic heterogeneity of individual tumors.

Targeting Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells Through Perturbation of Mitochondrial Calcium.

Acute myeloid leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are uniquely reliant on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for survival. Moreover, maintenance of OXPHOS is dependent on BCL-2, creating a therapeutic opportunity to target LSCs using the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax. While venetoclax-based regimens have shown promising clinical activity, the emergence of drug resistance is prevalent. Thus, in the present study, we investigated how mitochondrial properties may influence venetoclax responsiveness. Our data show that utilization of mitochondrial calcium is fundamentally different between drug-responsive and non-responsive LSCs. By comparison, venetoclax-resistant LSCs demonstrate a more active metabolic (i.e. OXPHOS) status with relatively high levels of calcium. Consequently, we tested genetic and pharmacological approaches to target the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, MCU. We demonstrate that inhibition of calcium uptake reduces OXPHOS and leads to eradication of venetoclax-resistant LSCs. These findings demonstrate a central role for calcium signaling in LSCs and provide an avenue for clinical management of venetoclax resistance.

Lentivirus-mediated chronic expression of dominant-negative CREB in the dorsal hippocampus impairs memory for place learning and contextual fear conditioning.

Extensive research has shown that the transcription factor CREB has an important role during memory formation. In the present study, we tested a new method for chronic, stable expression of a dominant-negative form of CREB (mCREB) in the dorsal hippocampus using lentiviral vectors. In specific, we tested whether lentivirus-mediated chronic expression of mutant CREB impairs memory for two hippocampus-dependent tasks - place training in the water maze and contextual fear conditioning. Two weeks following intra-hippocampal infusion, experimental (mCREB) and control (LacZ and saline) rats were trained for 30 trials in one session on a place task in a water plus-maze and tested for an additional 30 trials on day 2 and on day 7. On day 8, all rats were trained on a contextual fear conditioning task and tested 24h later. For place learning, there was no difference between treatment groups on day 1, indicating that treatment with the lentiviral vectors did not alter performance or acquisition of the task. In comparisons with controls, mCREB-treated rats were not significantly impaired on day 2, overall, but they showed significant impairment on day 7. Contextual fear memory was impaired in mCREB-infused rats in comparison with controls. At the end of the experiment, total CREB and phosphorylated CREB protein were measured by western blot. Levels of total CREB were increased by approximately 40% among mCREB-treated rats in comparisons with controls, whereas levels of pCREB did not differ between groups, suggesting that the treatment caused significant expression of mCREB. In addition, mCREB infused rats showed a significant reduction in the pCREB to CREB ratio in comparison with controls, suggesting that the memory deficit seen in mCREB rats is most likely due to disruption of gene regulation caused by expression of mutant CREB. Taken together, the present results show that lentivirus expressing mCREB can be used to effectively alter CREB function within the hippocampus and that the treatment impairs memory for hippocampus-dependent tasks.

Venetoclax is safe and tolerable as post-transplant maintenance therapy for AML patients at high risk for relapse.

Relapse is the most common cause of mortality in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients after allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT). Post-SCT maintenance strategies that prevent relapse are desirable but must be well tolerated and convenient to administer. We hypothesized single agent venetoclax (ven) may be an effective maintenance therapy among high relapse risk patients. Between February 2019 and December 2021, we administered post-SCT ven maintenance to 49 AML patients at high-risk for relapse as a prospectively defined off-label practice at our institution. Ven was planned to be administered until 1-year post-SCT. While temporary interruptions were common (67.3% of all patients), of those with >1 year follow up, 22/25 (88%) completed the full year of planned therapy. Cytopenias (40.8%) and gastrointestinal adverse events (34.7%) were the most common toxicities. At 1-year post-SCT, overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) were 70% and 67% respectively. Our experience demonstrates single agent ven is a safe, tolerable, and feasible maintenance therapy that may improve RFS and OS in high relapse risk post-SCT patients.

Organoid generation from mouse mammary tumors captures the genetic heterogeneity of clinically relevant copy number alterations.

Breast cancer metastases exhibit many different genetic alterations, including copy number amplifications. Using publicly available datasets, we identify copy number amplifications in metastatic breast tumor samples and using our organoid-based metastasis assays, and we validate FGFR1 is amplified in collectively migrating organoids. Because the heterogeneity of breast tumors is increasingly becoming relevant to clinical practice, we demonstrate our organoid method captures genetic heterogeneity of individual tumors.

Targeting Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells Through Perturbation of Mitochondrial Calcium.

We previously reported that acute myeloid leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are uniquely reliant on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) for survival. Moreover, maintenance of OXPHOS is dependent on BCL2, creating a therapeutic opportunity to target LSCs using the BCL2 inhibitor drug venetoclax. While venetoclax-based regimens have indeed shown promising clinical activity, the emergence of drug resistance is prevalent. Thus, in the present study, we investigated how mitochondrial properties may influence mechanisms that dictate venetoclax responsiveness. Our data show that utilization of mitochondrial calcium is fundamentally different between drug responsive and non-responsive LSCs. By comparison, venetoclax-resistant LSCs demonstrate a more active metabolic (i.e., OXPHOS) status with relatively high steady-state levels of calcium. Consequently, we tested genetic and pharmacological approaches to target the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, MCU. We demonstrate that inhibition of calcium uptake sharply reduces OXPHOS and leads to eradication of venetoclax-resistant LSCs. These findings demonstrate a central role for calcium signaling in the biology of LSCs and provide a therapeutic avenue for clinical management of venetoclax resistance.

A Novel Type of Monocytic Leukemia Stem Cell Revealed by the Clinical Use of Venetoclax-Based Therapy.

The BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax has recently emerged as an important component of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy. Notably, use of this agent has revealed a previously unrecognized form of pathogenesis characterized by monocytic disease progression. We demonstrate that this form of disease arises from a fundamentally different type of leukemia stem cell (LSC), which we designate as monocytic LSC (m-LSC), that is developmentally and clinically distinct from the more well-described primitive LSC (p-LSC). The m-LSC is distinguished by a unique immunophenotype (CD34-, CD4+, CD11b-, CD14-, CD36-), unique transcriptional state, reliance on purine metabolism, and selective sensitivity to cladribine. Critically, in some instances, m-LSC and p-LSC subtypes can co-reside in the same patient with AML and simultaneously contribute to overall tumor biology. Thus, our findings demonstrate that LSC heterogeneity has direct clinical significance and highlight the need to distinguish and target m-LSCs as a means to improve clinical outcomes with venetoclax-based regimens. SIGNIFICANCE: These studies identify and characterize a new type of human acute myeloid LSC that is responsible for monocytic disease progression in patients with AML treated with venetoclax-based regimens. Our studies describe the phenotype, molecular properties, and drug sensitivities of this unique LSC subclass. This article is featured in Selected Articles from This Issue, p. 1949.

Appropriateness of cardiovascular computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with conotruncal defects.

BACKGROUND: To promote the rational use of cardiovascular imaging in patients with congenital heart disease, the American College of Cardiology developed Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC), but its clinical application and pre-release benchmarks have not been evaluated. We aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and cardiovascular computed tomography (CCT) in patients with conotruncal defects and to identify factors associated with maybe or rarely appropriate (M/R) indications. METHODS: Twelve centers each contributed a median of 147 studies performed prior to AUC publication (01/2020) on patients with conotruncal defects. To incorporate patient characteristics and center-level effects, a hierarchical generalized linear mixed model was used. RESULTS: Of the 1753 studies (80% CMR, and 20% CCT), 16% were rated M/R. Center M/R ranged from 4 to 39%. Infants accounted for 8.4% of studies. In multivariable analyses, patient- and study-level factors associated with M/R rating included: age <1 year (OR 1.90 [1.15-3.13]), truncus arteriosus (vs. tetralogy of Fallot, OR 2.55 [1.5-4.35]), and CCT (vs. CMR, OR 2.67 [1.87-3.83]). None of the provider- or center-level factors reached statistical significance in the multivariable model. CONCLUSIONS: Most CMRs and CCTs ordered for the follow-up care of patients with conotruncal defects were rated appropriate. However, there was significant center-level variation in appropriateness ratings. Younger age, CCT, and truncus arteriosus were independently associated with higher odds of M/R rating. These findings could inform future quality improvement initiatives and further exploration of factors resulting in center-level variation.

Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: outcome in a 20-year cohort.

The curative potential of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo HSCT) in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia CLL is established, with a demonstrated role for graft-versus-leukaemia and less certainty for other factors in determining outcome. The first two decades of CLL patients proceeding to allo HSCT at the Leukaemia/Bone Marrow Transplant Program of British Columbia (n = 49 consecutive, 1991-2009) were studied to clarify factors predicting outcome. The donor was related in 29 (59%) and unrelated in 20 (41%). Conditioning was reduced-intensity in 27 (55%) and myeloablative in 22 (45%). Thirty-one of 49 patients survive with median follow-up of 5 years (0·2-15). Cumulative incidence of non-relapse mortality; complete remission (CR); clearance of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) abnormality and progression at 10 years was 36%; 69%; 55% and 22%. Overall survival (OS) was 63% at 2 years; 55% at 5 years and beyond. Factors predicting OS (P value by log rank <0·05) were: comorbidity index <3, FISH rank (Dohner) and 17p deletion, alemtuzumab pre-HSCT, achievement of CR post-HSCT, donor chimerism >90%, clearance of FISH abnormality post-HSCT and absence of high-grade (3-4) graft-versus-host disease. Results from this province-wide, two-decade cohort demonstrated that a substantial proportion of patients with high-risk CLL become long term disease-free survivors.

Venetoclax and azacitidine followed by allogeneic transplant results in excellent outcomes and may improve outcomes versus maintenance therapy among newly diagnosed AML patients older than 60.

The combination of venetoclax (ven) and azacitidine (aza) has resulted in high response rates in the upfront treatment of AML in patients age > 75 and patients unfit for intensive chemotherapy. Given the poor historical outcomes in patients age ≥ 60 treated with induction chemotherapy, ven/aza has become our institutional preference for the initial treatment of non-core binding factor (CBF) AML patients age ≥ 60. The benefit of allogeneic stem cell transplant (SCT) in patients who achieve response to ven/aza is uncertain. We report outcomes of SCT-eligible patients treated at our center. Between 1/2015 and 1/2020, 119 newly diagnosed non-CBF AML patients age ≥ 60 received ven/aza as initial therapy. 21 patients underwent SCT; 31 additional patients were potentially SCT eligible but deferred SCT. Overall survival (OS) was significantly greater among SCT patients (median survival not reached) versus potentially SCT eligible patients not undergoing SCT (median 518 days) (p = 0.01). Our data suggest that ven/aza followed by SCT in newly diagnosed AML patients older than ≥ 60 results in excellent outcomes and likely improves outcomes over maintenance therapy. Ongoing investigation will further refine the optimal timing of and selection of patients for SCT based on prognostic disease features and response assessments.

Generating and Imaging Mouse and Human Epithelial Organoids from Normal and Tumor Mammary Tissue Without Passaging.

Organoids are a reliable method for modeling organ tissue due to their self-organizing properties and retention of function and architecture after propagation from primary tissue or stem cells. This method of organoid generation forgoes single-cell differentiation through multiple passages and instead uses differential centrifugation to isolate mammary epithelial organoids from mechanically and enzymatically dissociated tissues. This protocol provides a streamlined technique for rapidly producing small and large epithelial organoids from both mouse and human mammary tissue in addition to techniques for organoid embedding in collagen and basement extracellular matrix. Furthermore, instructions for in-gel fixation and immunofluorescent staining are provided for the purpose of visualizing organoid morphology and density. These methodologies are suitable for myriad downstream analyses, such as co-culturing with immune cells and ex vivo metastasis modeling via collagen invasion assay. These analyses serve to better elucidate cell-cell behavior and create a more complete understanding of interactions within the tumor microenvironment.

Adult dual umbilical cord blood transplantation using myeloablative total body irradiation (1350 cGy) and fludarabine conditioning.

High treatment-related mortality (TRM) and high graft failure rate are serious concerns in HLA-mismatched umbilical cord blood (UCB) transplantation with myeloablative conditioning. We conducted a prospective trial of dual UCB transplantation using modified myeloablation consisting of total-body irradiation (TBI; 1350 cGy) and fludarabine (Flu) (160 mg/m(2)). Twenty-seven patients (median age, 33 years; range: 20-58 years) with hematologic malignancies were enrolled. The median combined cryopreserved total nucleated cell (TNC) dose was 4.3 × 10(7)/kg (range: 3.2-7.7 × 10(7)/kg). The cumulative incidences of neutrophil (≥500/µL) and platelet (≥50,000/µL) engraftment were 80% (95% confidence interval [CI], 58%-91%) and 68% (95% CI, 46%-83%), respectively. Among engrafted patients, a single cord blood unit was predominant by 100 days posttransplantation. A higher cryopreserved and infused TNC dose and infused CD3(+) cell dose were significant factors associated with the predominant UCB unit (P = .032, .020, and .042, respectively). TRM and relapse rates at 2 years were 28% (95% CI, 12%-47%) and 20% (95% CI, 7%-37%), respectively. Cumulative incidences of grades II-IV and grades III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) were 37% (95% CI, 20%-55%) and 11% (95% CI, 3%-26%), respectively, and that of chronic GVHD was 31% (95% CI, 15%-49%). With a median follow-up of 23 months, overall survival and disease-free survival rates at 2 years were 58% (95% CI, 34%-75%) and 52% (95% CI, 29%-70%), respectively. This study supports the use of TBI 1350 cGy/Flu as an alternative to conventional myeloablative conditioning for dual UCB transplantation.