Hibifolin protected pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress in LPS-induced acute lung injury through antioxidative enzymes and the AMPK2/Nrf-2 pathway.

ALI is a grave medical ailment that manifests as abrupt inflammation of the lungs and diminished oxygen levels. It poses a considerable challenge to the medical fraternity, with elevated rates of morbidity and mortality. Our research endeavors to investigate the potential of hibifolin, a flavonoid glucuronide, imbued with potent antioxidant properties, and its molecular mechanism to combat LPS-induced ALI in mice. The study utilized ICR mice to create an ALI model induced by LPS. Prior to LPS administration, hibifolin was given at 10, 30, or 50 mg/kg, or dexamethasone was given at 1 mg/kg to assess its preventative impact. Changes in lung tissue, pulmonary edema, and lipid peroxidation were analyzed using H&E stain assay, lung wet/dry ratio assay, and MDA formation assay, respectively. Activity assay kits were used to measure MPO activity and antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx) activity in the lungs. Western blot assay was used to determine the phosphorylation of Nrf-2 and AMPK2 in the lungs. Hibifolin demonstrated a concentration-dependent improvement in LPS-induced histopathologic pulmonary changes. This treatment notably mitigated pulmonary edema, lipid peroxidation, and MPO activity in ALI mice. Additionally, hibifolin successfully restored antioxidative enzyme activity in the lungs of ALI mice. Moreover, hibifolin effectively promoted Nrf-2 phosphorylation and reinstated AMPK2 phosphorylation in the lungs of ALI mice. The results indicate that hibifolin could effectively alleviate the pathophysiological impact of LPS-induced ALI. This is likely due to its antioxidative properties, which help to restore antioxidative enzyme activity and activate the AMPK2/Nrf2 pathway. These findings are valuable in terms of enhancing our knowledge of ALI treatment and pave the way for further investigation into hibifolin as a potential therapeutic option for lung injuries.

Protective Effect of Hibifolin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury Through Akt Phosphorylation and NFκB Pathway.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a difficult condition to manage, especially when it is complicated by bacterial sepsis. Hibifolin, a flavonoid glycoside, has anti-inflammatory properties that make it a potential treatment for ALI. However, more research is needed to determine its effectiveness in LPS-induced ALI. In this study, male ICR mice were treated with hibifolin before LPS-induced ALI. Protein content and neutrophil count in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were measured by BCA assay and Giemsa staining method, respectively. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesive molecules were detected by ELISA assay. The expression of NFκB p65 phosphorylation, IκB degradation, and Akt phosphorylation was assessed by western blot assay. Hibifolin pre-treatment significantly reduced pulmonary vascular barrier dysfunction and neutrophil infiltration into the BAL fluid in LPS-induced ALI mice. In addition, LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α) and adhesive molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1) within the BAL fluid were markedly reduced by hibifolin in LPS-induced ALI mice. More, hibifolin inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of NFκB p65, degradation of IκB, and phosphorylation of Akt in lungs with ALI mice. In conclusion, hibifolin shows promise in improving the pathophysiological features and proinflammatory responses of LPS-induced ALI in mice through the NFκB pathway and its upstream factor, Akt phosphorylation.

Wogonin induces apoptosis in macrophages by exhibiting cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.

Macrophages play an important role in defending the body against invading pathogens. In the face of pathogens, macrophages become activated and release toxic materials that disrupt the pathogens. Macrophage overactivation can lead to severe illness and inflammation. Wogonin has several therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. No studies have investigated the cytotoxic effects of wogonin at concentrations of more than 0.1 mM in RAW264.7 cells. In this study, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with wogonin, which, at concentrations of more than 0.1 mM, had cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in the RAW264.7 cells, leading to apoptosis and necrosis. Further, wogonin at concentrations of more than 0.1 mM induced caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activation and mitochondrial dysfunction and death receptor expression. These results suggest that wogonin induces apoptosis through upstream intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by exhibiting cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.

Cyclizine induces cytotoxicity and apoptosis in macrophages through the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways.

Cyclizine, an over-the-counter and prescription antihistamine, finds widespread application in the prevention and treatment of motion sickness, encompassing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, along with its effectiveness in managing vertigo. However, the overuse or misuse of cyclizine may lead to hallucinations, confusion, tachycardia, and hypertension. The molecular mechanisms underlying cyclizine-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis remain unclear. During the 24 h incubation duration, RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed to different concentrations of cyclizine. Cytotoxicity was assessed through the lactate dehydrogenase assay. Flow cytometry employing annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide was utilized to evaluate apoptosis and necrosis. Caspase activity and mitochondrial dysfunction were evaluated through a fluorogenic substrate assay and JC-1 dye, respectively. Flow cytometry employing fluorogenic antibodies was utilized to evaluate the release of cytochrome c and expression of death receptor, including tumor necrosis factor-α receptor and Fas receptor. Western blotting was utilized to evaluate the expression of the Bcl2 and Bad apoptotic regulatory proteins. The findings unveiled from the present study demonstrated that cyclizine exerted a concentration-dependent effect on RAW264.7 macrophages, leading to the induction of cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and necrosis. This compound further activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, Bcl2/Bad exchange expression, cytochrome c liberation, and activation of caspases contained caspase 3, 8, and 9. Moreover, the activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway was observed as cyclizine induced the upregulation of death receptors and increased caspase activities. Based on our investigations, it can be inferred that cyclizine prompts cytotoxicity and apoptosis in RAW264.7 macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner by triggering both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways.

Cyclizine-induced proinflammatory responses through Akt-NFκB pathway in macrophages.

Cyclizine exhibits sedation and treatment of nausea, vomiting, and motion sickness due to antihistaminic and antimuscarinic effects. Cyclizine has the potential for abuse due to the hallucinogenic and euphoric effect. The response of overdose and illegal abuse of cyclizine includes confusion, tremors, chest pain, ataxia, seizures, and lead to suicide. Macrophage plays the important role in the innate immunity. However, over activation of macrophages results in pro-inflammatory responses in peripheral tissues. In the present study, cyclizine was found to enhanced the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6. We further found that secretion of nitrogen oxide (NO) induced by cyclizine via expression of inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS). Cyclizine exhibited parallel stimulation of phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) p65, and its up-stream factor Akt. These results indicated that the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, pro-inflammatory mediators, and adhesion molecules would be induced by cyclizine via activation of Akt-NFκB pathway in macrophages.

Genotoxic effects of 1-nitropyrene in macrophages are mediated through a p53-dependent pathway involving cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and PARP-1 cleavage.

Genotoxic stress from environmental pollutants plays a critical role in cytotoxicity. The most abundant nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in environmental pollutants, 1-nitropyrene (1-NP), is generated during fossil fuel, diesel, and biomass combustion under sunlight. Macrophages, the key regulators of the innate immune system, provide the first line of defense against pathogens. The toxic effects of 1-NP on macrophages remain unclear. Through a lactate dehydrogenase assay, we measured the cytotoxicity induced by 1-NP. Our results revealed that 1-NP induced genotoxicity also named DNA damage, including micronucleus formation and DNA strand breaks, in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, 1-NP induced p53 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation; mitochondrial cytochrome c release; caspase-3 and -9 activation and cleavage; and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment with the PARP inhibitor, 3-aminobenzamide, significantly reduced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and PARP-1 cleavage induced by 1-NP. Pretreatment with the caspase-3 inhibitor, z-DEVD-fmk, significantly reduced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, PARP-1 cleavage, and caspase 3 activation induced by 1-NP. Pretreatment with the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-α, significantly reduced cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, PARP-1 cleavage, caspase 3 activation, and p53 phosphorylation induced by 1-NP. We propose that cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by 1-NP by PARP-1 cleavage via caspase-3 and -9 activation through cytochrome c release from mitochondria and its upstream p53-dependent pathway in macrophages.

Enhancing ocular protection against UVB: The role of irigenin in modulating oxidative stress and apoptotic pathways In Vivo.

Oxidative damage contributes to age-related macular degeneration. Irigenin possesses diverse pharmacologic properties, including antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects. Our in vivo experiments indicated that irigenin mitigates UVB-induced histopathologic changes and oxidative DNA damage. Histologic analyses and TUNEL staining revealed that this compound dose-dependently ameliorated UVB-induced retinal damage and apoptosis. Furthermore, irigenin substantially reduced the level of 8-hydroxyguanosine, a biomarker of UVB-induced oxidative DNA damage. We further explored the molecular mechanisms that mediate the protective effects of irigenin. Our findings suggested that UVB-induced generation of ROS disrupts the stability of the mitochondrial membrane, activating intrinsic apoptotic pathways; the underlying mechanisms include the release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, and subsequent degradation of PARP-1. Notably, irigenin reversed mitochondrial disruption and apoptosis. It also modulated the Bax and Bcl-2 expression but influenced the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Our study highlights the role of the Nrf2 pathway in mitigating the effects of oxidative stress. We found that UVB exposure downregulated, but irigenin treatment upregulated the expression of Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, irigenin activates the Nrf2 pathway to address oxidative stress. In conclusion, irigenin exhibits protective effects against UVB-induced ocular damage, evidenced by the diminution of histological alterations. It mitigates oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis in the retinal tissues by modulating the intrinsic apoptotic pathways and the AIF mechanisms. Furthermore, irigenin effectively reduces lipid peroxidation, enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes by stimulating the Nrf2 pathway. This protective mechanism underscores the potential benefit of irigenin in combating UVB-mediated ocular damage.

1-Nitropyrene Induced Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Apoptosis in Macrophages through AIF Nuclear Translocation and AMPK/Nrf-2/HO-1 Pathway Activation.

1-Nitropyrene (1-NP), one of the most abundant nitropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs), is generated from the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous organic compounds. 1-NP is a specific marker of diesel exhaust and is an environmental pollutant and a probable carcinogen. Macrophages participate in immune defense against the invasive pathogens in heart, lung, and kidney infection diseases. However, no evidence has indicated that 1-NP induces apoptosis in macrophages. In the present study, 1-NP was found to induce concentration-dependent changes in various cellular functions of RAW264.7 macrophages including cell viability reduction; apoptosis generation; mitochondrial dysfunction; apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) nuclear translocation; intracellular ROS generation; activation of the AMPK/Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway; changes in the expression of BCL-2 family proteins; and depletion of antioxidative enzymes (AOE), such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) These results indicate that 1-NP induced apoptosis in macrophages through AIF nuclear translocation and ROS generation due to mitochondrial dysfunction and to the depletion of AOE from the activation of the AMPK/Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway.