A comprehensive review on the utilization of probiotics in aquaculture towards sustainable shrimp farming.

Probiotics in shrimp aquaculture have gained considerable attention as a potential solution to enhance production efficiency, disease management, and overall sustainability. Probiotics, beneficial microorganisms, have shown promising effects when administered to shrimp as dietary supplements or water additives. Their inclusion has been linked to improved gut health, nutrient absorption, and disease resistance in shrimp. Probiotics also play a crucial role in maintaining a balanced microbial community within the shrimp pond environment, enhancing water quality and reducing pathogen prevalence. This article briefly summarizes the many ways that probiotics are used in shrimp farming and the advantages that come with them. Despite the promising results, challenges such as strain selection, dosage optimization, and environmental conditions are carefully addressed for successful probiotic integration in shrimp aquaculture. The potential of probiotics as a sustainable and ecologically friendly method of promoting shrimp development and health while advancing environmentally friendly shrimp farming techniques is highlighted in this analysis. Further research is required to fully exploit probiotics' benefits and develop practical guidelines for their effective implementation in shrimp aquaculture.

Experimental investigation of Cd (II) ion adsorption on surface-modified mixed seaweed Biosorbent: A study on analytical interpretation and thermodynamics.

Despite advancements in wastewater treatment technologies, heavy metal contamination, especially cadmium (Cd), severely threatens human health and ecosystems. The purpose of this work is to compare the removal of Cd (II) ions from aqueous solutions by chemically modified mixed seaweed biosorbent (CMSB) and physically modified mixed seaweed biosorbent (PMSB). BET, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and XRD techniques characterized the mixed seaweed biosorbents before and after adsorption. They are well-known for their sustainability, affordability, and biodegradability. The BET study revealed that CMSB had a surface area of 19.682 m2/g, while PMSB had a lower surface area of 14.803 m2/g. The optimum adsorption conditions were a temperature of 303 K, pH of 6.0, and biosorbent dosages of 1 g/L for CMSB and 2.5 g/L for PMSB. For CMSB and PMSB, the most efficient contact times were 40 and 80 min, respectively. The Langmuir model was demonstrated to be the best fit for the experimental data when compared to other isotherm models, with a coefficient of determination, or R2, of 0.9713 and a maximum monolayer capacity of 151.2 mg/g and 181.6 mg/g for physical and chemical activated mixed seaweed biomass. There was a significant relationship between the R2 values of chemically modified and physically modified biomass. The findings demonstrate that pseudo-second-order kinetics more accurately represent the adsorption process than pseudo-first-order and Elovich models. Thermodynamic experiments validated the endothermic, spontaneous and favourable characteristics of the removal process. According to the results of the current study, PMSB and CMSB may be used as effective adsorbents to remove Cd (II) from aqueous solutions.

Role of nanomaterials in deactivating multiple drug resistance efflux pumps - A review.

The changes in lifestyle and living conditions have affected not only humans but also microorganisms. As man invents new drugs and therapies, pathogens alter themselves to survive and thrive. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) is the talk of the town for decades now. Many generations of medications have been termed useless as MDR rises among the infectious population. The surge in nanotechnology has brought a new hope in reducing this aspect of resistance in pathogens. It has been observed in several laboratory-based studies that the use of nanoparticles had a synergistic effect on the antibiotic being administered to the pathogen; several resistant strains scummed to the stress created by the nanoparticles and became susceptible to the drug. The major cause of resistance to date is the efflux system, which makes the latest generation of antibiotics ineffective without reaching the target site. If species-specific nanomaterials are used to control the activity of efflux pumps, it could revolutionize the field of medicine and make the previous generation resistant medications active once again. Therefore, the current study was devised to assess and review nanoparticles' role on efflux systems and discuss how specialized particles can be designed towards an infectious host's particular drug ejection systems.

Nanoemulsion as an Effective Inhibitor of Biofilm-forming Bacterial Associated Drug Resistance: An Insight into COVID Based Nosocomial Infections.

Antibiotic overuse has resulted in the microevolution of drug-tolerant bacteria. Understandably it has become one of the most significant obstacles of the current century for scientists and researchers to overcome. Bacteria have a tendency to form biofilm as a survival mechanism. Biofilm producing microorganism become far more resistant to antimicrobial agents and their tolerance to drugs also increases. Prevention of biofilm development and curbing the virulency factors of these multi drug resistant or tolerant bacterial pathogens is a newly recognised tactic for overcoming the challenges associated with such bacterial infections and has become a niche to be addressed. In order to inhibit virulence and biofilm from planktonic bacteria such as, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and others, stable nanoemulsions (NEs) of essential oils (EOs) and their bioactive compounds prove to be an interesting solution. These NEs demonstrated significantly greater anti-biofilm and anti-virulence activity than commercial antibiotics. The EO reduces disease-causing gene expression, which is required for pathogenicity, biofilm formation and attachment to the surfaces. Essential NE and NE-loaded hydrogel surface coatings demonstrates superior antibiofilm activity which can be employed in healthcare-related equipments like glass, plastic, and metal chairs, hospital beds, ventilators, catheters, and tools used in intensive care units. Thus, anti-virulence and anti-biofilm forming strategies based on NEs-loaded hydrogel may be used as coatings to combat biofilm-mediated infection on solid surfaces.

Tea polyphenol-T. arjuna bark as sperm antioxidant extender in infertile smokers.

BACKGROUND: Antioxidants protect spermatozoa against lipid peroxidation during freezing. OBJECTIVE: The study is designed to elucidate the suitable extender to preserve infertile semen of smokers against ROS damage using natural Tea polyphenol (T. arjuna bark extract). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two infertile subjects with smoking habit and 28 fertile subjects without smoking habit were considered for the study. Four semen extenders including our naturally derived antioxidant component were prepared and used to preserve semen sample from the study subjects for a period of one month. Standard semen parameters, biochemical and sperm DNA damage marker with inhibition were measured before and after cryopreservation. RESULTS: The motility and morphology of sperm cells were maintained better in E4 extender, and DNA damage is reduced. CONCLUSION: Extender recipe with natural antioxidants (E3 and E4) was found to be apt for infertile semen preservation.

Optimization of Human Semen Extender Components for Cryopreservation Using Statistical Tools.

　　BACKGROUND: Human sperm cell preservation is an important part of assisted reproductive technology (ART). OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to find the essential and significant components in semen preservation extender required to prolong the shelf life of human spermatozoa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: By using the statistical tool 'Plackett-Burman design' the significant components present in E4 extender (formulated in our previous study) was determined by reducing the unacceptable large number of trial experiments from the full factorial method. RESULTS: It was found that vitamin E, taurine and vitamin C were highly significant in maintaining the stability of sperm cells; and egg yolk, vitamin C and glucose were highly significant in sustaining the motility of the sperm cells. R2 values for the models were 0.9950 and 0.9960 respectively. In the optimized E4 extender 75 % and 81 % of the total motility was retained by the sperm cells from infertile and fertile samples respectively after cryopreservation. Also an increase in zeta potential was observed indicating a reduction in stability in both fertile and infertile sample (4 % and 18 % respectively) after cryopreservation in E4 medium, which was much less when compared with the sample preserved only with glycerol as cryoprotectant (11 % and 69 % for infertile and fertile samples respectively). CONCLUSION: The major components present in E4 semen extender was successfully optimized for further use.

Evolving trends in cryopreservation and parameters influencing semen extender preparation - a prospective review.

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation is a technique by which, semen can be preserved to subzero temperature, usually at -196° C. The freezing of semen desires vitrification mediators that diminish wreck to the cells (spermatozoan) during the freeze and thaw process. Using cryopreservation, the quality of the semen has been increased in the latest years, by which the achievement rate for the insemination techniques has increased in an agreed way. The area need to be focused is to enhance the quality of the semen extender preparation before cryopreservation. Many researchers are working in the area of cryopreservation of human semen with different semen extenders. Several parameters influence the properties of semen extender essential for better post thaw results. This review is mainly focused on a range of parameters which influence the best semen extender for cryopreservation that includes glycerol and its importance, buffer and novel usage of antimicrobial peptides as antimicrobial agents.

EFFECTS OF VARIOUS SEMEN EXTENDERS ON SEMEN PARAMETERS FOR THE PURPOSE OF HUMAN MALE FERTILITY PRESERVATION.

BACKGROUND: Cryopreservation enables semen to be preserved at subzero temperatures, usually at -196 degrees C. There is a need in preparing good extender for the semen to be cryopreserved until use, especially in the field of assisted reproduction. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the apt extender for preserving both infertile and fertile samples for a minimum period and to check the post thaw results for various extenders used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 103 samples were collected for this research, and after semen analysis the semen samples were categorized into oligospermia (n = 20), oligoasthenospermia (n = 22), asthenospermia (n = 24), normospermia (n = 28), and control (n = 9). RESULTS: The extender supplemented with various antioxidants yields better results when compared to all the other extenders in case of fertile and infertile samples. CONCLUSION: Supplementing semen extender with antioxidants and various ingredients is the concern in designing an apt semen extender recipe. This research prescribes antioxidant extender (E4) to preserve the infertile and fertile semen samples for the purpose of research and also for doing assisted reproduction.

EFFECT OF SEMEN EXTENDER ON PROTEIN CONCENTRATION IN EACH FRACTION OF CRYOPRESERVED HUMAN SEMEN.

BACKGROUND: Semen extender is liquid diluents which are added to semen to preserve its fertilizing ability. The addition of extender to semen protects the sperm against possible damage by toxic seminal plasma, as well as providing nutrients. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The hypotheses of the study are to evaluate, if there is any significant change in the protein concentration in each fractions of human semen before and after freezing with prepared semen extender. Then we are going to correlate the semen parameters with thee fresh semen total protein concentration. RESULTS: After preserving with the extender, all the semen samples show statistically significant (p < 0.001) in case of protein concentration. CONCLUSION: There is a significant different (p < 0.001) in protein concentration in various fractions before and after freezing. Also the prepared semen extender can be used in Assisted Reproductive centres (ART).

A systematic review on enhancement strategies in biochar-based remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are pervasive ecological pollutants produced essentially during the inadequate burning of organic materials. PAHs are a group of different organic compounds that are made out of various aromatic rings. PAHs pose a serious risk to humans and aquatic ecosystems because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. In this way, there is a critical prerequisite to utilizing successful remediation strategies and methods to limit the dangerous effect of these pollutants on the ecosystem. Biochar has believed of intriguing properties such as simple manufacturing operations and more affordable and more productive materials. Biochar is a sustainable carbonaceous material that has an enormous surface area with bountiful functional groups and pore structure, which has huge potential for the remediation of toxic pollutants. This review emphasizes the occurrence, development, and fate of toxic PAHs in the environment. In the present review, the properties and role of biochar in the removal of PAHs were illustrated, and the influencing factors and an efficient key mechanism of biochar for the remediation of PAHs were discussed in detail. Various surface modification methods can be utilized to improve the biochar properties with the magnetization process; the advancements of modified biochar are pointed out in this review. Finally, the constraints and prospects for the large-scale application of biochar in the remediation of toxic pollutants are highlighted.

Fungal bioremediation approaches for the removal of toxic pollutants: Mechanistic understanding for biorefinery applications.

Pollution is a global menace that poses harmful effects on all the living ecosystems and to the Earth. As years pass by, the available and the looming rate of pollutants increases at a faster rate. Although many treatments and processing strategies are waged for treating such pollutants, the by-products and the wastes or drain off generated by these treatments further engages in the emission of hazardous waste. Innovative and long-lasting solutions are required to address the urgent global issue of hazardous pollutant remediation from contaminated environments. Myco-remediation is a top-down green and eco-friendly tool for pollution management. It is a cost-effective and safer practice of converting pernicious substances into non-toxic forms by the use of fungi. But these pollutants can be transformed into useable products along with multiple benefits for the environment such as sequestration of carbon emissions and also to generate high valuable bioactive materials that fits as a sustainable economic model. The current study has examined the possible applications of fungi in biorefineries and their critical role in the transformation and detoxification of pollutants. The paper offers important insights into using fungal bioremediation for both economically and environmentally sound solutions in the domain of biorefinery applications by combining recent research findings.

Current advancements in nanotechnology for stem cells.

Stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising approach for regenerative medicine, offering potential treatments for a wide range of diseases and injuries. Although stem cell therapy has great promise, several obstacles have prevented its broad clinical adoption. The effectiveness of therapy has been inhibited by problems such as ineffective stem cell differentiation, low post-transplantation survival rates, and restricted control over stem cell behaviour. Furthermore, the implementation of stem cell therapies is further complicated by the possibility of immunological rejection and cancer. Innovative strategies that provide precise control over stem cell characteristics and maximize their therapeutic potential are desperately needed to overcome these obstacles. Recent studies have shown that the effectiveness of stem cell treatments can be greatly increased by nanoscale advances. By establishing an ideal microenvironment and precisely offering growth factors, nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and quantum dots have been demonstrated to improve stem cell differentiation and proliferation. This article provides an overview of the recent trends and applications of nanoscale innovations in the context of stem cell therapy. The recent development of precision medicine has been facilitated by the incorporation of nanotechnology into stem cell therapy. The ability to manipulate stem cells at the nanoscale offers unprecedented control over their behavior and function, opening up exciting possibilities for personalized and highly effective therapeutic interventions. This review paper highlights the recent trends and applications of nanotechnology in advancing stem cell therapy, showcasing its potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine.

Prediction of Zn concentration in human seminal plasma of Normospermia samples by Artificial Neural Networks (ANN).

PURPOSE: There has been an increasing interest in the evaluation of metal ion concentration, present in different body fluids. It is known that metal ions, especially zinc play vital role in the fertility of human semen. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of the study is to evaluate the Zn concentration in Normospermia samples by Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and to predict the same by artificial neural network (ANN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Normospermia semen samples were collected from the patients who came to attend semen analysis at Bangalore assisted conception centre, Bangalore, India. Semen analysis was done according to World Health Organization (WHO) guidance. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to estimate the total Zn in these samples, while the Back propagation neural network algorithm (BPNN) was used to predict the Zn levels in these samples. RESULTS: Zinc concentration obtained by AAS and BPNN indicated that there was a good correlation between the estimated and predicted values and was also found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The BPNN algorithm developed in this study could be used for the prediction of Zn concentration in human Normospermia samples. FUTURE PERSPECTIVE: The algorithm could be further developed to predict the concentration of all the trace elements present in human seminal plasma of different infertile categories.

Advanced technologies for the determination of quantitative structure-activity relationships and degradation efficiency of micropollutants and their removal in water - A review.

The growing concentrations of micropollutants in aquatic ecosystems are a global water quality issue. Understanding micropollutants varied chemical composition and potency is essential to solving this complex issue. Micropollutants management requires identifying contaminants to reduce, optimal reduction targets, and the best wastewater recycling locations. Management requires appropriate technological measures. Pharmaceuticals, antibiotics, hormones, and other micropollutants can enter the aquatic environment from point and diffuse sources, with wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) distributing them in urban areas. Micropollutants like pharmaceuticals and hormones may not be removed by conventional WWTPs. Micropollutants affect the EU, especially in densely populated areas where surface water is consumed. This review examines several technological options that can be integrated into existing treatment methods to address this issue. In this work, oxidation, activated carbon, and their combinations as potential solutions, considering their efficacy and cost were evaluated. This study illuminates micropollutants origin and physico-chemical properties, which affect distribution, persistence, and environmental impacts. Understanding these factors helps us develop targeted micropollutant mitigation strategies to protect water quality. This review can inform policy and decision-making to reduce micropollutant impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health.

Strategies for successful designing of immunocontraceptive vaccines and recent updates in vaccine development against sexually transmitted infections - A review.

Background: The world population is continuously growing. It has been estimated that half of the world's population is from the Asian continent, mainly from China and India. Overpopulation may lead to many societal problems as well as to changes in the habitat. Birth control measures are thus needed to control this growth. However, for the last 50-60 years, there have not been any improvements in the field of contraception. Nevertheless, the immunocontraceptive vaccine is an emerging field, and it might be the only replacement for the existing mode of contraception for the next millennium. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are frequent, and their transmission rate increases yearly. As antibiotics are the prevailing treatment for this kind of infections, resistance in humans has increased; therefore, having effective antibiotic treatments for STIs is now a concern. Vaccines against STIs are now needed. It is thought that the improvements in the fields of proteomics, immunomics, metabolomics, and other omics will help in the successful development of vaccines. Objective: To collect and review the literature about recent advancements in immunocontraception and vaccines against sexually transmitted diseases/infections. Methods: Reliable scientific databases, such as PubMed Central, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Goggle Scholar, were consulted. Publications bearing important information on targeted antigens/immunogens for contraceptive vaccine design and advancements in vaccine development for STIs were gathered and tabulated, and details were analyzed as per the theme of each study. Results: Important antigens that have a specific role in fertility have been studied extensively for their contraceptive nature. Additionally, the advancements in the screening for the best antigens, according to their antigenic nature and how they elicit immune responses for an extended period were also studied. Herd immunity for STIs and advancements in the development of vaccines for syphilis, gonorrhea, and herpes simplex virus were also studied and tabulated in this review. An extensive knowledge on STIs vaccines was gained. Conclusion: This extensive review is aimed to provide insights for active researchers in vaccinology, immunology, and reproductive biology. Advancements in the development of vaccines for different STIs can be gathered as a wholesome report.

Characterization of human prostasomes protein Clusterin (macromolecule) - a novel biomarker for male infertility diagnosis and prognosis.

Prostasomes, a secretory particle from prostate gland in human seminal fluid plays a role in enhancing the fertility and its absence or less presence will lead to male infertility. Very few fertility associated proteins were detected in prostasomes. In order to isolate the prostasomes from ejaculated semen, the characterization was done using biochemical, molecular and in silico methods. The objective of current work on prostasomes is to identify a novel protein biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of male infertility. Semen samples were collected, primary semen analysis was done and prostasomes were isolated from ejaculated semen of fertile and infertile categories. Biochemical parameters like protein content, total antioxidant capacity, cholesterol content were evaluated in prostasomes. The critical expressed protein was identified by using SDS page and MALDI TOF techniques. Isolated particle from the semen samples was confirmed as prostasomes from SEM analysis and particle size analyzer. In MALDI results, the maximum hit was obtained against Clusterin that been reported to be involved in capacitation and motility of sperm. Structural modeling and molecular dynamics were carried out on Clusterin and elucidate the structural insights in the dynamic system. Overall, our study reported the novel biomarker Clusterin in prostasomes for diagnosis and prognosis of male infertility.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Efficiency of various biofilm carriers and microbial interactions with substrate in moving bed-biofilm reactor for environmental wastewater treatment.

In a moving bed-biofilm reactor (MBBR), the fluidization efficiency, immobilization of microbial cells, and treatment efficiency are directly influenced by the shape and pores of biofilm carriers. Moreover, the efficacy of bioremediation mainly depends on their interaction interface with microbes and substrate. This review aims to comprehend the role of different carrier properties such as material shapes, pores, and surface area on bioremediation productivity. A porous biofilm carrier with surface ridges containing spherical pores sizes > 1 mm can be ideal for maximum efficacy. It provides diverse environments for cell cultures, develops uneven biofilms, and retains various cell sizes and biomass. Moreover, the thickness of biofilm and controlled scaling shows a significant impact on MBBR performance. Therefore, the effect of these parameters in MBBR is discussed detailed in this review, through which existing literature and technical strategies that focus on the surface area as the primary factor can be critically assessed.

Enhanced biogas production from food waste and activated sludge using advanced techniques - A review.

Biogas generation using food waste anaerobic co-digestion with activated sludge provides a cleaner addressable system, an excellent solution to global challenges, the increasing energy demands, fuel charges, pollution and wastewater treatment. Regardless of the anaerobic digestate end product values, the technology lacks efficiency and process instability due to substrate irregularities. Process parameters and substrate composition, play a vital role in the efficiency and outcome of the system. Intrinsic biochar properties such as pore size, specific surface properties and cation exchange capacity make it an ideal additive that enriches microbial functions and enhances anaerobic digestion. The pretreatment and co-digestion of food waste and activated sludge are found to be significant for efficient biogas generation. The advantages, drawbacks, limitations, and technical improvements are covered extensively in the present review besides the recent advancement in the anaerobic digestion system.

Investigating the Role of Image Fusion in Brain Tumor Classification Models Based on Machine Learning Algorithm for Personalized Medicine.

Image fusion can be performed on images either in spatial domain or frequency domain methods. Frequency domain methods will be most preferred because these methods can improve the quality of edges in an image. In image fusion, the resultant fused images will be more informative than individual input images, thus more suitable for classification problems. Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms play a significant role in improving patient's treatment in the health care industry and thus improving personalized medicine. This research work analyses the role of image fusion in an improved brain tumour classification model, and this novel fusion-based cancer classification model can be used for personalized medicine more effectively. Image fusion can improve the quality of resultant images and thus improve the result of classifiers. Instead of using individual input images, the high-quality fused images will provide better classification results. Initially, the contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization technique preprocess input images such as MRI and SPECT images. Benign and malignant class brain tumor images are applied with discrete cosine transform-based fusion method to obtain fused images. AI algorithms such as support vector machine classifier, KNN classifier, and decision tree classifiers are tested with features obtained from fused images and compared with the result obtained from individual input images. Performances of classifiers are measured using the parameters accuracy, precision, recall, specificity, and F1 score. SVM classifier provided the maximum accuracy of 96.8%, precision of 95%, recall of 94%, specificity of 93%, F1 score of 91%, and performed better than KNN and decision tree classifiers when extracted features from fused images are used. The proposed method results are compared with existing methods and provide satisfactory results.

Nanotechnology-assisted production of value-added biopotent energy-yielding products from lignocellulosic biomass refinery - A review.

The need to develop sustainable alternatives for pretreatment and hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is a massive concern in the industrial sector today. Breaking down of LCB yields sugars and fuel in the bulk scale. If explored under nanotechnology, LCB can be refined to yield high-performance fuel sources. The toxicity and cost of conventional methods can be reduced by applying nanoparticles (NPs) in refining LCB. Immobilization of enzymes onto NPs or used in conjugation with nanomaterials would instill specific and eco-friendly options for hydrolyzing LCB. Nanomaterials increase the proficiency, reusability, and stability of enzymes. Notably, magnetic NPs have bagged their place in the downstream processing of LCB effluents due to their efficient separation and cost-effectiveness. The current review highlights the role of nanotechnology and its particles in refining LCB into various commercial precursors and value-added products. The relationship between nanotechnology and LCB refinery is portrayed effectively in the present study.