Different Polyphenolic Parenchyma Cell and Phloem Axial Resin Duct-Like Structure Formation Rates in Cupressus sempervirens Clones Infected with Seiridium cardinale.

The aim of this study was the characterization of constitutive and induced defense mechanisms in the bark tissues of Cupressus sempervirens before and after infection with the bark fungus Seiridium cardinale, which is responsible for cypress canker disease. The time-course development of polyphenolic parenchyma (PP) cells and phloem axial resin duct (PARD)-like structures in the phloem was investigated in two C. sempervirens clones, one resistant and one susceptible to the disease, through anatomical and histological observations carried out by light microscope during a 19-day trial. PP cells were constitutively more abundant in the canker-resistant clone (R clone) compared with the susceptible clone (S clone), whereas PARD-like structures were not present in the bark of untreated plants of both clones. PP cells increased in both clones as a response to infection, but in the R clone, they were more abundant 5 and 12 days after inoculation. After inoculation, PARD-like structures appeared in the phloem after 5 days in the R clone and only after 12 days in the S clone. Even the number of cells surrounding the PARD-like structures was higher in the R clone 5 and 12 days after inoculation compared with the S clone. These observations demonstrate a faster phloem response of the R clone in the early phase of the infection. This may slow down initial growth of the fungus, contributing to the resistance mechanism.

Translation, cultural adaptation and validation of the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ) in a cohort of Italian systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

Introduction The Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ) is a patient-reported instrument for the assessment of disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aims of the present study are translation, cultural adaptation and validation of an Italian version: the SLAQit. Methods The process of translation and cultural adaptation followed published guidelines. SLAQit was pretested in a group of 35 SLE patients to evaluate acceptability, comprehension and feasibility. Internal consistency, test-retest validity and external validity were tested on consecutive SLE patients attending the clinic. Results In total, 135 SLE patients were enrolled in this study. The pilot test provided a 99.9% response rate and demonstrated feasibility and comprehensibility of the questionnaire. A good internal consistency was found among the three components of the score (SLAQ score, numerical rating scale (NRS), patient global assessment question (PGA); α = 0.79). SLAQit showed very high reliability (test-retest α > 0.8). NRS and PGA showed a strong positive correlation with both Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) ( p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively) and European Consensus Lupus Measurement (ECLAM) scores ( p = 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively), while the SLAQ score did not. A significant agreement was observed between the physician's intention to treat and both the NRS and PGA scores, while no significant association was reported with the SLAQ score. Conclusions SLAQit was demonstrated to be a reliable and valid instrument for self-assessment of disease activity in SLE patients.

Early Lupus Project: one-year follow-up of an Italian cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus of recent onset.

Objective To describe the clinical and serological features of a prospectively followed cohort of early diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients during a one-year follow-up period. Methods SLE patients with disease duration less than 12 months were consecutively enrolled in a multicentre, prospective study. At study entry and then every 6 months, a large panel of data was recorded. Results Of 260 patients enrolled, 185 had at least 12 months of follow-up; of these, 84.3% were female, 92.4% were Caucasians. Mean diagnostic delay was about 20 months; higher values of European Consensus Lupus Activity Measurement (ECLAM) and of organs/systems involved were both associated with shorter diagnostic delay. Clinical and serological parameters improved after study entry. However, patients' quality of life deteriorated and cardiovascular risk factors significantly increased. About one-third of patients with active disease at study entry went into remission (ECLAM = 0). Negative predictors for remission were: oral ulcers, arthritis, low C4, anti-SSB (Ro) antibodies and therapy with mycophenolate. There was a widespread use of glucocorticoids both at baseline and during follow-up. Conclusion Clinical symptoms and serological parameters improve during the first period after diagnosis. However, patients' quality of life deteriorates. The widespread use of glucocorticoids is probably the reason for the early significant increase of some cardiovascular risk factors.

Insomnia symptoms, perceived stress and coping strategies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate perceived stress and coping strategies in individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) according to the presence of insomnia symptoms, using a set of variables that include anxiety and depressive symptoms evaluation. METHODS: Ninety SLE women were evaluated in a cross-sectional study using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Brief COPE, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). RESULTS: Individuals with insomnia symptoms (n = 57, 66%) presented higher PSS (p < 0.001), PSQI (p < 0.0001), BDI, (p < 0.0001) scores and showed less-effective coping strategies such as the use of behavioral disengagement (p = 0.04), self-blame (p = 0.02) and emotional-focused coping (p = 0.001). In a multi-regression model ISI was the independent determinant of high PSS and of behavioral disengagement; PSQI was the only determinant of self-blame (p = 0.02) and emotional-focused coping. CONCLUSIONS: SLE individuals with insomnia symptoms show high levels of perceived stress and more frequent use of disengaging and emotional-focused coping strategies. This body of evidence suggests that individuals with SLE and comorbid insomnia symptoms may therefore require additional interventions for insomnia.

Early Lupus Project - A multicentre Italian study on systemic lupus erythematosus of recent onset.

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a high degree of variability at onset that is problematic for a correct and prompt diagnosis. We undertook this project with the purpose of collecting an inception cohort of Italian patients with recent-onset SLE, in order to obtain information on the main clinical and serological characteristics at the beginning of the disease. In this first report we describe the characteristics of this cohort at study entry. METHODS: All patients with a diagnosis of SLE (1997 ACR criteria) and a disease duration less than 12 months were consecutively enrolled between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2013 in a multicentre prospective study. Information on clinical and serological characteristics at study entry and then every six months was collected into a specific electronic database. Statistical analysis was performed by means of the Openstat program. RESULTS: Among 122 patients enrolled (103 F) 94.3% were Caucasians. Mean age (SD) of patients at study entry was 37.3 (14.3) years, mean age at disease onset was 34.8 (14.3) years, mean age at diagnosis was 36.9 (14.3) years, and mean disease duration was 2.9 (3.9) months. The frequency of the manifestations included in the 1997 ACR criteria was as follows: ANA 97.5%, immunologic disorders (anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, antiphospholipid antibodies) 85.2%, arthritis 61.8%, haematologic disorders 55.7%, malar rash 31.1%, photosensitivity 29.5%, serositis 27%, renal disorders 27%, oral/nasal ulcers 11.5%, neurologic disorders 8.2%, and discoid rash 5.7%. The cumulative frequency of mucocutaneous symptoms was 77.8%. At enrolment, autoantibody frequency was: ANA 100%, anti-dsDNA 83.6%, anti-SSA 28%, anticardiolipin 24.5%, anti-nRNP 20.4%, anti-beta2GPI 17.2%, lupus anticoagulant 16.3%, anti-Sm 16%, and anti-SSB 13.1%. CONCLUSIONS: In this paper we describe the main clinical and serological characteristics of an Italian inception cohort of patients with recent-onset SLE. At disease onset, mucocutaneous manifestations, arthritis and haematologic manifestations were the most frequent symptoms; ANA, anti-dsDNA and complement reduction were the most frequent laboratory findings. Our data confirm that the diagnosis of SLE is a challenging one, and that SLE is a severe disease even at onset, since the majority of patients require at least a hospitalization before the diagnosis.

Sleep disorders and systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: Sleep disturbances are often seen in rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, the prevalence of sleep disorders in SLE as well as the contributing factors to their occurrence remain poorly understood. The aim of this paper is to review the clinical and psychobiological data on the relationship between sleep disturbances and SLE. METHOD: We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsychINFO, using MeSH headings and keywords for "sleep disorders" and "SLE." RESULTS: Nine studies reporting the relationship between sleep disorders and SLE were found. Prevalence rates of sleep disorders ranged between 55% and 85%; differences in assessment techniques appeared to be a major source of this variability. In the majority of the studies an association between sleep disorders and disease activity, pain and fatigue has been reported. Psychosocial variables, depression, steroid use, and the role that sleep disruption has on pain, inflammation and cytokines, have been hypothesized as possible psychobiological factors. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep disorders appear to occur in more than half of patients with SLE and appear to be associated with disease activity. Pain and fatigue are also related to sleep disorders. Among the hypotheses on the possible mechanisms underlining the association between sleep disorders and SLE, psychosocial/psychological factors, especially depression, were the most frequently reported.

Poor sleep quality in systemic lupus erythematosus: does it depend on depressive symptoms?

OBJECTIVES: Sleep disturbances are frequently observed in rheumatic diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of insomnia, poor sleep quality and their determinants in a cohort of SLE patients. METHODS: Eighty-one consecutive SLE female patients were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) were administered. Patients with previous diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea or restless legs syndrome were excluded. Fifty-three women with hypertension (without SLE) were enrolled as control group (H). RESULTS: In the SLE cohort poor sleep quality (65.4% vs 39.6%, p < 0.01) and difficulty in maintaining sleep and/or early morning awakening (65.4% vs 22.6%, p < 0.001), but not insomnia (33.3% vs 22.6%, p = ns), were more prevalent than in H. Depressive symptoms were present in 34.6% of SLE vs 13.2% H patients (p < 0.001) while state anxiety was more common in H patients (H 35.8% vs SLE 17.3%, p < 0.005). SLE was associated with a 2.5-times higher probability of presenting poor sleep quality in comparison to H (OR 2.5 [CI 1.21-5.16]). After adjusting for confounders, both depressive symptoms (OR 4.4, [1.4-14.3]) and use of immunosuppressive drugs (OR 4.3 [CI 1.3-14.8]) were significantly associated with poor sleep quality in SLE patients. Furthermore, poor sleep quality was not associated either with disease duration or activity. CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of SLE women, insomnia and poor sleep quality, especially difficulties in maintaining sleep, were common. Depressive symptoms might be responsible for the higher prevalence of poor sleep quality in SLE.

Indices to assess patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in clinical trials, long-term observational studies, and clinical care.

This review summarises most currently used indices to assess and monitor patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in clinical trials, long-term observational studies, and clinical care. Six SLE disease activity indices include the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group Index (BILAG), European Consensus Lupus Activity Measurement (ECLAM), Systemic Lupus Activity Measure (SLAM), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), Lupus Activity Index (LAI), and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Activity Questionnaire (SLAQ). Three SLE responder indices include Responder Index for Lupus Erythematosus (RIFLE), SLE Responder Index (SRI), and BILAG Based Combined Lupus Assessment (BICLA). Three SLE damage indices include the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology-Damage Index (SLICC/ACE-DI), Lupus Damage Index Questionnaire (LDIQ), and Brief Index of Lupus Damage (BILD). The SLAQ, LDIQ and the BILD are patient self-report questionnaires, which appear to give similar information to physician-completed indices, but are pragmatically more easily completed as patients do almost all the work. Additional self-report indices which have been used to assess and monitor patients with in SLE include a generic general health short form 36 (SF36), a SLE-specific Lupus Patient Reported Outcome (LupusPRO), and a generic rheumatology index, Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3). These activity, response, damage and patient self-report indices have been validated at different levels with no consensus about what it is the most appropriate for every setting. Sensitive and feasible assessment of SLE in clinical trials, observational studies, and busy clinical settings remains a challenge to the rheumatology community.

Neuropsychiatric questionnaires in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be affected by a multitude of neurologic and psychiatric symptoms with a wide range of prevalence and severity. Irrespectively from attribution to SLE or other causes, neuropsychiatric (NP) symptoms strongly impact short-term and long-term outcomes, thus NP evaluation during routine clinical practice in SLE should be undertaken regularly. The assessment of NP involvement in SLE patients is challenging and the available diagnostic tools fail to guarantee optimal diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity to changes as well as feasibility in routine clinical care. Standardised questionnaires (both physician-administered and self-reported) can offer valuable help to the treating physician to capture all possible NP syndromes; few SLE-specific NP questionnaire have been developed but validation in large cohort or cross-cultural adaptations are still pending. On the other hand, general instruments have been largely applied to SLE patients. Both kinds of questionnaires can address all possible NP manifestations either globally or, more frequently, focus on specific NP symptoms. These latter have been mainly used in SLE to detect and classify mild and subtle symptoms, more likely to be overlooked during routine clinical assessment such as headache, cognitive impairment and psychiatric manifestations. In conclusion, this literature review highlights a clear case for validation studies in this area and the wider implementation of questionnaires to assess NP involvement is still warranted. The broader use of such instruments could have important consequences; first of all, by standardising symptom assessment, a better definition of the prevalence of NP manifestation across different centres could be achieved. Secondly, prospective studies could allow for the evaluation of clinical significance of mild symptoms and their impact on the patient's function and quality of life.

Depression and systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, relapsing-remitting autoimmune disorder that involves multiple organ systems including the central nervous system. Among the items included in the nomenclature for neuropsychiatric SLE, mood disorders have been identified. The aim of this paper is to review the clinical and psychobiological relationship between depression and SLE. METHOD: We performed a systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, using MeSH headings and keywords for 'depression' and 'SLE'. RESULTS: Seventeen studies reported depressive disorders, with prevalence rates in the range 17-75%. Three studies reported the most frequent symptoms, which may be represented by fatigue, weakness, somatic disorders and sleep disorders. Suicide ideation was much higher than in the general population. Nine studies analysed the relationship to SLE disease activity. The results of the available literature are contradictory. Psychobiological hypotheses have been considered in 13 studies. Among the psychobiological hypotheses which might underline the plausibility of their relationship, 'psychosocial factors' were the most frequently reported. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in assessment techniques appear to be the main explanation for the variability in findings and important methodological limitations are present in the available literature to definitively point to the prevalence of depression, type of depression and most prevalent symptoms. To date, the relationship between depression and SLE disease activity also appears controversial. Methodological limitations are present in the available literature and it would be necessary to develop evidence-based guidelines to improve the diagnosis of depression in SLE. Identification of SLE-specific biomarkers of depression also has high priority.

Systemic vasculitis: a critical digest of the recent literature.

Herewith we provide a critical digest of the recent literature on systemic vasculitis. In this manuscript, we reviewed all the articles published during the last 12 months on large-, medium- and small-vessel vasculitis and selected the most relevant studies regarding the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of systemic vasculitis. In particular we focused the attention on giant cell arteritis, ANCA-associated vasculitis and cryoglobulinemia.

Behçet's disease: features of neurological involvement in a dedicated centre in Italy.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to retrospectively assess the prevalence of neurological involvement and the clinical patterns of presentation in a monocentric cohort of patients with BD, who have been followed in the last twenty years at our centre. METHODS: One hundred and seventeen patients were retrospectively studied. The male/female ratio was 1.6:1, with a mean disease duration of 11±5 years. Their mean age was 42±9 years (min:18, max:77), while the mean age at disease onset was 25±4 years (min:10, max:58). The mean ± SD duration of follow-up at our centre was 7±2 (min:1, max:11) years. RESULTS: Neurological involvement was observed in 38% (44 patients, 36 males and 8 females; mean age at onset 25±4 years). Organic brain involvement, demonstrated by MRI was due to ischaemic pons-mesencephalon lesions in 19 patients and to meningoencephalitis with brainstem involvement in 16. Peripheral nervous system involvement was confirmed by electroneuromyographic study in 4 patients, and consisted of peripheral neuropathy prominent in the lower extremities in all cases; we have also observed only 2 cases of endocranial hypertension and 3 BD patients suffering from pulsatile, severe headache, without abnormal neurological examination, responding only to medium-high doses of steroids. Excluding peripheral neuropathy and isolated headache, the onset of CNS involvement (total prevalence: 32% of the cohort) was observed in 2 patients within the first year from the onset of BD, in 4 cases between the first and the third year, in 24 between the third and the fifth year, 7 between the fifth and the tenth year; none presented a CNS involvement after the first 10 years of disease. CONCLUSIONS: Neuro-BD is more frequent in young males and it never represents a presenting feature of the disease. The most frequent time of onset of neurological involvement seems to be within the first 10 years of disease. Since neurological involvement may result in severe functional disability or be a life-threatening disease, a careful follow-up during the first years after onset is recommended.

Introduction of a robot patient into dental education.

In recent years, with the increasing social awareness of safety in medical practice, improving clinical skills has become very important, especially for recently graduated dentists. Traditionally, mannequins have been used for clinical skill training, but a mannequin is quite different from a real patient because they have no autonomous movement or conversational ability. This indicates that pre-clinical simulation education is inadequate. We have, therefore, developed a robot patient that can reproduce an authentic clinical situation for dental clinical training. The robot patient, designed as a full-body model with a height of 157 cm, has eight degrees of freedom in the head and the ability to perform various autonomous movements. Moreover, saliva secretion and conversation with the trainee can be reproduced. We have introduced the robot patient into an objective structured clinical examination targeted at fifth-grade students in our dental school to evaluate their skills in cavity preparation, whilst considering the safety of the treatment. As a result, many of the students were able to deal appropriately with a patient's unexpected movement. Moreover, results of a questionnaire survey showed that almost all the students recognised the educational value of the robot patient especially for 'risk management', and they preferred the robot patient to traditional mannequins. Practical application of the robot patient in dental clinical education was evaluated through the experiences of the fifth-grade students, which showed the effectiveness of the robot patient in the dental field.

Anatomical and biochemical studies of Spartium junceum infected by Xylella fastidiosa subsp. multiplex ST 87.

Spartium junceum L. is a typical species of Mediterranean shrubland areas, also grown in gardens and parks as an ornamental. In recent years in Europe, S. junceum has been recurrently found to be infected by different subspecies and genotypes of the quarantine regulated bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf). This work presents for the first time the anatomy of S. junceum plants that we found, by means of genetic and immunochemistry analysis, to be naturally infected by Xf subsp. multiplex ST87 (XfmST87) in Monte Argentario (Grosseto, Tuscany, Italy), a new outbreak area within the EU. Our anatomical observations showed that bacteria colonized exclusively the xylem conductive elements and moved horizontally to adjacent vessels through pits. Interestingly, a pink/violet matrix was observed with Toluidine blue staining in infected conduits indicating a high content of acidic polysaccharides. In particular, when this pink-staining matrix was observed, bacterial cells were either absent or degenerated, suggesting that the matrix was produced by the host plant as a defense response against bacterial spread. In addition, a blue-staining phenolic material was found in the vessels and, at high concentration, in the pits and inter-vessels. SEM micrographs confirmed that polysaccharide and phenolic components showed different structures, which appear to be related to two different morphologies: fibrillary and granular, respectively. Moreover, our LM observations revealed bacterial infection in xylem conductive elements of green shoots and leaves only, and not in those of other plant organs such as roots and flowers.

The development of a simple questionnaire to screen patients with SLE for the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in routine clinical practice.

AIM: The creation of a physician-administered questionnaire to screen patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) for the presence of symptoms suggestive of neuropsychiatric involvement (NPSLE). METHODS: The development of the questionnaire followed three phases. First, a list of manifestations was prepared based on the ACR case definitions for NPSLE. A first questionnaire was constructed including 119 items. To reduce their number, a Delphi analysis was carried out and a second questionnaire with 62 questions was developed. This questionnaire was administered to 139 patients with SLE (58 with NPSLE: 29 active, 29 inactive; and 81 without NPSLE: 39 active, 42 inactive). Questions relevant to the screening of patients were selected on the basis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: Twenty-seven questions concerning central nervous system and psychiatric manifestations were found to be relevant; the remaining could be eliminated without significantly affecting AUC. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.69 (95% CI 0.61-0.78). A score above 17 was considered as suggestive of the presence of NPSLE with a sensitivity of 92.9% (95% CI 85.1-97.3 %) and specificity of 25.4% (95% CI 14.7-39.00 %). CONCLUSIONS: This questionnaire could represent a 'core set' of questions that could help in clinical practice to identify patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms requiring further evaluation.

Glucocorticoids in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Glucocorticoids (GCs) remain the cornerstone of the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), despite advances in immunosuppressive drugs, therapeutic protocols and development of new drugs. GCs rapidly control disease activity in mild as well as in severe disease, although these effects might not be maintained over time. The majority of SLE patients have received GC treatment; in some cohorts up to 80% of patients continue this treatment indefinitely as 'maintenance' therapy, at low doses of less than 7.5 mg/day. The positive effects of GCs are diminished by adverse effects, particularly at high doses. The cumulative dose of GCs clearly is related to adverse effects. Several unresolved issues in GC treatment of SLE include the optimal doses to be used in induction and maintenance, and in particular how high the dose for how long. It remains unclear whether GCs should be continued indefinitely and, if not, when and how this treatment should be discontinued. Both clinical trials and observational data will help to clarify these issues.

[Adherence to cervical cancer screening in an Italian SLE cohort]. / Aderenza allo screening per il cancro della cervice uterina in una coorte italiana di donne affette da LES.

OBJECTIVE: Papanicolau (Pap) smear abnormalities are more frequently observed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) respect to the general population. The primary objective of the present study was to evaluate the adherence to cervical cancer (CC) screening in an Italian cohort of SLE patients and, secondly, to evaluate the disease-related factors possibly influencing the patients' behavior. METHODS: Consecutive 25 to 64 year old SLE patients and aged- matched healthy women were enrolled for the study. All patients were interviewed during ambulatory visits, at admission to the clinic or by a telephone contact; disease related variables were also collected from the clinical charts. RESULTS: 140 SLE patients (mean age 48.3±12 years) and 70 controls matched for demographic and sociocultural characteristics were enrolled. Ninety-three SLE patients (66.4%) declared to perform the Pap test at least every three years (23.6% yearly and 42.8% when asked by the screening programs) while 47 (33.6%) did not perform regular CC screening (16.4% never did the test and 17.1% only occasionally). No significant differences were observed between patients and controls in cancer screening adherence. No significant associations were observed between the screening program behaviors and disease-related variables. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the growing evidence of an increased risk of CC in SLE, and regardless of the broad availability of screening programs and official recommendations, our results show insufficient CC surveillance among SLE patients and emphasize to rheumatologists and/or general practitioners the importance to discuss with patients this aspect during routine evaluations in order to encourage compliance to the recommended preventive measures.

Correlation of foetal body weight by coronet width measurement using ultrasonography in prepartum cows: a pilot study.

This study aimed to clarify the effectiveness of foetal body weight estimation by measuring foetal coronet width using transrectal ultrasonography in beef cows during near-term pregnancy. A characteristic 'gull wing' pattern was obtained from the foetal coronet cross-section from the dewclaw side using ultrasonography. This pattern was matched to the bone surface of the distal part of the middle phalanx. Then, the relationship between coronet width and body weight at birth of 22 Japanese Brown calves was analysed and a high correlation coefficient of 0.8965 (P < 0.001) was obtained. In conclusion, the coronet width of the fetus is depicted as a 'gull wing' hyperechoic structure and can be measured by ultrasonography per rectum during near-term pregnancy. This technique may be a useful tool to identify high-risk cows with dystocia before calving. High foetal coronet values may predispose cattle to dystocia.

European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for monitoring patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in clinical practice and in observational studies.

OBJECTIVES: To develop recommendations for monitoring patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in clinical practice and observational studies and to develop a standardised core set of variables to monitor SLE. METHODS: We followed the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) standardised procedures for guideline development. The following techniques were applied: nominal groups, Delphi surveys for prioritisation, small group discussion, systematic literature review and two Delphi rounds to obtain agreement. The panel included rheumatologists, internists, dermatologists, a nephrologist and an expert related to national research agencies. The level of evidence and grading of recommendations were determined according to the Levels of Evidence and Grades of Recommendations of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. RESULTS: A total of 10 recommendations have been developed, covering the following aspects: patient assessment, cardiovascular risk factors, other risk factors (osteoporosis, cancer), infection risk (screening, vaccination, monitoring), frequency of assessments, laboratory tests, mucocutaneous involvement, kidney monitoring, neuropsychological manifestations and ophthalmology assessment. A 'core set' of minimal variables for the assessment and monitoring of patients with SLE in clinical practice was developed that included some of the recommendations. In addition to the recommendations, indications for specific organ assessments that were viewed as part of good clinical practice were discussed and included in the flow chart. CONCLUSIONS: A set of recommendations for monitoring patients with SLE in routine clinical practice has been developed. The use of a standardised core set to monitor patients with SLE should facilitate clinical practice, as well as the quality control of care for patients with SLE, and the collection and comparison of data in observational studies.

Early events in Populus hybrid and Fagus sylvatica leaves exposed to ozone.

This paper aims to investigate early responses to ozone in leaves of Fagus sylvatica (beech) and Populus maximowiczii x Populus berolinensis (poplar). The experimental setup consisted of four open-air (OA) plots, four charcoal-filtered (CF) open-top chambers (OTCs), and four nonfiltered (NF) OTCs. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out on nonsymptomatic (CF) and symptomatic (NF and OA) leaves of both species. Qualitative analyses were performed applying microscopic techniques: Evans blue staining for detection of cell viability, CeCl3 staining of transmission electron microscope (TEM) samples to detect the accumulation of H2O2, and multispectral fluorescence microimaging and microspectrofluorometry to investigate the accumulation of fluorescent phenolic compounds in the walls of the damaged cells. Quantitative analyses consisted of the analysis of the chlorophyll a fluorescence transients (fast kinetics). The early responses to ozone were demonstrated by the Evans blue and CeCl3 staining techniques that provided evidence of plant responses in both species 1 month before foliar symptoms became visible. The fluorescence transients analysis, too, demonstrated the breakdown of the oxygen evolving system and the inactivation of the end receptors of electrons at a very early stage, both in poplar and in beech. The accumulation of phenolic compounds in the cell walls, on the other hand, was a species-specific response detected in poplar, but not in beech. Evans blue and CeCl3 staining, as well as the multispectral fluorescence microimaging and microspectrofluorometry, can be used to support the field diagnosis of ozone injury, whereas the fast kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence provides evidence of early physiological responses.