The association between polypharmacy and the efficiency of the functional independence measure in an acute-stage hospital: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) evaluates the activities of daily living (ADL), and FIM efficiency represents daily improvement in FIM. Polypharmacy affects both ADL and FIM; however, few studies have evaluated its relationship with FIM efficiency. AIM: This retrospective study investigated the effect of polypharmacy on FIM efficiency in patients undergoing rehabilitation at our acute care hospital in 2014. METHODS: We collected data on the patients' age, sex, diagnosis, length of hospital stay, type and duration of rehabilitation, indications for rehabilitation, FIM score before and after rehabilitation, and number of pharmaceuticals being used. Polypharmacy was defined as the administration of five or more pharmaceuticals. Using propensity score matching, we compared the FIM efficiency between the polypharmacy and non-polypharmacy groups (sub-scales and totals). RESULTS: A total of 2455 patients were included. The analytical population included 2168 patients. The analytical population used for propensity score matching included 727 patients in each group (total: 1454 patients). The following FIM sub-scale items were found to be associated with significantly low FIM efficiency in the polypharmacy group: self-care (polypharmacy group FIM efficiency: 0.43 points/day, non-polypharmacy group FIM efficiency: 0.54 points/day) and sphincter control (0.11 points/day and 0.18 points/day, respectively). No significant differences in the FIM efficiency were observed either for any other sub-scales or for totals. DISCUSSION: In the polypharmacy group, self-care and sphincter control, in particular, were associated with inhibited improvement in ADL and FIM. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing polypharmacy among acute-phase patients would allow an earlier return to their normal daily lives.

What activities of daily living at discharge affect the discharge destination of patients in an acute-care hospital in Japan: A retrospective factor analysis.

It is important to clarify the influence of activities of daily living (ADL) at discharge on the discharge destination of hospitalised patients. The Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is a widely used ADL assessment scale. In this retrospective study, we aimed to identify what ADL based on FIM at discharge affect the discharge destination of hospitalised patients in an acute-care hospital, in addition to how nutritional status and the number of drugs used, as well as types of disease, affect discharge-to-home. We surveyed age, sex, disease type, length of hospital stay, discharge destination, FIM score at discharge, serum albumin level, and the number of continued drugs in hospitalised patients who underwent rehabilitation in Gifu Municipal Hospital (Gifu, Japan) between January 2014 and December 2014. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with discharge to home as a dependent variable and age, sex, disease, FIM score and polypharmacy as independent variables. Multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that a significantly high percentage of discharged-to-home patients were associated with 'self-care' (≥33 points; OR: 2.03), 'sphincter control' (≥14 points; OR: 1.49), 'transfers' (≥13 points; OR: 1.94), and 'locomotion' (≥7 points; OR: 3.55), among others. High FIM sub-scale scores at discharge for self-care, sphincter control, transfers, and locomotion were clarified as factors associated with discharge-to-home. These findings of the association of ADL based on FIM and discharge destination would be useful in deciding discharge destinations for patients in an acute-phase hospital.

Analysis of Adverse Reactions Caused by Potentially Inappropriate Prescriptions and Related Medical Costs That Are Avoidable Using the Beers Criteria: The Japanese Version and Guidelines for Medical Treatment and Its Safety in the Elderly 2015.

We conducted a retrospective study to investigate adverse drug reactions and associated medical costs among elderly individuals that could be avoided if pharmacotherapy was performed in accordance with the Beers Criteria: the Japanese Version (BCJV) and Guidelines for Medical Treatment and Its Safety in the Elderly 2015 (GL2015). Patients aged at least 65 years who were either hospitalized at Gifu Municipal Hospital between October 1 and November 30, 2014 (n = 1236) or had outpatient examinations at Gifu Municipal Hospital on October 1-2, 2014 (n = 980) were included in the study. The outcomes measured were usage rates of drugs listed in the BCJV and GL2015, incidence rates of adverse drug reactions, and additional costs incurred per patient due to adverse reactions. Among the inpatients, usage rates of drugs listed in the BCJV and GL2015 were 24.0 and 72.4%, respectively, and adverse reactions to these drugs occurred at rates of 3.0 and 8.2%, respectively. Among the outpatients, while the usage rates were 26.2% (BCJV) and 59.9% (GL2015), the incidence rates of adverse reactions were 4.7% (BCJV) and 3.9% (GL2015). The additional costs incurred due to adverse drug reactions ranged from 12713-163925 yen per patient. Our results demonstrate that appropriate use of drugs based on the BCJV and GL2015 can help prevent adverse reactions; this would reduce the overall medical costs.

A simple method for exploring adverse drug events in patients with different primary diseases using spontaneous reporting system.

BACKGROUND: Patient background (e.g. age, sex, and primary disease) is an important factor to consider when monitoring adverse drug events (ADEs) for the purpose of pharmacovigilance. However, in disproportionality methods, when additional factors are considered, the number of combinations that have to be computed increases, and it becomes very difficult to explore the whole spontaneous reporting system (SRS). Since the signals need to be detected quickly in pharmacovigilance, a simple exploration method is required. Although association rule mining (AR) is commonly used for the analysis of large data, its application to pharmacovigilance is rare and there are almost no studies comparing AR with conventional signal detection methods. METHODS: In this study, in order to establish a simple method to explore ADEs in patients with kidney or liver injury as a background disease, the AR and proportional reporting ratio (PRR) signal detection methods were compared. We used oral medicine SRS data from the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database (JADER), and used AR as the proposed search method and PRR as the conventional method for comparison. "Rule count ≥ 3", "min lift value > 1", and "min conviction value > 1" were used as the AR detection criteria, and the PRR detection criteria were "Rule count ≥3", "PRR ≥ 2", and "χ2 ≥ 4". RESULTS: In patients with kidney injury, the AR method had a sensitivity of 99.58%, specificity of 94.99%, and Youden's index of 0.946, while in patients with liver injury, the sensitivity, specificity, and Youden's index were 99.57%, 94.87%, and 0.944, respectively. Additionally, the lift value and the strength of the signal were positively correlated. CONCLUSIONS: It was suggested that computation using AR might be simple with the detection power equivalent to that of the conventional signal detection method as PRR. In addition, AR can theoretically be applicable to SRS other than JADER. Therefore, complicated conditions (patient's background etc.) that must take factors other than the ADE into consideration can be easily explored by selecting the AR as the first screening for ADE exploration in pharmacovigilance using SRS.

Analyses of non-benzodiazepine-induced adverse events and prognosis in elderly patients based on the Japanese adverse drug event report database.

BACKGROUND: The contents of the guidelines for the use of non-benzodiazepines (Z-drugs) differ slightly between THE JAPANESE SOCIETY OF SLEEP RESEARCH and THE JAPAN GERIATRIC SOCIETY, and the recommended directions are conflicting. Therefore, we analyzed the use of the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database (JADER) for identifying adverse events (AEs) caused by Z-drugs and clarifying their occurrence trend and prognosis. METHODS: The signal value for comparison was calculated by using the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) and chi-squared test (χ2) results of data of elderly and non-elderly patients. Among AEs for which signals were detected in the elderly, we determined that those with lower signal values for non-elderly patients that were half the signal value of the elderly should be used with particular caution in the elderly. We also compared the prognoses. RESULTS: The AEs with > 1 risk ratio (RR) in elderly and non-elderly patients were regarded as those that should be noted in the prognosis of AEs in elderly patients. Furthermore, 28 AEs were detected in elderly patients' signals. In this study, in addition to movement disorders such as "falls" and "bone fractures," identified by two academic societies, signal characteristics of the elderly were obtained for psychiatric disorders and eye disorders. CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in prognosis, but these disorders could reduce the quality of life of patients. Therefore, we consider that in prescribing appropriate drug therapy for insomnia, attention should be paid to the occurrence of the AEs caused by the Z-drugs revealed by this study and the guidelines.

Signals of gastroesophageal reflux disease caused by incretin-based drugs: a disproportionality analysis using the Japanese adverse drug event report database.

BACKGROUND: Incretin-based drugs are important in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, among the incretin-based drugs, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1-RAs) have been reported to cause gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)-like symptoms making it difficult to continue treatment. Therefore, with the aim of clarifying the relationship between incretin-based drugs and GERD-like symptoms, we conducted a pharmacoepidemiological study using the Japanese adverse drug event report database (JADER). METHODS: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4-Is) and GLP-1-RAs were set as the incretin-based target drugs. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) and the information component (IC) was used for the detection of quantitative signals. Furthermore, we also compared the time to onset of GERD-like symptoms by log-rank test. RESULTS: GERD-like symptoms were reported in 36 GLP-1-RAs cases (ROR: 5.61, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 3.95-7.96 and IC: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.66-2.67) and GLP-1-RAs were detected in the signal. In contrast, DPP-4-Is were not detected in the signal.There was no sex difference with regard to the expression time of GERD-like symptoms by GLP-1-RAs (log-rank test, p = 0.5381). However, the expression time of GERD-like symptoms from GLP-1-RAs was shorter in patients older than 70 years of age than that in those younger than 70 years of age (log-rank test, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The administration of GLP-1-RA had a higher incidence of GERD-like symptoms earlier than the administration of DPP-4-Is. In this study, although we think that further investigation is necessary, and suggest that patients older than 70 years of age who have been administered GLP-1-RAs need earlier attention to address GERD-like symptoms than younger patients.

A New Search Method Using Association Rule Mining for Drug-Drug Interaction Based on Spontaneous Report System.

Background: Adverse events (AEs) can be caused not only by one drug but also by the interaction between two or more drugs. Therefore, clarifying whether an AE is due to a specific suspect drug or drug-drug interaction (DDI) is useful information for proper use of drugs. Whereas previous reports on the search for drug-induced AEs with signal detection using spontaneous reporting systems (SRSs) are numerous, reports on drug interactions are limited. This is because in methods that use "a safety signal indicator" (signal), which is frequently used in pharmacovigilance, a huge number of combinations must be prepared when signal detection is performed, and each risk index must be calculated, which makes interaction search appear unrealistic. Objective: In this paper, we propose association rule mining (AR) using large dataset analysis as an alternative to the conventional methods (additive interaction model (AI) and multiplicative interaction model (MI)). Methods: The data source used was the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report database. The combination of drugs for which the risk index is detected by the "combination risk ratio (CR)" as the target was assumed to be true data, and the accuracy of signal detection using the AR methods was evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, Youden's index, F-score. Results: Our experimental results targeting Stevens-Johnson syndrome indicate that AR has a sensitivity of 99.05%, specificity of 92.60%, Youden's index of 0.917, F-score of 0.876, AI has a sensitivity of 95.62%, specificity of 96.92%, Youden's index of 0.925, and F-score of 0.924, and MI has a sensitivity of 65.46%, specificity of 98.78%, Youden's index of 0.642, and F-score of 0.771. This result was about the same level as or higher than the conventional method. Conclusions: If you use similar calculation methods to create combinations from the database, not only for SJS, but for all AEs, the number of combinations would be so enormous that it would be difficult to perform the calculations. However, in the AR method, the "Apriori algorithm" is used to reduce the number of calculations. Thus, the proposed method has the same detection power as the conventional methods, with the significant advantage that its calculation process is simple.

Study on Students' Impression Data in Practical Training Using Text Mining Method-Analysis of Considerable Communication.

We analyzed impression data and the scale of communication skills of students using text mining method to clarify which area a student was conscious of in communication in practical training. The results revealed that students tended to be conscious of the difference between practical hospital training and practical pharmacy training. In practical hospital training, specific expressions denoting relationships were "patient-visit", "counseling-conduct", "patient-counseling", and "patient-talk". In practical pharmacy training, specific expressions denoting relationships were "patient counseling-conduct", "story-listen", "patient-many", and "patient-visit". In practical hospital training, the word "patient" was connected to many words suggesting that students were conscious of a patient-centered communication. In practical pharmacy training, words such as "patient counseling", "patient", and "explanation" were placed in center and connected with many other words and there was an independent relationship between "communication" and "accept". In conclusion, it was suggested that students attempted active patient-centered communication in practical hospital training, while they were conscious of listening closely in patient counseling in practical pharmacy training.