Serum C-reactive protein is associated with earlier mortality across different interstitial lung diseases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The acute-phase protein C-reactive protein (CRP) is known to be associated with poor outcomes in cancer and cardiovascular disease, but there is limited evidence of its prognostic implications in interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). We therefore set out to test whether baseline serum CRP levels are associated with mortality in four different ILDs. METHODS: In this retrospective study, clinically measured CRP levels, as well as baseline demographics and lung function measures, were collected for ILD patients first presenting to the Royal Brompton Hospital between January 2010 and December 2019. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the relationship with 5-year mortality. RESULTS: Patients included in the study were: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) n = 422, fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP) n = 233, rheumatoid arthritis associated ILD (RA-ILD) n = 111 and Systemic Sclerosis associated ILD (SSc-ILD) n = 86. Patients with a recent history of infection were excluded. Higher CRP levels were associated with shorter 5-year survival in all four disease groups on both univariable analyses, and after adjusting for age, gender, smoking history, immunosuppressive therapy and baseline disease severity (IPF: HR (95% CI): 1.3 (1.1-1.5), p = 0.003, fHP: 1.5 (1.2-1.9), p = 0.001, RA-ILD: 1.4 (1.1-1.84), p = 0.01 and SSc-ILD: 2.7 (1.6-4.5), p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Higher CRP levels are independently associated with reduced 5-year survival in IPF, fHP, RA-ILD and SSc-ILD.

MUC5B rs35705950 minor allele associates with older age and better survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The minor T-allele of the MUC5B promoter polymorphism rs35705950 is strongly associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, conflicting results have been reported on the relationship between the MUC5B minor allele and survival and it is unknown whether a specific subgroup of IPF patients might benefit from MUC5B minor allele carriage. We investigated the association between MUC5B rs35705950, survival and patient characteristics in a real-world population of European IPF patients. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 1751 patients with IPF from 8 European centres were included. MUC5B rs35705950 genotype, demographics, clinical characteristics at diagnosis and survival data were analysed. RESULTS: In a multi-variate Cox proportional hazard model the MUC5B minor allele was a significant independent predictor of survival when adjusted for age, sex, high resolution computed tomography pattern, smoking behaviour and pulmonary function tests in IPF. MUC5B minor allele carriers were significantly older at diagnosis (p = 0.001). The percentage of MUC5B minor allele carriers increased significantly with age from 44% in patients aged <56 year, to 63% in patients aged >75. In IPF patients aged <56, the MUC5B minor allele was not associated with survival. In IPF patients aged ≥56, survival was significantly better for MUC5B minor allele carriers (45 months [CI: 42-49]) compared to non-carriers (29 months [CI: 26-33]; p = 4 × 10-12 ). CONCLUSION: MUC5B minor allele carriage associates with a better median transplant-free survival of 16 months in the European IPF population aged over 56 years. MUC5B genotype status might aid disease prognostication in clinical management of IPF patients.

Short-term lung function changes predict mortality in patients with fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A proportion of patients with fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP) follow a progressive disease course despite immunosuppressive treatment. Little is known about predictors of mortality in fHP. We aimed to investigate the impact of short-term lung function changes in fHP on mortality. METHODS: Baseline demographics for 145 consecutive patients with a multi-disciplinary team diagnosis of fHP, as well as baseline and 1-year follow-up of lung function, baseline echocardiographic findings, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cellularity and all-cause mortality were recorded. Changes in forced vital capacity (FVC) ≥ 5% and ≥10%, and diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) ≥ 10% and ≥15% at 1 year were calculated. Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed to test for associations with mortality. RESULTS: Baseline lung function severity, age, presence of honeycombing on computed tomography (CT) and echocardiographic pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) ≥ 40 mm Hg were associated with early mortality, while BAL lymphocytosis was associated with improved survival. A decline in FVC ≥ 5% (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.10, 95% CI: 2.00-4.81, p < 0.001), FVC ≥ 10% (HR: 3.11, 95% CI: 1.94-4.99, p < 0.001), DLCO ≥ 10% (HR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.78-4.42, p < 0.001) and DLCO ≥ 15% (HR: 2.92, 95% CI: 1.18-4.72, p < 0.001) at 1 year was associated with markedly reduced survival on univariable and multivariable analyses after correcting for demographic variables, disease severity, honeycombing on CT and treatment, as well as BAL lymphocytosis and PASP ≥ 40 mm Hg on echocardiography, in separate models. CONCLUSION: Worsening in FVC and DLCO at 1 year, including a marginal decline in FVC ≥ 5% and DLCO ≥ 10%, is predictive of markedly reduced survival in fHP.

Serum markers of pulmonary epithelial damage in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease and disease progression.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The course of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) is highly variable, and accurate prognostic markers are needed. KL-6 is a mucin-like glycoprotein (MUC1) expressed by type II pneumocytes, while CYFRA 21-1 is expressed by alveolar and bronchiolar epithelial cells. Both are released into the blood from cell injury. METHODS: Serum KL-6 and CYFRA 21-1 levels were measured in a retrospective (n = 189) and a prospective (n = 118) cohort of SSc patients. Genotyping of MUC1 rs4072037 was performed. Linear mixed-effect models were used to evaluate the relationship with change in lung function parameters over time, while association with survival was evaluated with Cox proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS: In both cohorts, KL-6 and CYFRA 21-1 were highest in patients with lung involvement, and in patients with extensive rather than limited ILD. KL-6 was higher in patients carrying the MUC1 rs4072037 G allele in both cohorts. In patients with SSc-ILD, serum KL-6, but not CYFRA 21-1, was significantly associated with DLCO decline in both cohorts (P = 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively), and with FVC decline in the retrospective cohort (P = 0.005), but not the prospective cohort. When combining the cohorts and subgrouping by severity (median CPI = 45.97), KL-6 remained predictive of decline in DLCO in both milder (P = 0.007) and more severe disease (P = 0.02) on multivariable analysis correcting for age, gender, ethnicity, smoking history and MUC1 allele carriage. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest serum KL-6 predicts decline in lung function in SSc, suggesting its clinical utility in risk stratification for progressive SSc-ILD.

Interaction between the promoter MUC5B polymorphism and mucin expression: is there a difference according to ILD subtype?

The MUC5B promoter variant rs35705950 is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). MUC5B glycoprotein is overexpressed in IPF lungs. We examined immunohistochemical expression of MUC5B in different interstitial lung disease patterns according to rs35705950 T-allele carriage. We observed increased expression of MUC5B in T-allele carriers in both distal airways and honeycomb cysts in patients with IPF (n=23), but no difference in MUC5B expression according to T-carrier status in the distal airways of patients with idiopathic non-specific interstitial pneumonitis (n=17), in scleroderma-associated non-specific interstitial pneumonitis (n=15) or in control lungs (n=20), suggesting that tissue overexpression in MUC5B rs35705950 T-carriers is specific to IPF.

Mucin 5B promoter polymorphism is associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis but not with development of lung fibrosis in systemic sclerosis or sarcoidosis.

BACKGROUND: A polymorphism (rs35705950) 3 kb upstream of MUC5B, the gene encoding Mucin 5 subtype B, has been shown to be associated with familial and sporadic idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We set out to verify whether this variant is also a risk factor for fibrotic lung disease in other settings and to confirm the published findings in a UK Caucasian IPF population. METHODS: Caucasian UK healthy controls (n=416) and patients with IPF (n=110), sarcoidosis (n=180) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) (n=440) were genotyped to test for association. The SSc and sarcoidosis cohorts were subdivided according to the presence or absence of fibrotic lung disease. To assess correlation with disease progression, time to decline in forced vital capacity and/or lung carbon monoxide transfer factor was used in the IPF and SSc groups, while a persistent decline at 4 years since baseline was evaluated in patients with sarcoidosis. RESULTS: A significant association of the MUC5B promoter single nucleotide polymorphism with IPF (p=2.04 × 10(-17); OR 4.90, 95% CI 3.42 to 7.03) was confirmed in this UK population. The MUC5B variant was not a risk factor for lung fibrosis in patients with SSc or sarcoidosis and did not predict more rapidly progressive lung disease in any of the groups. Rather, a trend for a longer time to decline in forced vital capacity was observed in patients with IPF. CONCLUSIONS: We confirm the MUC5B variant association with IPF. We did not observe an association with lung fibrosis in the context of SSc or sarcoidosis, potentially highlighting fundamental differences in genetic susceptibility, although the limited subgroup numbers do not allow a definitive exclusion of an association.

Telomeres in Interstitial Lung Disease.

Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) encompass a group of conditions involving fibrosis and/or inflammation of the pulmonary parenchyma. Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at chromosome ends which protect against genome instability. At each cell division, telomeres shorten, but the telomerase complex partially counteracts progressive loss of telomeres by catalysing the synthesis of telomeric repeats. Once critical telomere shortening is reached, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis are triggered. Telomeres progressively shorten with age. A number of rare genetic mutations have been identified in genes encoding for components of the telomerase complex, including telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomerase RNA component (TERC), in familial and, less frequently, in sporadic fibrotic ILDs. Defects in telomerase result in extremely short telomeres. More rapidly progressive disease is observed in fibrotic ILD patients with telomere gene mutations, regardless of underlying diagnosis. Associations with common single nucleotide polymorphisms in telomere related genes have also been demonstrated for various ILDs. Shorter peripheral blood telomere lengths compared to age-matched healthy individuals are found in a proportion of patients with fibrotic ILDs, and in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) have been linked to worse survival, independently of disease severity. Greater susceptibility to immunosuppressant-induced side effects in patients with short telomeres has been described in patients with IPF and with fibrotic HP. Here, we discuss recent evidence for the involvement of telomere length and genetic variations in the development, progression, and treatment of fibrotic ILDs.

A polymorphism in the CTGF promoter region associated with systemic sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is a life-threatening autoimmune disease that is characterized by the presence of specific autoantibodies and fibrosis of the skin and major internal organs. METHODS: We genotyped a polymorphism (G-945C) in the promoter of the connective-tissue growth factor (CTGF) gene in 1000 subjects in two groups: group 1, consisting of 200 patients with systemic sclerosis and 188 control subjects; and group 2, consisting of 300 patients with systemic sclerosis and 312 control subjects. The combined groups represented an estimated 10% of patients with systemic sclerosis in the United Kingdom. We tested the effect of the polymorphism on the transcription of CTGF. RESULTS: The GG genotype was significantly more common in patients with systemic sclerosis than in control subjects in both groups, with an odds ratio for the combined group of 2.2 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 3.2; P<0.001 for trend). Analysis of the combined group of patients with systemic sclerosis showed a significant association between homozygosity for the G allele and the presence of anti-topoisomerase I antibodies (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% CI, 2.0 to 5.6; P<0.001) and fibrosing alveolitis (odds ratio, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.9 to 5.0; P<0.001). We observed that the substitution of cytosine for guanine created a binding site of the transcriptional regulators Sp1 and Sp3. The C allele has high affinity for Sp3 and is associated with severely reduced transcriptional activity. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed a marked shift in the ratio of Sp1 to Sp3 binding at this region, demonstrating functional relevance in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The G-945C substitution represses CTGF transcription, and the -945G allele is significantly associated with susceptibility to systemic sclerosis.

Defining genetic risk factors for scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease : IRF5 and STAT4 gene variants are associated with scleroderma while STAT4 is protective against scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease.

Although several genetic associations with scleroderma (SSc) are defined, very little is known on genetic susceptibility to SSc-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD). A number of common polymorphisms have been associated with SSc-ILD, but most have not been replicated in separate populations. Four SNPs in IRF5, and one in each of STAT4, CD226 and IRAK1, selected as having been previously the most consistently associated with SSc-ILD, were genotyped in 612 SSc patients, of European descent, of whom 394 had ILD. The control population (n = 503) comprised individuals of European descent from the 1000 Genomes Project. After Bonferroni correction, two of the IRF5 SNPs, rs2004640 (OR (95% CI)1.30 (1.10-1.54), pcorr = 0.015) and rs10488631 (OR 1.48 (1.14-1.92), pcorr = 0.022), and the STAT4 SNP rs7574865 (OR 1.43 (1.18-1.73), pcorr = 0.0015) were significantly associated with SSc compared with controls. However, none of the SNPs were significantly different between patients with SSc-ILD and controls. Two SNPs in IRF5, rs10488631 (OR 1.72 (1.24-2.39), pcorr = 0.0098), and rs2004640 (OR 1.39 (1.11-1.75), pcorr = 0.03), showed a significant difference in allele frequency between controls and patients without ILD, as did STAT4 rs7574865 (OR 1.86 (1.45-2.38), pcorr = 6.6 × 10-6). A significant difference between SSc with and without ILD was only observed for STAT4 rs7574865, being less frequent in patients with ILD (OR 0.66 (0.51-0.85), pcorr = 0.0084). In conclusion, IRF5 rs2004640 and rs10488631, and STAT4 rs7574865 were significantly associated with SSc as a whole. Only STAT4 rs7574865 showed a significant difference in allele frequency in SSc-ILD, with the T allele being protective against ILD.Key points• We confirm the associations of the IRF5 SNPs rs2004640 and rs10488631, and the STAT4 SNP rs7574865, with SSc as a whole.• None of the tested SNPs were risk factors for SSc-ILD specifically.• The STAT4 rs7574865 T allele was protective against the development of lung fibrosis in SSc patients.• Further work is required to understand the genetic basis of lung fibrosis in association with scleroderma.

Bromodomain and Extraterminal (BET) Protein Inhibition Restores Redox Balance and Inhibits Myofibroblast Activation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Progressive pulmonary fibrosis is the main cause of death in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) with interstitial lung disease (ILD) and in those with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) and NADPH oxidase- (NOX-) derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) are drivers of lung fibrosis. We aimed to determine the role of the epigenetic readers, bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins in the regulation of redox balance in activated myofibroblasts. METHODS: In TGF-ß-stimulated fibroblasts, we investigated the effect of the BET inhibitor JQ1 on the mRNA expression of the prooxidant gene NOX4 and the antioxidant gene superoxide dismutase (SOD2) by quantitative RT-PCR, the antioxidant transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity by a reporter assay, and intracellular ROS levels by dichlorofluorescein staining. Myofibroblast activation was determined by α-smooth muscle actin immunocytochemistry. The role of specific BET protein isoforms in NOX4 gene regulation was studied by siRNA silencing and chromatin-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Affymetrix gene array analysis revealed increased NOX4 and reduced SOD2 expression in SSc and IPF fibroblasts. SOD2 silencing in non-ILD control fibroblasts induced a profibrotic phenotype. TGF-ß increased NOX4 and inhibited SOD2 expression, while increasing ROS production and myofibroblast differentiation. JQ1 reversed the TGF-ß-mediated NOX4/SOD2 imbalance and Nrf2 inactivation and attenuated ROS production and myofibroblast differentiation. The BET proteins Brd3 and Brd4 were shown to bind to the NOX4 promoter and drive TGF-ß-induced NOX4 expression. Our data indicate a critical role of BET proteins in promoting redox imbalance and pulmonary myofibroblast activation and support BET bromodomain inhibitors as a potential therapy for fibrotic lung disease.

Free Interleukin (IL)-18 levels, and the impact of IL18 and IL18BP genetic variation, in CHD patients and healthy men.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate free interleukin-18 (fIL-18) levels, and variation within the IL-18 system genes, in heart surgery patients, and healthy men. METHODS AND RESULTS: fIL-18 was calculated from IL-18 and IL-18 binding protein (BP) levels, in 421 healthy men and 196 post-coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. After surgery, fIL-18 peaked at 6 hours (from 117 to 331 pg/mL) but fell to below presurgery levels at 24 hours (99 pg/mL), because of changes in total IL-18 and IL-18BP. fIL-18 24 hours postsurgery was significantly higher in those who suffered a major complication after surgery (125 versus 80 pg/mL, P<0.01). Baseline total IL-18 was also higher in healthy men who went on to suffer an MI over 17 years of prospective study (276 versus 240 pg/mL, P=0.01). Tagging SNPs for IL18 (n=5) and IL18BP (n=3) were determined, in both studies the IL18 HapIII haplotype (frequency 30%) was associated with 36% lower baseline fIL-18 levels before surgery (P<0.01), and 7% lower in healthy men (P=0.04). The frequency of HapIII was lower in CABG patients than in healthy men (20.7 versus 29.8%, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: IL-18 levels, which are determined in part by variation in IL18, play a role in CHD development and postsurgery outcome.

Genetic predictors of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: a review of recent literature.

The interplay between genetic and environmental factors is likely involved in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Interstitial lung disease associated in the context of SSc (SSc-ILD) is associated with significant morbidity, and is the leading cause of death in SSc. The spectrum of SSc-ILD severity is wide, ranging from patients with only limited and inherently stable pulmonary involvement, to those with extensive and progressive pulmonary fibrosis. In order to provide accurate prognostic information for patients, and to initiate appropriate monitoring and treatment regimens, the ability to identify patients at risk of developing severe ILD early in the disease course is crucial. Identification of genetic variants involved in disease pathogenesis can not only potentially provide diagnostic/prognostic markers, but can also highlight dysregulated molecular pathways for therapeutic targeting. A number of genetic associations have been established for susceptibility to SSc, but far fewer studies have investigated genetic susceptibility to SSc-ILD specifically. In this review we present a summary of the studies assessing genetic associations with SSc-ILD.

Effect of ambulatory oxygen on quality of life for patients with fibrotic lung disease (AmbOx): a prospective, open-label, mixed-method, crossover randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: In fibrotic interstitial lung diseases, exertional breathlessness is strongly linked to health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Breathlessness is often associated with oxygen desaturation, but few data about the use of ambulatory oxygen in patients with fibrotic interstitial lung disease are available. We aimed to assess the effects of ambulatory oxygen on HRQOL in patients with interstitial lung disease with isolated exertional hypoxia. METHODS: AmbOx was a prospective, open-label, mixed-method, crossover randomised controlled clinical trial done at three centres for interstitial lung disease in the UK. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older, had fibrotic interstitial lung disease, were not hypoxic at rest but had a fall in transcutaneous arterial oxygen saturation to 88% or less on a screening visit 6-min walk test (6MWT), and had self-reported stable respiratory symptoms in the previous 2 weeks. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to either oxygen treatment or no oxygen treatment for 2 weeks, followed by crossover for another 2 weeks. Randomisation was by a computer-generated sequence of treatments randomly permuted in blocks of constant size (fixed size of ten). The primary outcome, which was assessed by intention to treat, was the change in total score on the King's Brief Interstitial Lung Disease questionnaire (K-BILD) after 2 weeks on oxygen compared with 2 weeks of no treatment. General linear models with treatment sequence as a fixed effect were used for analysis. Patient views were explored through semi-structured topic-guided interviews in a subgroup of participants. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02286063, and is closed to new participants with all follow-up completed. FINDINGS: Between Sept 10, 2014, and Oct 5, 2016, 84 patients were randomly assigned, 41 randomised to ambulatory oxygen first and 43 to no oxygen. 76 participants completed the trial. Compared with no oxygen, ambulatory oxygen was associated with significant improvements in total K-BILD scores (mean 55·5 [SD 13·8] on oxygen vs 51·8 [13·6] on no oxygen, mean difference adjusted for order of treatment 3·7 [95% CI 1·8 to 5·6]; p<0·0001), and scores in breathlessness and activity (mean difference 8·6 [95% CI 4·7 to 12·5]; p<0·0001) and chest symptoms (7·6 [1·9 to 13·2]; p=0·009) subdomains. However, the effect on the psychological subdomain was not significant (2·4 [-0·6 to 5·5]; p=0·12). The most common adverse events were upper respiratory tract infections (three in the oxygen group and one in the no-treatment group). Five serious adverse events, including two deaths (one in each group) occurred, but none were considered to be related to treatment. INTERPRETATION: Ambulatory oxygen seemed to be associated with improved HRQOL in patients with interstitial lung disease with isolated exertional hypoxia and could be an effective intervention in this patient group, who have few therapeutic options. However, further studies are needed to confirm this finding. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research.

Autoinflammatory gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to UK juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the autoinflammatory hereditary periodic fever syndrome genes MVK and TNFRSF1A, and the NLRP1 and IL1 genes, for association with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS: For MVK, TNFRSF1A and NLRP1 pair-wise tagging SNPs across each gene were selected and for IL1A SNPs from a prior meta-analysis were included. 1054 UK Caucasian JIA patients were genotyped by Sequenom iPlex MassARRAY and allele and genotype frequencies compared with 5380 unrelated healthy UK Caucasian controls. RESULTS: Four SNPs were significantly associated with UK JIA: rs2071374 within intron 4 of IL1A (ptrend=0.006), rs2228576 3' of TNFRSF1A (ptrend=0.009) and 2 SNPs, rs11836136 and rs7957619, within MVK (ptrend=0.006, ptrend=0.005 respectively). In all cases the association appeared to be driven by the systemic-onset JIA (SoJIA) subtype. Genotype data for the two MVK SNPs was available in a validation cohort of 814 JIA (oligoarticular and RF negative polyarticular) cases and 3058 controls from the US. Replication was not confirmed, however, further suggesting that this association is specific to SoJIA. CONCLUSIONS: These findings extend the observations of the relevance of studying monogenic loci as candidates for complex diseases. We provide novel evidence of association of MVK and TNFRSF1A with UK JIA, specifically driven by association with SoJIA and further confirm that the IL1A SNP association with SoJIA is subtype specific. Replication is required in independent cohorts.

No evidence for genetic association of interferon regulatory factor 1 in juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) comprises several clinically distinct subgroups and is the most widespread cause of chronic childhood disability. A significant association between JIA and a polymorphism in the interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) gene has previously been reported, implicating IRF1 in disease susceptibility. The aim of this study was to replicate the IRF1 association in JIA using single-marker and haplotype analyses in a case-control study, using control subjects different from those in the previous study and a larger cohort of patients (n = 765). METHODS: DNA from 765 patients with JIA and 508 unaffected control subjects was genotyped for 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the IRF-1 gene. Association of genotypes at the IRF1 loci was assessed using single-marker and haplotype analyses. RESULTS: No significant differences in genotype frequency or allele frequency were observed between patients and control subjects. CONCLUSION: This replication study used a much larger patient cohort to examine the association of IRF1 in JIA. However, despite the increased statistical power, we observed no significant association for IRF1 markers, either individually or as haplotypes. It is therefore unlikely that this gene is involved in JIA susceptibility.

Novel IL10 gene family associations with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common cause of chronic childhood disability and encompasses a number of disease subgroups. In this study we have focused on systemic JIA (sJIA), which accounts for approximately 11% of UK JIA cases. This study reports the investigation of three members of the IL10 gene family as candidate susceptibility loci in children with sJIA. DNA from 473 unaffected controls and 172 patients with sJIA was genotyped for a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in IL19 and IL20 and two SNPs in IL10. We examined evidence for association of the four SNPs by single marker and haplotype analysis. Significant differences in allele frequency were observed between cases and controls, for both IL10-1082 (p = 0.031) and IL20-468 (p = 0.028). Furthermore, examination of the haplotypes of IL10-1082 and IL20-468 revealed greater evidence for association (global p = 0.0006). This study demonstrates a significant increased prevalence of the low expressing IL10-1082 genotype in patients with sJIA. In addition, we show a separate association with an IL20 polymorphism, and the IL10-1082A/IL20-468T haplotype. The two marker 'A-T' haplotype confers an odds ratio of 2.24 for sJIA. This positive association suggests an important role for these cytokines in sJIA pathogenesis.