Effects of climate variability on respiratory diseases in the Western Region of Bahia, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyse hospitalisations for respiratory diseases in the Western Region of Bahia, Northeast Brazil, from 2010 to 2019, and to explore possible correlations with meteorological data. STUDY DESIGN: This descriptive, epidemiological, ecological study analysed data from 37 municipalities in the Western Bahia health macro-region, defined according to geographical, administrative, demographic, epidemiological, social and cultural criteria, and accounting for availability of health resources. METHODS: Hospitalisation data for respiratory diseases, including total admissions and disease frequency, mean and prevalence, were obtained from DATASUS (Ministry of Health). The data were evaluated by sex, age group and city. Statistical tests, such as the Chi-squared test and analysis of variance, were used for data analysis. Meteorological data were compared using the t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Correlations between health indicators and weather data were assessed using the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Over the investigated period, there were 536,195 hospitalisation records in the region, with respiratory diseases accounting for 17.1% of admissions. Notably, 40% of respiratory hospitalisations were among children aged 0-9 years. The most prevalent respiratory conditions were pneumonia and asthma, which together constituted 73% of all respiratory hospitalisations. A significant negative correlation was observed between respiratory diseases and rainfall (r = -0.70, P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Pneumonia and asthma remain important causes of hospitalisation among children in the Western Bahia Region. The study findings suggest that respiratory diseases are influenced by rainfall, possibly due to increased atmospheric pollutants during time of low rainfall. These findings emphasise the importance of environmental factors in the development and exacerbation of respiratory diseases.

Phenolic compounds and interaction between aminoglycosides and natural products of Lygodium venustum SW against multiresistant bacteria.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to evaluate the interactions between aminoglycosides and the ethyl-acetate fraction of the fern Lygodium venustum SW (EAFLV) METHODS: The ethyl-acetate fraction was obtained from the ethanol extract of L. venustum and was assayed via the checkerboard method associated with aminoglycosides against two bacterial strains multiresistant to antibiotics. RESULTS: The antibiotic activity of all drugs, when associated with the ethyl-acetate fraction, was enhanced in an additive manner, except for the association between EAFLV and amikacin, which showed a synergistic interaction against the Escherichia coli strain. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that L. venustum can be a source of secondary metabolites to be used in association with antibiotics like aminoglycosides in antibiotic chemotherapy against resistant bacteria.

Toxicity of Brazilian plant seed extracts to two strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) and nontarget animals.

Seed ethanolic extracts of 21 Brazilian plants were evaluated for ovicidal, larvicidal, and pupicidal activities against insecticide-susceptible (SS) and field-collected (FC) strains of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), as well as for their effects on nontarget organisms. Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. Allemao extract was highly toxic to both mosquito strains. Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler extract showed low toxicity and was 38-68 times less toxic to Ae. aegypti larvae than was M. urundeuva extract. The pupicidal activity (LC50) of 14 plant seed extracts ranged between 9 and 433/g/ml, and toxicities were comparable to both mosquito strains. Piptadenia moniliformis Benth. and Luetzelburgia auriculata (Allemao) Ducke extracts showed the highest activities against pupae of FC and SS strains. None of the extracts showed 100% ovicidal activity. In addition, the active extracts did not show high acute toxicity to mice (LD50 > 1.5 g/kg), except that of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. Most of the active extracts exhibited low toxicity against brine shrimp (Artemia sp.) nauplii. The extracts of M. urundeuva, P. moniliformis, and L. auriculata are promising sources of recognized classes of insecticidal compounds with good selectivity against immature stages of Ae. aegypti.

Electrical nerve stimulation therapy in refractory primary monosymtomatic enuresis - A sistematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of electrical nerve stimulation on urinary symptoms in pediatric patients with monosymptomatic primary enuresis refractory to conventional treatment. METHODS: Three databases (Medline, Embase, and Cochrane) were searched and 160 studies were identified by July 15, 2020. After establishing and applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a step-by-step analysis was performed using the title, abstract and full text. The Cochrane Collaboration Tool was then used to analyze the biases of the selected studies. RESULTS: Of the 160 articles found, 03 were selected for this systematic review. In 02 studies there was a significant reduction in the number of wet nights/week after electrical nerve stimulation. Urodynamic pattern was evaluated in 01 study, with improvement of maximum cystometric capacity in the intervention group. About maximum voided volume, there was no improvement in 01 study, but in other, there was increase in the intervention group. CONCLUSION: Electrical nerve stimulation might promote improvement in partial and total response scores over the number of dry nights, with no improvement in urodynamic parameters, and could be considered as an feasible option in the management of refractory monosymptomatic primary enuresis. However, it is worth emphasizing the need to conduct more RCTs with a larger sample for better evaluation of the role of neurostimulation.

Increased micronucleus frequency in exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa in hairdressers.

Hairdressers are exposed daily to chemical substances, such as dyes, chemical straighteners and curling chemicals, which can be absorbed, inhaled or possibly ingested. We analyzed the frequency of micronuclei (MNC) in exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa of 50 hairdressers and 50 controls in Pelotas, RS, Brazil. An assessment was carried out on the incidence of MNC, binucleated cells (BNC), broken egg cells (BEC), budding cells (BC), and the sum of anomalies (SA), in 2000 cells per individual. The data were analyzed with SPSS, using the Mann-Whitney U-test, α = 0.05. The mean number of anomalies in hairdressers was 2.02 ± 3.60 MNC; 8.50 ± 5.07 BNC; 9.06 ± 3.83 BEC; 0.32 ± 0.62 BC, and 19.90 ± 9.61 SA; in controls it was 0.36 ± 1.06 MNC; 5.20 ± 4.73 BNC; 5.92 ± 2.67 BEC; 0.10 ± 0.36 BC, and 11.58 ± 6.67 SA; the differences for all parameters were significant. The non-occupational factors did not significantly influence the alterations. A significant increase of BEC (P = 0.003) was observed in the hairdressers and SA (P = 0.033) in females. The lowest income level influenced MNC (P = 0.044), and the habit of not smoking influenced SA (P = 0.020). We concluded that exposure to substances used by hairdressers is genotoxic for men.

Highly palatable diet consumption increases protein oxidation in rat frontal cortex and anxiety-like behavior.

Obesity is frequently associated with consumption of high amounts of sugar and/or fat. Studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of overweight and obesity associated or not with increase rates of psychiatry disorders, in particular mood and anxiety disorders. Recent works have demonstrated an association between specific genes involved in oxidative stress metabolism and anxiety-like behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a highly palatable diet enriched with sucrose in body fat mass composition, anxiety behavior and brain oxidative status. Twenty male Wistar rats received two different diets during four months: standard chow (SC) and highly palatable (HP). Metabolic parameters, behavioral tests and oxidative stress status were evaluated. Body fat mass, insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance were altered in the HP group (p<0.01). The same group spends less time in light compartment and had a lower risk assessment behavior (p<0.05) but no differences were observed in the open field test habituation (p>0.05). Protein degradation, DCF and TBARS levels were not different in the hippocampus between groups; however, there were higher levels of protein degration in frontal cortex of HP groups (p<0.05), although DCF and TBARS levels don't differ from the SC group (p>0.05). In conclusion, our data suggest that the consumption of HP diet leads to an obese phenotype, increases protein oxidation in frontal cortex and appears to induce anxiety-like behavior in rats.

Inferring transcription factor activity from microarray data reveals novel targets for toxicological investigations.

Transcription factors (TFs) are important modulators of the inducible portion of the transcriptome, and therefore relevant in the context of exposure to exogenous compounds. Current approaches to predict the activity of TFs in biological systems are usually restricted to a few entities at a time due to low-throughput techniques targeting a limited fraction of annotated human TFs. Therefore, high-throughput alternatives may help to identify new targets of mechanistic and predictive value in toxicological investigations. In this study, we inferred the activity multiple TFs using publicly available microarray data from primary human hepatocytes exposed to hundreds of chemicals and evaluated these molecular profiles using multiple correspondence analysis. Our results demonstrate that the lowest dose and latest exposure time (24h) in a subset of chemicals generates a signature indicative of carcinogenicity possibly due to DNA-damaging properties. Furthermore, profiles from the earliest exposure time (2h) and highest dose creates clusters of chemicals implicated in the development of diverse forms of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Both approaches yielded a number of TFs with similar activity across groups of chemicals, including TFs known in toxicological responses such as AhR, NFE2L2 (Nrf2), NF-κB and PPARG. FOXM1, IRF1 and E2F4 were some of the TFs identified that may be relevant in genotoxic carcinogenesis. SMADs (SMAD1, SMAD2, SMAD5) and KLF5 were identified as some of potentially new TFs whose inferred activities were linked to acute and progressive outcomes in DILI. In conclusion this study offers a novel mechanistic approach targeting TF activity during chemical exposure.

Physiology and molecular biology of the lignin peroxidases of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

The white-rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium produces lignin peroxidases (LiPs), a family of extracellular glycosylated heme proteins, as major components of its lignin-degrading system. Up to 15 LiP isozymes, ranging in M(r) values from 38,000 to 43,000, are produced depending on culture conditions and strains employed. Manganese-dependent peroxidases (MnPs) are a second family of extracellular heme proteins produced by P. chrysosporium that are also believed to be important in lignin degradation by this organism. LiP and MnP production is seen during secondary metabolism and is completely suppressed under conditions of excess nitrogen and carbon. Excess Mn(II) in the medium, on the other hand, suppresses LiP production but enhances MnP production. Nitrogen regulation of LiP and MnP production is independent of carbon and Mn(II) regulation. LiP activity is also affected by idiophasic extracellular proteases. Intracellular cAMP levels appear to be important in regulating the production of LiPs and MnPs, although LiP production is affected more than MnP production. Studies on the sequencing and characterization of lip cDNAs and genes of P. chrysosporium have shown that the major LiP isozymes are each encoded by a separate gene. Each lip gene encodes a mature protein that is 343-344 amino acids long, contains 1 putative N-glycosylation site, a number of putative O-glycosylation sites, and is preceded by a 27-28-amino acid leader peptide ending in a Lys-Arg cleavage site. The coding region of each lip gene is interrupted by 8-9 introns (50-63 bp), and the positions of the last two introns appear to be highly conserved. There are substantial differences in the temporal transcription patterns of the major lip genes. The sequence data suggest the presence of three lip gene subfamilies. The genomic DNA of P. chrysosporium strain BKMF-1767 was resolved into 10 chromosomes (genome size of 29 Mb), and that of strain ME-446 into 11 chromosomes (genome size of 32 Mb). The lip genes have been localized to five chromosomes in BKMF-1767 and to four chromosomes in ME-446. DNA transformation studies have reported both integrative and non-integrative transformation in P. chrysosporium.

Purification and characterization of lamb pregastric lipase.

Lamb pregastric lipase was purified from a commercial source using delipidation, solubilization with KSCN, acid-precipitation, pepsin-digestion, affinity chromatography with agarose-Cibacron Blue F3GA, gel filtration, and elution from a native 10% (w/v) polyacrylamide gel. The enzyme had a single subunit of 68,000 Da with maximum esterase activity when measured at pH 6.0 and 30 degrees C. The enzyme preferentially hydrolyzed short- and medium-chain (C4, C6, and C8) synthetic esters and short-chain (C4 and C6) monoacid triglycerides. The NH2-terminal sequence demonstrated high homology with gastric and lingual lipases.

Bivariate and multivariate analyses of the correlations between stability of the erythrocyte membrane, serum lipids and hematological variables.

The observation that the fluidity must remain within a critical interval, outside which the stability and functionality of the cell tends to decrease, shows that stability, fluidity and function are related and that the measure of erythrocyte stability allows inferences about the fluidity or functionality of these cells. This study determined the biochemical and hematological variables that are directly or indirectly related to erythrocyte stability in a population of 71 volunteers. Data were evaluated by bivariate and multivariate analysis. The erythrocyte stability showed a greater association with hematological variables than the biochemical variables. The RDW stands out for its strong correlation with the stability of erythrocyte membrane, without being heavily influenced by other factors. Regarding the biochemical variables, the erythrocyte stability was more sensitive to LDL-C. Erythrocyte stability was significantly associated with RDW and LDL-C. Thus, the level of LDL-C is a consistent link between stability and functionality, suggesting that a measure of stability could be more one indirect parameter for assessing the risk of degenerative processes associated with high levels of LDL-C.

Neuropathology of naturally occurring Trypanosoma evansi infection of horses.

The clinical signs and pathology of the central nervous system in 9 horses with naturally occurring neurologic disease due to Trypanosoma evansi are described. The clinical course was 2 to 20 days; clinical signs included marked ataxia, blindness, head tilt and circling, hyperexcitability, obtundity, proprioceptive deficits, head pressing, and paddling movements. Grossly, asymmetric leukoencephalomalacia with yellowish discoloration of white matter and flattening of the gyri were observed in the brain of 7 of 9 horses. Histologically, all 9 horses had necrotizing encephalitis that was most severe in the white matter, with edema, demyelination, and lymphoplasmacytic perivascular cuffs. Mild to moderate meningitis or meningomyelitis was observed in the spinal cord of 5 of 7 horses. T. evansi was detected immunohistochemically in the perivascular spaces and neuropil of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue in 8 of 9 horses.

The chloroxoquinolinic derivative 6-chloro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl) quinoline-3-carboxylic acid inhibits HSV-1 adsorption by impairing its adsorption on HVEM.

In this paper, we describe that the oxoquinolinic acid derivative (compound A) inhibited HSV-1 adsorption on Vero cells. This effect was achieved with an EC(50) value of 10 +/- 2.0 microM and with low cytotoxicity, since the CC(50) value for compound A was >1000 microM. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that adsorption inhibition was due to the blockage of the interactions between HSV-1 and the cellular receptor herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM). These results show that compound A can prevent HSV-1 infection in Vero cells, encouraging further studies to determine at what level compound A inhibits HSV-1-HVEM interactions.

Isolation of laccase gene-specific sequences from white rot and brown rot fungi by PCR.

Degenerate primers corresponding to the consensus sequences of the copper-binding regions in the N-terminal domains of known basidiomycete laccases were used to isolate laccase gene-specific sequences from strains representing nine genera of wood rot fungi. All except three gave the expected PCR product of about 200 bp. Computer searches of the databases identified the sequence of each of the PCR products analyzed as a laccase gene sequence, suggesting the specificity of the primers. PCR products of the white rot fungi Ganoderma lucidum, Phlebia brevispora, and Trametes versicolor showed 65 to 74% nucleotide sequence similarity to each other; the similarity in deduced amino acid sequences was 83 to 91%. The PCR products of Lentinula edodes and Lentinus tigrinus, on the other hand, showed relatively low nucleotide and amino acid similarities (58 to 64 and 62 to 81%, respectively); however, these similarities were still much higher than when compared with the corresponding regions in the laccases of the ascomycete fungi Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa. A few of the white rot fungi, as well as Gloeophyllum trabeum, a brown rot fungus, gave a 144-bp PCR fragment which had a nucleotide sequence similarity of 60 to 71%. Demonstration of laccase activity in G. trabeum and several other brown rot fungi was of particular interest because these organisms were not previously shown to produce laccases.

Hemoglobin electrophoresis and hemoglobinopathies in Kuwait.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the results of hemoglobin electrophoresis (HE) in the routine laboratory of a tertiary hospital in Kuwait and to review the common types of hemoglobinopathies prevalent in the country. METHODS: This was a prospective study of HE performed on 2,386 samples in Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, which serves more than 30% of the population of Kuwait, from June 1997 to May 1998. RESULTS: Of the 2,386 HE tests, only 561 (23.5%) had abnormal hemoglobin genotypes. The most commonly identified hemoglobinopathies were beta-thalassemia minor (14%), sickle cell trait (6%), sickle cell anemia (0.9%), S beta zero thal (0.8%) and S beta + thal (0.8%). Two rare hemoglobin variants, Hb DPunjab and Hb E, were encountered. CONCLUSION: HE yielded only 23.5% abnormal results, thus indicating the need to streamline requests for the test. The test should be limited to patients with hematological and clinical features suggestive of hemoglobinopathies or to individuals with a positive family history.

Electrophoretic karyotyping of the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

Electrophoretic karyotyping of the two most widely studied strains of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, BKMF-1767 and ME-446, has been determined using transverse alternating field electrophoresis. The genomic DNA of BKMF-1767 was resolved into 10 chromosomes ranging in size from 1.8-5.0 Mb, amounting to a total genome size of about 29 Mb. The genomic DNA of strain ME-446, on the other hand, was resolved into 11 chromosomes, amounting to a total genome size of about 32 Mb. Lignin peroxidase genes have been localized to five chromosomes in strain BKMF-1767 and to four chromosomes in strain ME-446.

Temporal expression of the major lignin peroxidase genes of Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

DNA probes specific for the genes encoding major lignin peroxidase (LIP) isozymes H2, H8, and H10 of Phanerochaete chrysosporium were constructed. These probes were used to study the temporal expression of the three lip genes in defined low-nitrogen medium. H2 gene transcripts were produced at high levels on days 4, 5, and 7 and at low levels on day 6, while the H8 gene transcripts peaked on day 4 and were produced in substantially lower amounts thereafter. H10 transcripts, on the other hand, peaked on day 4, dropped precipitously on day 5, and were barely detectable on days 6 and 7. There was no precise correlation between lip transcript and isozyme levels.

Strain and species identification by restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the ribosomal DNA repeat of Candida species.

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) have been shown to be a useful criterion for distinguishing among various isolates of Candida albicans. In a sample of 12 clinical isolates, we found six different classes based on variations in the fragments produced from genomic DNA by EcoRI and visualized after Southern transfer by being probed with a plasmid containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae rDNA. Some of the classes appeared to be heterozygous at the rDNA locus. Similar digestion of other Candida species showed that each could be identified on the basis of its restriction patterns. Since these are highly reiterated genes, the differences were apparent on ethidium bromide-stained gels; Southern transfers were not necessary. EcoRI restriction maps of the rDNA of C. albicans, C. stellatoidea, C. tropicalis, and C. guilliermondii were determined.

Lignin-modifying enzymes of the white rot basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum.

Ganoderma lucidum, a white rot basidiomycete widely distributed worldwide, was studied for the production of the lignin-modifying enzymes laccase, manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP), and lignin peroxidase (LiP). Laccase levels observed in high-nitrogen (HN; 24 mM N) shaken cultures were much greater than those seen in low-nitrogen (2.4 mM N), malt extract, or wood-grown cultures and those reported for most other white rot fungi to date. Laccase production was readily seen in cultures grown with pine or poplar (100-mesh-size ground wood) as the sole carbon and energy source. Cultures containing both pine and poplar showed 5- to 10-fold-higher levels of laccase than cultures containing pine or poplar alone. Since syringyl units are structural components important in poplar lignin and other hardwoods but much less so in pine lignin and other softwoods, pine cultures were supplemented with syringic acid, and this resulted in laccase levels comparable to those seen in pine-plus-poplar cultures. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of concentrated extracellular culture fluid from HN cultures showed two laccase activity bands (M(r) of 40,000 and 66, 000), whereas isoelectric focusing revealed five major laccase activity bands with estimated pIs of 3.0, 4.25, 4.5, 4.8, and 5.1. Low levels of MnP activity ( approximately 100 U/liter) were detected in poplar-grown cultures but not in cultures grown with pine, with pine plus syringic acid, or in HN medium. No LiP activity was seen in any of the media tested; however, probing the genomic DNA with the LiP cDNA (CLG4) from the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium showed distinct hybridization bands suggesting the presence of lip-like sequences in G. lucidum.

GM-CSF in sickle cell anemia patients with elevated Hb F.

We estimated plasma GM-CSF levels in a group of 28 steady-state sickle cell anemia (SS) patients in Kuwait, using an ELISA technique. There were 24 age-matched Hb AA controls, 14 of whom were healthy while 10 were acutely ill at the time of the study. Five SS patients were also studied during 6 episodes of painful crisis. Among the SS patients, 82.1% were homozygous for the Saudi Arabia/India (SAI) haplotype with Hb F ranging from 15 to 35% and total Hb from 8.5 to 11 g/dl. Three patients (siblings) were SAI/Benin compound heterozygotes with Hb F of 9-23% and total Hb >10 g/dl. One patient each was homozygous for the Benin or the Bantu haplotype; they had Hb F <2% and total Hb of 6.6 and 7.2 g/dl, respectively. Four (14. 3%) steady-state SS patients had detectable plasma GM-CSF ranging from 75 to 1,817.6 pg/ml. These included the 2 patients with Hb F <2. 0% and 2 with the SAI/Benin compound heterozygotes with Hb F of 11 and 9%, respectively. Four (66.7%) SS patients in crisis, 6 (42.9%) healthy controls and 6 (60%) acutely ill controls had detectable plasma GM-CSF. A clearcut association of GM-CSF with Hb F level or degree of anemia in steady-state SS patients could not be established. The appearance of GM-CSF in the plasma of patients in crisis and also among control subjects raises the possibility that other factors are involved in the production of this cytokine in the subjects studied.

Th1 and Th2 cytokine profiles in sickle cell disease.

We have investigated the levels of Th1 (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) and Th2 (IL-4) cytokines in the plasma and supernatants following peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture and mitogen stimulation in a group of 39 patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) made up of 29 SS, 8 Sbeta-thal and 2 Hb SD in steady state. Five SS patients were studied during 7 episodes of vaso-occlusive crisis. Twenty-four control (3 Hb AS and 21 Hb AA) were also studied; 10 were acutely ill while 14 were healthy at the time of the study. The plasma levels of IL-2 and IFN-gamma were similar in the patients and the controls. However, plasma IL-4 was significantly higher among the steady-state SS patients than in the controls. While there was no significant difference in cytokine levels following mitogen stimulation in the different groups, plasma IL-2 to IL-4 and IFN-gamma to IL-4 ratios were significantly lower among the steady-state SS patients, indicating a possible Th2 bias in our sickle cell patients and suggesting a possible mechanism to explain the predisposition of SCD patients to bacterial infections. However, SS patients with good splenic function showed a relative Th1 bias, which may be an additional explanation for the protection against bacterial infections in such patients.