Preparation of imidazolium ionic liquid functionalized paper membrane for selective extraction of caffeic acid and its structural and functional analogues from Taraxaci Herba.

In the search for pharmaceutically active compounds from natural products, it is crucial and challenging to develop separation or purification methods that target not only structurally similar compounds but also those with specific pharmaceutical functions. The adsorption-based method is widely employed in this field and holds potential for this application, given the diverse range of functional monomers that can be chosen based on structural or functional selectivity. In this work, an imidazolium ionic liquid (IL) modified paper membrane was synthesized via microwave reaction. Caffeic acid (CA), with potential interactions with imidazolium IL and a representative component of phenolic acids in Taraxaci Herba, was chosen as a target compound. After optimization of synthesis and extraction parameters, the resulting extraction membrane could be used to quantitatively analyze CA at ng/ml level, and to extract CA's analogues from the sample matrix. Cheminformatics confirmed the presence of structural and functional similarity among these extracted compounds. This study offers a novel approach to preparing a readily synthesized extraction membrane capable of isolating compounds with structural and functional analogies, as well as developing a membrane solid-phase extraction-based analytical method for natural products.

Comparative Analysis of Commercially Available Flavor Oil Sausages and Smoked Sausages.

This study utilized gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) to analyze the volatile flavor compounds present in various commercially available sausages. Additionally, it conducted a comparative assessment of the distinctions among different samples by integrating sensory evaluation with textural and physicochemical parameters. The results of the GC-IMS analysis showed that a total of 65 volatile compounds were detected in the four samples, including 12 hydrocarbons, 11 alcohols, 10 ketones, 9 aldehydes, 12 esters, and 1 acids. Fingerprinting combined with principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the volatiles of different brands of sausages were significantly different (p < 0.05). The volatiles of S1 and S4 were more similar and significantly different from the other two samples (p < 0.05). Among them, there were 14 key volatile substances in the four samples, of which 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and diallyl sulfide were common to all four sausages. Combined textural and sensory evaluations revealed that smoked sausages exhibited superior characteristics in resilience, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness. Additionally, smoked sausages were found to be more attractive in color, moderately spicy, and salty, while having a lower fat content. In conclusion, smoked sausages are preferred by consumers over flavored oil sausages.

Combined application of biochar and sulfur alleviates cadmium toxicity in rice by affecting root gene expression and iron plaque accumulation.

Biochar and sulfur are considered useful amendments for soil cadmium (Cd) contamination remediation. However, there is still a gap in the understanding of how combined biochar and sulfur application affects Cd resistance in rice, and the role of the accumulation of iron plaque and the expression of Cd efflux transporter-related genes are still unclear in this type of treatment. In this study, we screened an effective combination of biochar and sulfur (0.75 % biochar, 60 mg/kg sulfur) that significantly reduced the Cd content of rice roots (32.9 %) and shoots (12.3 %); significantly reduced the accumulation of amino acids and their derivatives, organic acids and their derivatives and flavonoids in rice roots; and altered secondary metabolite production and release. This combined biochar and sulfur application alleviated the toxicity of Cd to rice, in which the enhancement of iron plaque (24.8 %) formation and upregulated expression of heavy metal effector genes (NRAMP3, MTP3, ZIP1) were important factors. These findings show that iron plaque and heavy metal transport genes are involved in the detoxification of rice under the combined application of biochar and sulfur, which provides useful information for the combined treatment of soil Cd pollution.

Estrogen Receptor alpha depletion affects the biomechanical properties and cytoskeleton rearrangements in breast cancer cells.

Estrogen Receptor alpha (ERα) affects the morphology of tumors, which is closely related to the biomechanical properties and the cytoskeletal proteins. In recent years, researchers have found that biomechanical properties and cytoskeletal proteins are closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors and that biomechanical properties can be used as markers for tumor development and drug resistance. The relationship between ERα expression status and biomechanical properties, cytoskeletal proteins is not known. In this study, we found that tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells (MCF-7/TamR) altered cell morphology and lacked of ERα expression during the process of the Tamoxifen resistance induction. To determine whether this change was influenced by ERα expression, we transiently constructed another ERα depleted model with ERα siRNA (MCF-7/ERα siRNA) and used atomic force microscope (AFM) to detect morphological and biophysical changes. The results indicated that the roughness and Young's modulus of ERα expression depleted cells were significantly increased, accompanied by rearrangement of the cytoskeletal proteins (F-actin, FLNA, α-tubulin) and the cytoskeletal regulatory protein Rho (Rac1, CDC42) decreased. Our results have demonstrated that ERα depletion affects the biomechanical properties of breast cancer cells, which are related to cytoskeletal protein rearrangement and Rho protein decreased.

Substrate-Controlled Regioselective Arylations of 2-Indolylmethanols with Indoles: Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methane and 3,3'-Bisindole Derivatives.

A substrate-controlled regioselective arylation of 2-indolylmethanols with indoles has been established, which efficiently afforded bis(indolyl)methane and 3,3'-bisindole derivatives in high yields and with a broad substrate scope (up to 98% yield, 36 examples). This approach will not only provide an important strategy for the diversified synthesis of bis(indolyl)methane and 3,3'-bisindole derivatives but also serve as a good example for substrate-controlled regioselective reactions.

Diastereo- and enantioselective construction of spirooxindole scaffolds through a catalytic asymmetric [3 + 3] cycloaddition.

A chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed asymmetric [3 + 3] cycloaddition of C3-substituted 2-indolylmethanols with isatin-derived azomethine ylides has been established, which afforded chiral spirooxindoles in considerable yields, moderate to good enantioselectivities and excellent diastereoselectivities (up to 85% yield, 96 : 4 er, all >95 : 5 dr).

Fluazifop-P-butyl induced ROS generation with IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) oxidation in Acanthospermum hispidum D.C.

Acanthospermum hispidum D.C. was particularly susceptible to fluazifop-P-butyl, an aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicide, and the primary action site for the herbicide was shoot apical meristem, which is also the main site of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis and action. Membrane lipid peroxidation caused by increasing levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was considered as an action mechanism of fluazifop-P-butyl in A. hispidum. To further clarify the ROS inducing mechanism of fluazifop-P-butyl in the plant, the interactions between fluazifop-P-butyl and auxin compounds IAA or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were studied. Haloxyfop-P-methyl, an AOPP herbicide which is inactive on A. hispidum, was used for comparison. The results showed that the growth inhibition and malondialdehyde or H2O2 increases induced by fluazifop-P-butyl on A. hispidum were reversed by IAA or 2,4-D. The IAA content was decreased but the contents of three IAA oxidation metabolites, indole-3-methanol, indole-3-aldehyde and indole-3-carboxylic acid were increased by fluazifop-P-butyl in A. hispidum, but not by haloxyfop-P-methyl. The growth of A. hispidum was not inhibited by three IAA oxidative compounds. Moreover, the activities of IAA oxidase and peroxidase were increased by fluazifop-P-butyl but not by haloxyfop-P-methyl, and the increase was reversed by IAA or 2,4-D. We suggest that there is an antagonistic effect between fluazifop-P-butyl and IAA or 2,4-D, and the IAA oxidation may be involved in the action mechanism of fluazifop-P-butyl in A. hispidum.

Overexpression of chloride channel-3 is associated with the increased migration and invasion ability of ectopic endometrial cells from patients with endometriosis.

STUDY QUESTION: Is chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) involved in regulating the biological behavior of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs)? SUMMARY ANSWER: ClC-3 promotes endometriotic cell migration and invasion. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: ClC-3 plays a significant role in the migration and invasion of various kinds of cells. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: An ITALIC! in vitro investigation of the effect of ClC-3 on the migration and invasion of ectopic ESCs from patients with endometriosis. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The ectopic and eutopic endometrial samples from 43 female patients with endometriosis and the endometrial samples from 39 non-endometriotic female patients were collected. Primary cells from these samples were isolated and cultured. Real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to detect the expression of ClC-3 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was employed to knock down ClC-3 expression. The migration and invasion ability of ESCs was measured by the transwell assay with uncoated or Matrigel-coated membranes. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The expression of ClC-3 mRNA and proteins was significantly up-regulated in the ectopic tissues from endometriotic patients, while that in the eutopic endometrial tissues of the same patients did not significantly differ from that in non-endometriotic patients. The migration and invasion ability and MMP-9 expression was increased in the ESCs from ectopic endometrial tissues. The knockdown of ClC-3 expression by ClC-3 siRNA inhibited ESC migration and invasion and attenuated the expression of MMP-9. ClC-3 expression level was well-correlated to the clinical characteristics and symptoms of endometriosis patients, including infertility, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia and diameter of endometriosis lesion. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Further studies are needed to examine the regulatory mechanism of estrogen on ClC-3 expression of ESCs. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: ClC-3 is involved in the migration and invasion processes of ESCs and can regulate MMP-9 expression. Up-regulation of ClC-3 expression may contribute to endometriosis development by regulating MMP-9 expression. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81173064, 81272223, 81273539), the Ministry of Education of China (20124401110009), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (S2011010001589) and the Science and Technology Programs of Guangdong (2013B051000059), Guangzhou (2013J500015) and Dongguan (2011108102006). The authors have no conflict of interest.

Catalytic Enantioselective and Regioselective [3+3] Cycloadditions Using 2-Indolylmethanols as 3 C Building Blocks.

The first catalytic asymmetric cycloaddition using 2-indolylmethanols as 3C building blocks has been established by a chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed enantioselective and regioselective [3+3] cycloaddition of 2-indolylmethanols with azomethine ylides, which constructed biologically important tetrahydro-γ-carboline frameworks in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 83 % yield, 99:1 e.r.). This reaction not only represents the first application of 2-indolylmethanols as 3C building blocks in catalytic asymmetric cycloadditions, but also has established an abnormal regioselectivity in indolylmethanol-involved transformations.

Enantioselective Construction of Tetrahydroquinolin-5-one-Based Spirooxindole Scaffold via an Organocatalytic Asymmetric Multicomponent [3 + 3] Cyclization.

The first catalytic enantioselective construction of biologically important tetrahydroquinolin-5-one-based spirooxindole has been developed via a chiral cinchona alkaloid catalyzed asymmetric three-component [3 + 3] cyclization of cyclic enaminone, isatin, and malononitrile, which afforded a series of tetrahydroquinolin-5-one-based spirooxindoles in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% yield, 97:3 er). This reaction could be applicable to large-scale synthesis of enantioenriched tetrahydroquinolin-5-one-based spirooxindoles. This synthetic methodology will not only provide a unique approach for the construction of chiral tetrahydroquinolin-5-one-based spirooxindole scaffolds but also increase our understanding of catalytic enantioselective multicomponent reactions.

[Role of acetylcholine in gelsenicine-induced death in mice].

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the acetylcholine concentration in the blood and gelsenicine-induced death in mice. Kunming mice were given intraperitoneal injections of normal saline, gelsenicine or different doses of acetylcholine chloride. Atropine was given to the mice which received gelsenicine or medium dose acetylcholine chloride injection. The blood was sampled immediately when the mice died or survived for 20 min after injection. The acetylcholine concentration and acetylcholinesterase activity in the blood were measured by the testing kits, and the mortality was calculated and analyzed. The results showed that half lethal dose of gelsenicine (0.15 mg/kg) reduced the acetylcholinesterase activity and increased the blood acetylcholine concentration. The blood acetylcholine concentration of the dead mice in the gelsenicine group was increased to 43.0 µg/mL (from 31.1 µg/mL in the control), which was lower than that (53.9 µg/mL) of the dead mice in the medium dose acetylcholine chloride group, but almost equal to that (42.7 µg/mL) of the survival mice in the medium dose acetylcholine chloride group. Atropine could successfully rescue the mice from acetylcholine poisoning, but its efficiency of rescuing the mice from gelsenicine intoxication was weak. These results suggest that gelsenicine can inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity and increase blood acetylcholine concentration, but the accumulation of acetylcholine may not be the only or main cause of the death induced by gelsenicine in mice.

Organocatalytic asymmetric cascade reactions of 7-vinylindoles: diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of C7-functionalized indoles.

The first catalytic asymmetric cascade reaction of 7-vinylindoles has been established by the rational design of such substrates. Cascade reactions with isatin-derived 3-indolylmethanols in the presence of a chiral phosphoric acid derivative allow the diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of C7-functionalized indoles as well as the construction of cyclopenta[b]indole and spirooxindole frameworks (all >95:5 d.r., 94->99 % ee). This approach not only addresses the great challenge of the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of C7-functionalized indoles, but also provides an efficient method for constructing biologically important cyclopenta[b]indole and spirooxindole scaffolds with excellent optical purity. Investigation of the reaction pathway and activation mode has suggested that this cascade reaction proceeds through a vinylogous Michael addition/Friedel-Crafts process, in which dual H-bonding activation of the two reactants plays a crucial role.

Catalytic asymmetric Povarov reaction of isatin-derived 2-azadienes with 3-vinylindoles.

The first catalytic asymmetric Povarov reaction of isatin-derived 2-azadienes with 3-vinylindoles was established in the presence of chiral phosphoric acid, which tolerates a wide range of substrates with generally excellent diastereoselectivity and good enantioselectivity (up to >95 : 5 dr, 89 : 11 er). This approach will greatly enrich the chemistry of the catalytic asymmetric Povarov reaction, in particular ketone-involved transformations. Furthermore, this protocol represents the first diastereo- and enantio-selective construction of a spiro[indolin-3,2'-quinoline] framework bearing an indole moiety. This novel type of spiro-compound not only contains two chiral centers, including one quaternary stereogenic center, but also integrates two biologically important structures of spiro[indolin-3,2'-quinoline] and indole, which may find medicinal applications after bioassay.

Dissolved organic carbon and relationship with bacterioplankton community composition in 3 lake regions of Lake Taihu, China.

To clarify the relationships between dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and bacterioplankton community composition (BCC), a 1-year survey (June 2009 - May 2010) was conducted in 3 regions of Lake Taihu (Meiliang Bay, Lake Center, and Eastern Taihu), China. Polymerase chain reaction - denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to analyze the composition and heterogeneity of the bacterioplankton community. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to explore the relationships between DOC concentration and BCC. We found a significant negative correlation between DOC concentration and bacterioplankton community diversity (as measured by the Shannon-Wiener index (H')). The results show that spatial variation in the bacterioplankton population was stronger than the seasonal variation and that DOC concentration influences BCC in Lake Taihu. DOC concentration, followed by macrophyte biomass, water turbidity, and phytoplankton biomass were the most influential factors that account for BCC changes in Lake Taihu. More detailed studies on the relationship between DOC concentration and BCC should focus on differences in DOC concentrations and quality among these lake regions. DOC had a significant impact on BCC in Meiliang Bay. The relationship between DOC and BCC in the 2 other regions studied (Lake Center and Eastern Taihu) was weaker. The results of this study add to our understanding of the BCC in eutrophic lakes, especially regarding the role of the microbial loop in lake ecosystems.

Preparation of imidazole-modified paper membrane for selective extraction of gallic acid and its structural and functional analogues from Pomegranate Peel.

In the search for pharmaceutically active compounds from natural products, it is crucial and challenging to develop separation methods that target not only structurally similar compounds but also a class of compounds with desired pharmaceutical functions. To achieve both structure-oriented and function-oriented selectivity, the choice of functional monomers with broad interactions or even biomimetic roles towards targeted compounds is essential. In this work, an imidazole (IM)-functionalized paper membrane was synthesized to realize selectivity. The IM was selected based on its capability to provide multiple interactions, participation in several bioprocesses, and experimental verification of adsorption performance. Using gallic acid as a representative component of Pomegranate Peel, the preparation conditions and extraction parameters were systematically investigated. The optimal membrane solid-phase extraction (MSPE) method allowed for enrichment of gallic acid from the complex matrix of Pomegranate Peel, enabling facile quantitative analysis with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 ng mL-1. Furthermore, with the aid of cheminformatics, the extracted compounds were found to be similar in both their structures and pharmaceutical functions. This work offers a novel approach to preparing a readily synthesized extraction membrane capable of isolating compounds with similar structures and pharmaceutical effects, and provides an MSPE-based analytical method for natural products.

Hierarchical Porous N-Doped Carbon Particles Derived from ZIF-8 as Highly Efficient H2S Selective Oxidation Catalysts.

In the selective oxidation of H2S, the catalytic activity over N-doped carbon-based catalysts is significantly influenced by the accessibility of active sites and the mass transfer rates of reactant molecules (e.g., H2S and O2) as well as generated sulfur monomers. Therefore, it is crucial for enhancing the initial performance via the controlled synthesis of carbon-based catalysts with highly exposed active sites and unique porous structures. Herein, we reported on an efficient strategy to synthesize nanosized N-doped carbon particles with hierarchical porous structures by directly pyrolyzing an oversaturated NaCl-encapsulated ZIF-8 precursor mixture. The introduction of NaCl not only serves as a pollution-free template to promote the formation of graphitic carbon layers but also acts as an intercalating agent to guide the derivation of hierarchical porous structures, as well as enhances the amount of active nitrogen species in the catalysts. As a result, the as-prepared H-NC800 catalyst shows excellent H2S selective oxidation performance (sulfur formation rate is 794 gsulfur·kgcat-1·h-1), good stability (>80 h), and antiwater vapor properties. The characterization results and DFT calculations indicate the crucial role of pyridinic N in the adsorbing and activating reactant molecules (H2S, O2). Furthermore, nanoscale N-doped carbon particles accelerated the rapid transport of generated sulfur monomers under a hierarchical porous structure. This investigation introduces a distinctive strategy for synthesizing ZIF-8-derived N-doped carbon nanosized with a hierarchical porous structure, while its efficient and stable H2S selective oxidation performance highlights significant potential for practical implementation in the industrial desulfurization process.

Transcriptomic analyses to summarize gene expression patterns that occur during leaf initiation of Chinese cabbage.

In Chinese cabbage, rosette leaves expose their adaxial side to the light converting light energy into chemical energy, acting as a source for the growth of the leafy head. In the leafy head, the outer heading leaves expose their abaxial side to the light while the inner leaves are shielded from the light and have become a sink organ of the growing Chinese cabbage plant. Interestingly, variation in several ad/abaxial polarity genes is associated with the typical leafy head morphotype. The initiation of leaf primordia and the establishment of leaf ad/abaxial polarity are essential steps in the initiation of marginal meristem activity leading to leaf formation. Understanding the molecular genetic mechanisms of leaf primordia formation, polar differentiation, and leaf expansion is thus relevant to understand leafy head formation. As Brassica's are mesa-hexaploids, many genes have multiple paralogues, complicating analysis of the genetic regulation of leaf development. In this study, we used laser dissection of Chinese cabbage leaf primordia and the shoot apical meristem (SAM) to compare gene expression profiles between both adaxial and abaxial sides and the SAM aiming to capture transcriptome changes underlying leaf primordia development. We highlight genes with roles in hormone pathways and transcription factors. We also assessed gene expression gradients along expanded leaf blades from the same plants to analyze regulatory links between SAM, leaf primordia and the expanding rosette leaf. The catalogue of differentially expressed genes provides insights in gene expression patterns involved in leaf development and form a starting point to unravel leafy head formation.

Rhein suppresses esophageal cancer development by regulating cell cycle through DNMT3B gene.

The mechanism by which DNMT3B facilitates esophageal cancer (ESCA) progression is currently unknown, despite its association with adverse prognoses in several cancer types. To investigate the potential therapeutic effects of the Chinese herbal medicine rhubarb on esophageal cancer (ESCA), we adopted an integrated bioinformatics approach. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was first utilized to screen active anti-ESCA components in rhubarb. We then employed Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) to identify key molecular modules and targets related to the active components and ESCA pathogenesis. This system-level strategy integrating multi-omics data provides a powerful means to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer activities of natural products, like rhubarb. To investigate module gene functional enrichment, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were conducted. In addition, we evaluated the predictive impact of DNMT3B expression on ESCA patients utilizing the Kaplan-Meier method. Finally, we conducted experiments on cell proliferation and the cell cycle to explore the biological roles of DNMT3B. In this study, we identified Rhein as the main active ingredient of rhubarb that exhibited significant anti-ESCA activity. Rhein markedly suppressed ESCA cell proliferation. Utilizing Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, we determined that the blue module was associated with Rhein target genes and the cell cycle. Additionally, DNMT3B was identified as a Rhein target gene. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed that higher DNMT3B levels were associated with poor prognosis in ESCA patients. Furthermore, Rhein partially reversed the overexpression of DNMT3B to inhibit ESCA cell proliferation. In vitro studies demonstrated that Rhein and DNMT3B inhibition disrupted the S phase of the cell cycle and affected the production of cell cycle-related proteins. In this study, we found that Rhein exerts its anti-proliferative effects in ESCA cells by targeting DNMT3B and regulating the cell cycle.

Mechanism of circRNA_SMG6 mediating lung macrophage ECM degradation via miR-570-3p in microplastics-induced emphysema.

Microplastics (MPs) are plastic particles < 5 mm in diameter, of which polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) are representative type. The extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation of macrophages is associated with the development of emphysema. Additionally, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have a regulatory role in epigenetic mechanisms related to lung disease. However, the mechanisms of the ECM degradation and circRNAs in MPs-induced emphysema are still unclear. In our study, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/m3 100 nm PS-MPs for 90 days in an inhalation experiment. PS-MPs-exposed rats showed elevated airway resistance and pulmonary dysfunction. Lung histopathology exhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, septal thickening and alveolar dilatation. Exposure to PS-MPs was able to induce elevated levels of ECM degradation-related markers MMP9 and MMP12, as well as reduced levels of elastin in rat lung tissues. CircRNA_SMG6 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) with a homologous circular structure in human, rat and mouse. The expression level of circRNA_SMG6 was decreased in both rat lung tissues exposed to PS-MPs and PS-MPs-treated THP-1 cells. The luciferase reporter gene demonstrated that circRNA_SMG6 combined with miR-570-3p and co-regulated PTEN, the target gene of miR-570-3p. Moreover, overexpression of circRNA_SMG6 or inhibition of miR-570-3p attenuated PS-MPs-induced ECM degradation in THP-1 cells. Taken together, circRNA_SMG6 may have a significant function in the deterioration of emphysema caused by PS-MPs-induced macrophage ECM degradation by regulating miR-570-3p. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of emphysema caused by PS-MPs and provide valuable information for assessing the health risks of MPs.

Transcriptional Regulation and Gene Mapping of Internode Elongation and Late Budding in the Chinese Cabbage Mutant lcc.

Two important traits of Chinese cabbage, internode length and budding time, destroy the maintenance of rosette leaves in the vegetative growth stage and affect flowering in the reproductive growth stage. Internodes have received much attention and research in rice due to their effect on lodging resistance, but they are rarely studied in Chinese cabbage. In Chinese cabbage, internode elongation affects not only the maintenance of rosette leaves but also bolting and yield. Budding is also an important characteristic of Chinese cabbage entering reproductive growth. Although many studies have reported on flowering and bolting, studies on bud emergence and the timing of budding are scarce. In this study, the mutant lcc induced by EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulfonate) was used to study internode elongation in the seedling stage and late budding in the budding stage. By comparing the gene expression patterns of mutant lcc and wild-type A03, 2280 differentially expressed genes were identified in the seedling stage, 714 differentially expressed genes were identified in the early budding stage, and 1052 differentially expressed genes were identified in the budding stage. Here, the transcript expression patterns of genes in the plant hormone signaling and clock rhythm pathways were investigated in relation to the regulation of internode elongation and budding in Chinese cabbage. In addition, an F2 population was constructed with the mutants lcc and R500. A high-density genetic map with 1602 marker loci was created, and QTLs for internode length and budding time were identified. Specifically, five QTLs for internode length and five QTLs for budding time were obtained. According to transcriptome data analysis, the internode length candidate gene BraA02g005840.3C (PIN8) and budding time candidate genes BraA02g003870.3C (HY5-1) and BraA02g005190.3C (CHS-1) were identified. These findings provide insight into the regulation of internode length and budding time in Chinese cabbage.