Reduction in hepatitis C-related hospitalizations after the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Tackling Hepatitis C in the Spanish National Health System: regional level differences.

This work evaluates the potential impact at territorial level of the Strategic Plan for Tackling Hepatitis C in the Spanish National Health System on hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated hospitalizations. Chronic HCV-related hospitalization discharges from 2014 to 2018 were obtained from the National Registry of Hospitalisations. A descriptive analysis of the hospitalizations was performed for all chronic, advanced liver disease and non-advanced liver disease. Hospitalization rates were calculated at national and regional level. Year 2015 and period 2016-2018 hospitalization rates were compared to 2014 hospitalization rates using a Poisson model. Municipal standardized hospitalization rates ratios adjusted by age-group were calculated for 2016-2018 period (2014 hospitalization rates as reference). From 2014 to 2018, there were 22,352 chronic HCV-related hospitalizations. In-hospital fatality rate was 4.3% for non-advanced liver disease and 11.7% for advanced liver disease patients. National hospitalization rate decreased 22% (95% CI: 21%-22%), 16% (95% CI: 15%-17%) and 34% (95% CI: 33%-35%) in 2016-2018 compared to 2014 for all chronic, non-advanced and advanced liver disease, respectively. During 2016-2018 period, 11/19 Spanish regions achieved >20% decrease in the hospitalization rates (p < .001) for non-advanced liver disease and 19/19 (except Melilla, the rest with p < .001) for advanced liver disease. At municipal level, 84.8% and 90.2% municipalities had <20% of chronic HCV-related hospitalization need compared to 2014 adjusted by age-group. Based on the data analysed, a high impact on reducing chronic HCV-associated hospitalizations have been achieved after the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Tackling Hepatitis C in the Spanish National Health System. However, small differences between regions and rural/urban areas were noticed.

ETHQV6.3 is involved in melon climacteric fruit ripening and is encoded by a NAC domain transcription factor.

Fruit ripening is divided into climacteric and non-climacteric types depending on the presence or absence of a transient rise in respiration rate and the production of autocatalytic ethylene. Melon is ideal for the study of fruit ripening, as both climacteric and non-climacteric varieties exist. Two introgressions of the non-climacteric accession PI 161375, encompassed in the QTLs ETHQB3.5 and ETHQV6.3, into the non-climacteric 'Piel de Sapo' background are able to induce climacteric ripening independently. We report that the gene underlying ETHQV6.3 is MELO3C016540 (CmNAC-NOR), encoding a NAC (NAM, ATAF1,2, CUC2) transcription factor that is closely related to the tomato NOR (non-ripening) gene. CmNAC-NOR was functionally validated through the identification of two TILLING lines carrying non-synonymous mutations in the conserved NAC domain region. In an otherwise highly climacteric genetic background, both mutations provoked a significant delay in the onset of fruit ripening and in the biosynthesis of ethylene. The PI 161375 allele of ETHQV6.3 is similar to that of climacteric lines of the cantalupensis type and, when introgressed into the non-climacteric 'Piel de Sapo', partially restores its climacteric ripening capacity. CmNAC-NOR is expressed in fruit flesh of both climacteric and non-climacteric lines, suggesting that the causal mutation may not be acting at the transcriptional level. The use of a comparative genetic approach in a species with both climacteric and non-climacteric ripening is a powerful strategy to dissect the complex mechanisms regulating the onset of fruit ripening.

QTL mapping for downy mildew resistance in cucumber via bulked segregant analysis using next-generation sequencing and conventional methods.

KEY MESSAGE: QTL mapping using NGS-assisted BSA was successfully applied to an F 2 population for downy mildew resistance in cucumber. QTLs detected by NGS-assisted BSA were confirmed by conventional QTL analysis. Downy mildew (DM), caused by Pseudoperonospora cubensis, is one of the most destructive foliar diseases in cucumber. QTL mapping is a fundamental approach for understanding the genetic inheritance of DM resistance in cucumber. Recently, many studies have reported that a combination of bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and next-generation sequencing (NGS) can be a rapid and cost-effective way of mapping QTLs. In this study, we applied NGS-assisted BSA to QTL mapping of DM resistance in cucumber and confirmed the results by conventional QTL analysis. By sequencing two DNA pools each consisting of ten individuals showing high resistance and susceptibility to DM from a F2 population, we identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the two pools. We employed a statistical method for QTL mapping based on these SNPs. Five QTLs, dm2.2, dm4.1, dm5.1, dm5.2, and dm6.1, were detected and dm2.2 showed the largest effect on DM resistance. Conventional QTL analysis using the F2 confirmed dm2.2 (R 2 = 10.8-24 %) and dm5.2 (R 2 = 14-27.2 %) as major QTLs and dm4.1 (R 2 = 8 %) as two minor QTLs, but could not detect dm5.1 and dm6.1. A new QTL on chromosome 2, dm2.1 (R 2 = 28.2 %) was detected by the conventional QTL method using an F3 population. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of NGS-assisted BSA for mapping QTLs conferring DM resistance in cucumber and revealed the unique genetic inheritance of DM resistance in this population through two distinct major QTLs on chromosome 2 that mainly harbor DM resistance.

Interaction between QTLs induces an advance in ethylene biosynthesis during melon fruit ripening.

The coexistence of both climacteric and non-climacteric genotypes and the availability of a set of genetic and genomic resources make melon a suitable model for genetic studies of fruit ripening. We have previously described a QTL, ETHQB3.5, which induces climacteric fruit ripening in the near-isogenic line (NIL) SC3-5 that harbors an introgression on linkage group (LG) III from the non-climacteric melon accession PI 161375 in the, also non-climacteric cultivar, "Piel de Sapo" genetic background. In the current study, a new major QTL, ETHQV6.3, on LG VI was detected on an additional introgression in the same NIL. These QTLs are capable, individually, of inducing climacteric ripening in the non-climacteric background, the effects of ETHQV6.3 being greater than that of ETHQB3.5. The QTLs interact epistatically, advancing the timing of ethylene biosynthesis during ripening and, therefore, the climacteric responses. ETHQV6.3 was fine-mapped to a 4.5 Mb physical region of the melon genome, probably in the centromeric region of LG VI. The results presented will be of value in the molecular identification of the gene underlying ETHQV6.3.

Estudio comparativo de fracturas diafisiarias de fémur tratadas con clavos elásticos tipo ten y fijador externo monoplanar en niños y adolescentes menores: Hospital Central de Maracay agosto 2005-2006 / Study comparative of fractures femur diafisiarias tried with nails elastic type you have and fixer external monoplanar in children and smaller adolescents: Hospital Central de Maracay august 2005-2006

Estudio comparativo entre clavo elástico de titanio (ten y fijador externo monoplamar en pacientes pediátricos, tratados en el servicio de traumatología del Hospital Central de Maracay con fracturas diafisiarias de fémur. Agosto 2005-2006. Trabajo de tipo descriptivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo, prospectivo y comparativo. La muestra quedó conformada por 16 pacientes que responden a los criterios de inclusión. La técnica de recolección de datos fue la observación y el instrumento un registro de información. Análisis cuantitativo, mediante frecuencias y porcentajes; análisis de varianza (ANO-VA), con un elevado nivel significativo (p>0.01), lo que indicó que la probabilidad de que la diferencia en los resultados de ambas técnicas sea apenas perceptible, es muy alta. Es posible definir la superioridad de una técnica sobre la otra y así, queda a criterio del traumatólogo la selección de la técnica a utilizar.