RESUMO
This review explores the diverse effects of fluoride on pancreatic function, encompassing both in vitro and in vivo studies. Fluoride exposure induces notable alterations at the cellular and molecular levels, affecting pancreatic morphology, histology, and enzymatic activity. In vitro studies demonstrate significant inhibition of pancreatic α-amylase activity and apoptosis in pancreatic beta cells. In vivo investigations reveal structural abnormalities in pancreatic cells, including mitochondrial damage, vacuolation, and nuclear damage. Moreover, fluoride exposure disrupts antioxidant enzyme activity, exacerbating oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Changes in digestive enzyme activity, such as the inhibition of pancreatic lipase and α-amylase, further contribute to pancreatic dysfunction. Additionally, alterations in hormone secretion, notably insulin levels and disturbed glucose homeostasis, highlight the complex effects of fluoride on the pancreatic endocrine system. These findings underscore fluoride-induced pancreatic toxicity and highlight the need for a comprehensive understanding and mitigation strategies to safeguard pancreatic health.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Fluoride toxicity and fluorosis is an emerging global problem. Fluoride has long been added to water for dental caries prevention; however, it has a variety of damaging consequences on human bodies. The aim of this paper is to analyse all the literature available on the effects of fluoride toxicity on male reproductive system. METHODS: Research papers were collected using various methods of data collection like Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar from 1980 to 2024, and then reviewed thoroughly. RESULTS: Fluoride is known to cause various histopathological and biochemical alterations in the male reproductive system. It also affects fertility, semen quality, sperm number and quality,the process of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis. Key changes caused by fluoride in male reproductive system include structural defects in the flagellum, acrosome, and nucleus of spermatids and epididymal spermatozoa. Degenerative changes in Leydig cells result in reduced testosterone production, causing regression of seminiferous tubules and structural damage to the epididymis, ultimately terminating spermatogenesis which leads to infertility. Decrease in levels of testosterone and activities of various antioxidant enzymes resulting in greater oxidative stress was also seen. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride has various detrimental effects on male reproductive system and overall reproductive health. This type of study is important for understanding the effects of fluoride toxicity so that health officials can guide public about safe fluoride exposure limits and the damages it can cause in higher concentrations. Studies using various natural and synthetic ameliorative substances mentioned in the text later can prove to be helpful for development of various therapeutic approaches to mitigate the effects of fluoride toxicity.
RESUMO
Considerable integrative efforts have been made to investigate the effects of fluoride on female reproductive organs since the last years. The ingestion of fluoride causes adverse effects on human health like causing skeletal fluorosis, dental fluorosis, bone fractures, kidney problems, decrease birth rates, weakening of thyroid functionality, and impair intelligence, particularly in children. In this review, we discuss the adverse effects of fluoride on female reproductive organs and presented certain remedies. A total of 53 papers on the effect of fluoride on female reproductive organs, including 6 population surveys were examined. Google Scholar, Google, Research Gate, PubMed, and the International Journal of Fluoride have all been searched for fluoride research papers. Various doses and pathological effects have been described in this review article.