Pleiotropic changes revealed by in situ recovery of the semi-dwarf gene sd1 in rice.

The "Green Revolution" that dramatically reduced cultivar heights and sharply boosted rice production mid-century was achieved in large part through introgression of defective alleles of Semi-Dwarf 1 (SD1), which encodes a GA20ox oxidase involved in the final steps of the synthesis of bioactive gibberellin in rice. Here, we ask whether converting the defective sd1 version in a modern semi-dwarf cultivar back to wild-type SD1 in situ recovers ancestral plant traits, and more broadly, what it reveals about pleiotropic effects of this gene. We assess these effects of SD1 restoration in three independent recombinant lines recovered from F2 progeny of a cross between 93-11 and PA64s. We then used RNA-seq to dissect gene network changes that accompanied SD1 restoration. We report that this in situ restoration of wild-type SD1 nearly doubles plant height, increases total grain yield per panicle, and elongates the second-leaf length. Comparison of expression profiles reveals changes in key nodes of the gibberellin pathway, such as OsKO1 and OsGA2ox3, and more broadly in genes related to metabolic networks, defense response, and catabolic processes. Two JA-induced genes, RIR1b and OsPR1b, are extremely down-regulated after SD1 restoration, suggesting that SD1 restoration alters the balance between GA and JA to plant growth, at the cost of degrading the defense response. This in situ approach at the SD1 locus also provides a model example that is applicable to other systems and will further understanding of gene networks underlying high-yield traits in crops.

Gender differences in a reference database of age-related femoral neck geometric parameters for Chinese population and their association with femoral neck fractures.

Femoral neck geometric parameters (FNGPs) are closely related to the strength of the femoral neck and the risk of fragility fractures. No reference database is available for FNGPs for Chinese population, and gender-related differences in FNGPs as well as their association with the risk of femoral neck fractures are unknown. This investigation aimed to set up reference databases for FNGPs, understand gender-related differences in FNGPs, and examine the association between FNGPs and the risk of osteoporotic fractures of the femoral neck. This study included 5268 females and 2156 males (aged 15-91years) from Chinese population. A total of 384 patients (282 females and 102 males) had sustained femoral neck fractures; 384 age- and sex-matched individuals without any fractures served as controls. Femoral neck DXA images were used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and eight FNGPs. Our results showed that the age-related trends of FNGPs were fitted with the best goodness-of-fit by applying the cubic regression model. The trends shown by FNGPs were significantly different between male and female subjects, and the fitting curves were significantly higher in male subjects. After adjustments were made for age, height, weight, and body mass index, Cox regression analysis showed that changes in all FNGPs were related to increased hazard ratios (HRs) of femoral neck fractures. After further adjustment was made for BMD of the femoral neck, the HRs related to a cortical thickness (CT) decrease and buckling ratio (BR) increase in females went up by 3.35-folds (95% CI: 2.75-4.07) and 1.86-folds (95% CI: 1.33-2.60), respectively. In males, the HRs related to the decrease in CT and cross-sectional area (CSA) increased by 3.21-folds (95% CI: 2.32-4.45) and 1.88-folds (95% CI: 1.03-3.44), respectively. In conclusions, the reference databases of FNGPs established in this study will assist in the evaluation and prediction of femoral neck fracture risk in the clinic. The decrease in CT and increase in BR of the femoral neck were independent risk factors for osteoporotic fractures of the femoral neck in females from mainland China, while a decrease in CT and CSA were risk factors in male.