C-H Arylation in the Formation of a Complex Pyrrolopyridine, the Commercial Synthesis of the Potent JAK2 Inhibitor, BMS-911543.

The development of an improved short and efficient commercial synthesis of the JAK2 inhibitor, a complex pyrrolopyridine, BMS-911543, is described. During the discovery and development of this synthesis, a Pd-catalyzed C-H functionalization was invented which enabled the rapid union of the key pyrrole and imidazole fragments. The synthesis of this complex, nitrogen-rich heterocycle was accomplished in only six steps (longest linear sequence) from readily available materials.

Enantioselective Synthesis of a γ-Secretase Modulator via Vinylogous Dynamic Kinetic Resolution.

Two efficient asymmetric routes to γ-secretase modulator BMS-932481, under investigation for Alzheimer's disease, have been developed. The key step for the first route involves a challenging enantioselective hydrogenation of an unfunctionalized trisubstituted alkene to establish the benzylic stereocenter, representing a very rare case of achieving high selectivity on a complex substrate. The second route demonstrates the first example of a vinylogous dynamic kinetic resolution (VDKR) ketone reduction, where the carbonyl and the racemizable stereocenter are not contiguous, but are conjugated through a pyrimidine ring. Not only did this transformation require both catalyst and substrate control to correctly establish the two stereocenters, but it also necessitated that the nonadjacent benzylic center of the ketone substrate be more acidic than that of the alcohol product to make the process dynamic. DFT computations aided the design of this novel VDKR pathway by reliably predicting the relative acidities of the intermediates involved.

Enantioselective γ-Alkylation of α,ß-Unsaturated Malonates and Ketoesters by a Sequential Ir-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation/Cope Rearrangement.

A catalytic, enantioselective γ-alkylation of α,ß-unsaturated malonates and ketoesters is reported. This strategy entails a highly regio- and enantioselective iridium-catalyzed α-alkylation of an extended enolate, and a subsequent translocation of chirality to the γ-position via a Cope rearrangement.

Development of a Diastereoselective Phosphorylation of a Complex Nucleoside via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution.

The development of a diastereoselective nucleoside phosphorylation is described, which produces a single isomer of a complex nucleoside monophosphate pro-drug. A stable phosphoramidic acid derivative is coupled to the nucleoside, in a process mediated by HATU and quinine, to deliver the coupled product in high chemical yield and good diastereoselectivity. This unusual process was shown to proceed through a dynamic kinetic resolution of a 1:1 mixture of activated phosphonate ester diastereoisomers. The optimized conditions afforded the product with a combined [S,S(P)] and [S,R(P)] in-process yield of 89% and a ∼7:1 [S,S(P):S,R(P)] diastereomeric ratio. Isolation of the major isomer was facilitated by single crystallization from anisole, where the product was obtained in 57% isolated yield, excellent purity (>95%), and a high diastereomeric ratio (>50:1).

Ni-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization in the Formation of a Complex Heterocycle: Synthesis of the Potent JAK2 Inhibitor BMS-911543.

BMS-911543 is a complex pyrrolopyridine investigated as a potential treatment for myeloproliferative disorders. The development of a short and efficient synthesis of this molecule is described. During the course of our studies, a Ni-mediated C-N bond formation was invented, which enabled the rapid construction of the highly substituted 2-aminopyridine core. The synthesis of this complex, nitrogen-rich heterocycle was accomplished in only eight steps starting from readily available materials.

An efficient asymmetric synthesis of manzacidin C.

A brief synthesis of manzacidin C based on a chiral silane-promoted diastereo- and enatioselective acylhydrazone-alkene [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction has been achieved. This synthesis is the first synthesis of any of the manzacidins wherein the C(4) and C(6) stereocenters are established in a single highly stereoselective step.

High-Throughput Automation in Chemical Process Development.

High-throughput (HT) techniques built upon laboratory automation technology and coupled to statistical experimental design and parallel experimentation have enabled the acceleration of chemical process development across multiple industries. HT technologies are often applied to interrogate wide, often multidimensional experimental spaces to inform the design and optimization of any number of unit operations that chemical engineers use in process development. In this review, we outline the evolution of HT technology and provide a comprehensive overview of how HT automation is used throughout different industries, with a particular focus on chemical and pharmaceutical process development. In addition, we highlight the common strategies of how HT automation is incorporated into routine development activities to maximize its impact in various academic and industrial settings.

[Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed domino reactions involving allylic substitution and subsequent carbocyclization reactions.

[reaction: see text] Three novel domino reaction processes have been discovered and developed that employ the regioselective and stereoselective [Rh(CO)(2)Cl](2)-catalyzed alkylations of allylic trifluoroacetates with alpha-substituted sodiomalonates followed by an intramolecular Pauson-Khand annulation, a [5 + 2] cycloaddition, or a cycloisomerization. A unique aspect of the methodology is that a single catalyst is used to effect sequential transformations simply by increasing the temperature for the second reaction.

A diminished response to formalin stimulation reveals a role for the glutamate transporters in the altered pain sensitivity of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which neuropathic pain is now recognized as a major symptom. To date, few studies have examined the underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain in MS. Recently we showed that in a chronic-relapsing animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), characteristic neuropathic behaviours develop. However, responses to persistent noxious stimuli in EAE remain unexplored. We, therefore set out to characterize the changes in pain sensitivity in our EAE model to subcutaneous injection of formalin. We show here that female C57BL/6 mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG(35-55)) display a significant decrease in elicited pain behaviours in response to formalin injection. These effects were found to involve dysregulation of the glutamatergic system in EAE. We show here that these effects are mediated by decreased glutamate transporter expression associated with EAE. Our findings demonstrate that dysregulation of glutamate transporter function in EAE mice is an important mechanism underlying the abnormal pain sensitivity in response to persistent noxious stimulation of mice with EAE and also sheds light on a potential mechanism underlying neuropathic pain behaviours in this model.

Features and applications of [Rh(CO)(2)Cl](2)-catalyzed alkylations of unsymmetrical allylic substrates.

A novel regio- and stereoselective [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed allylic alkylation of unsymmetrical allylic carbonates was discovered. The regioselectivity of the reaction favors product ratios in which substitution occurs at the carbon bearing the leaving group. When an enantiomerically enriched carbonate (> or = 99% ee) was examined, the Rh(I)-catalyzed allylic alkylation proceeded stereoselectively to provide the alkylation product with retention of absolute stereochemistry (98% ee). To establish the scope of the [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed allylic alkylation, a variety of carbon and heteroatom nucleophiles were examined and the results described. As an application of the Rh(I)-catalyzed allylic alkylation, a series of novel domino reactions have been developed that couple the unique regio- and stereoselective [Rh(CO)2Cl]2-catalyzed alkylation of allylic trifluoroacetates with an intramolecular Pauson-Khand annulation, a cycloisomerization, or a [5+2] cycloaddition. A unique aspect of the method described is the use of a single catalyst to effect sequential transformations in which the catalytic activity is moderated simply by controlling the reaction temperature. Implementation of such processes provides a rapid and efficient entry to a variety of bicyclic carbon skeletons from simple precursors.