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1.
Am J Primatol ; 79(9)2017 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28671715

RESUMO

African large mammals are under extreme pressure from unsustainable hunting and habitat loss. Certain traits make large mammals particularly vulnerable. These include late age at first reproduction, long inter-birth intervals, and low population density. Great apes are a prime example of such vulnerability, exhibiting all of these traits. Here we assess the rate of population change for the western chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes verus, over a 24-year period. As a proxy for change in abundance, we used transect nest count data from 20 different sites archived in the IUCN SSC A.P.E.S. database, representing 25,000 of the estimated remaining 35,000 western chimpanzees. For each of the 20 sites, datasets for 2 different years were available. We estimated site-specific and global population change using Generalized Linear Models. At 12 of these sites, we detected a significant negative trend. The estimated change in the subspecies abundance, as approximated by nest encounter rate, yielded a 6% annual decline and a total decline of 80.2% over the study period from 1990 to 2014. This also resulted in a reduced geographic range of 20% (657,600 vs. 524,100 km2 ). Poverty, civil conflict, disease pandemics, agriculture, extractive industries, infrastructure development, and lack of law enforcement, are some of the many reasons for the magnitude of threat. Our status update triggered the uplisting of the western chimpanzee to "Critically Endangered" on the IUCN Red List. In 2017, IUCN will start updating the 2003 Action Plan for western chimpanzees and will provide a consensus blueprint for what is needed to save this subspecies. We make a plea for greater commitment to conservation in West Africa across sectors. Needed especially is more robust engagement by national governments, integration of conservation priorities into the private sector and development planning across the region and sustained financial support from donors.


Assuntos
Ecossistema , Pan troglodytes , Animais , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Densidade Demográfica
2.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 32(22): e186, 2005 Jan 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15637233

RESUMO

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within a gene region have often been studied to determine their effect on phenotype. Although a single base pair change can produce a phenotypic change, phenotype is often influenced by the presence of multiple polymorphisms and their relative positions within a given region. For example, if multiple changes occur in a promoter region, how they influence gene expression will depend on their cis/trans configuration. As such, it is essential to consider the haplotype, or the alignment of multiple SNP alleles on each chromosome when attempting to associate genomic changes with phenotype. Unfortunately, no method of high-throughput molecular haplotyping of multiple SNPs currently exists. In response to this unmet need, we have developed an inexpensive, reliable bead-based capture-based haplotyping (CBH) assay to determine the phase, or haplotype, of multiple SNP alleles in a high-throughput manner. The CBH assay requires minimal setup and handling, requires no centrifugation steps and can be performed in <1 h. Data collection is performed via flow cytometry and the assay yields plus/minus results allowing for automated calling by a simple computer application. We will present data demonstrating the molecular haplotyping of 11 SNPs within exon 2 of the N-acetyltransferase-2 (NAT2) gene, which expresses an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. This assay has applications in diagnostic testing, promoter analysis, association studies and pharmacogenetic analysis.


Assuntos
Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico/métodos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Arilamina N-Acetiltransferase/genética , Genótipo , Haplótipos , Heterozigoto , Humanos
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