Therapeutic education as a tool to improve patient-reported and clinical outcomes after renal transplantation: results of the EPHEGREN multicenter retrospective cohort study.

Patients are not always aware of the inconveniences associated with renal transplantation, which they compare with a « rebirth ¼, and from which they expect complete recovery. Therapeutic education is proposed to prepare patients for their life after transplantation. This study evaluated the impact of pretransplant therapeutic education on patient-reported outcomes and rejection-free survival over the first year. We collected data from 383 renal transplant patients followed-up in seven centers. Patients who benefited from therapeutic education before transplantation (N = 182) were compared with patients who did not (N = 139) for quality-of-life, adherence and adverse events using the Pearson's chi-square test, one-way ANOVA or t-test. The association between therapeutic education and time to acute rejection was investigated using Cox models. The patients who benefited from therapeutic education reported adverse events less frequently (e.g., tremor: 9% vs. 32.4%, P = 0.01) and better quality-of-life (MCS-QOL: 50.7 ± 8.1 vs. 47.7 ± 9.5, P = 0.02; PCS-QOL: 49.1 ± 7.1 vs. 46.0 ± 9.2, P = 0.013). No difference was found on adherence. Rejection-free survival was slightly better in the therapeutic education group (HR = 0.44, 95% CI = [0.19-1.01]). This multicenter retrospective cohort study suggests that integrating therapeutic education to care pathways entails clinical benefit, in terms of quality-of-life, self-reported adverse events and rejection-free survival. Randomized clinical trials are necessary to confirm this.

An initial report from the French SOT COVID Registry suggests high mortality due to COVID-19 in recipients of kidney transplants.

Notwithstanding the ongoing coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, information on its clinical presentation and prognosis in recipients of a kidney transplant remain scanty. The aim of this registry-based observational study was to explore characteristics and clinical outcomes of recipients of kidney transplants included in the French nationwide Registry of Solid Organ Transplant Recipients with Covid-19. Covid-19 was diagnosed in symptomatic patients who had a positive PCR assay for SARS-CoV-2 or having typical lung lesions on imaging. Clinical and laboratory characteristics, management of immunosuppression, treatment for Covid-19, and clinical outcomes (hospitalization, admission to intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, or death) were recorded. Risk factors for severe disease or death were determined. Of the 279 patients, 243 were admitted to hospital and 36 were managed at home. The median age of hospitalized patients was 61.6 years; most had comorbidities (hypertension, 90.1%; overweight, 63.8%; diabetes, 41.3%; cardiovascular disease, 36.2%). Fever, cough, dyspnea, and diarrhea were the most common symptoms on admission. Laboratory findings revealed mild inflammation frequently accompanied by lymphopenia. Immunosuppressive drugs were generally withdrawn (calcineurin inhibitors: 28.7%; antimetabolites: 70.8%). Treatment was mainly based on hydroxychloroquine (24.7%), antiviral drugs (7.8%), and tocilizumab (5.3%). Severe Covid-19 occurred in 106 patients (46%). Forty-three hospitalized patients died (30-day mortality 22.8%). Multivariable analysis identified overweight, fever, and dyspnea as independent risk factors for severe disease, whereas age over 60 years, cardiovascular disease, and dyspnea were independently associated with mortality. Thus, Covid-19 in recipients of kidney transplants portends a high mortality rate. Proper management of immunosuppression and tailored treatment of this population remain challenging.

The FcγRIIIA-158 VV genotype increased the risk of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in T-cell-depleted kidney transplant recipients - a retrospective study.

Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a severe complication in organ transplant recipients. The use of T lymphocyte-depleting antibodies (TLDAb), especially rabbit TLDAb, contributes to PTLD, and the V158F polymorphism of Fc gamma receptor IIIA (FcγRIIIA) also named CD16A could affect the concentration-effect relationship of TLDAb. We therefore investigated the association of this polymorphism with PTLD in kidney transplant recipients. We characterized the V158F polymorphism in two case-control cohorts (discovery, n = 196; validation, n = 222). Then, we evaluated the binding of rabbit IgG to human FcγRIIIA-158V and FcγRIIIA-158F. The V158F polymorphism was not linked to PTLD in the overall cohorts, but risk of PTLD was increased in VV homozygous recipients receiving TLDAb compared with F carriers in both cohorts, especially in recipients receiving TLDAb without muromonab (discovery: HR = 2.22 [1.03-4.76], P = 0.043, validation: HR = 1.75 [1.01-3.13], P = 0.049). In vitro, we found that the binding of rabbit IgG to human NK-cell FcγRIIIA was increased when cells expressed the 158-V versus the 158-F allotype. While the 158-V allotype of human FcγRIIIA binds rabbit immunoglobulin-G with higher affinity, the risk of PTLD was increased in homozygous VV kidney transplant recipients receiving polyclonal TLDAb.

An extension of the RITUX-ERAH study, multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing rituximab to placebo in acute antibody-mediated rejection after renal transplantation.

The treatment of active antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) is still a matter of debate, the place of rituximab remaining controversial. The French multicenter double-blind RITUX-ERAH study included 38 patients with ABMR in the first year of renal transplantation. All patients received plasma exchanges, intravenous immunoglobulins, and corticosteroids and were randomly assigned rituximab or placebo infusion at day 5. Additional rituximab infusions were allowed. In the intention-to-treat analysis, 12-month graft survival and renal function were not different between the rituximab and placebo groups. Long-term data are needed to conclude. Evaluation of the 7-year outcomes of the RITUX-ERAH study patients according to the rituximab or placebo treatment received. Eleven patients received placebo and 27 at least one infusion of rituximab. Seven years after ABMR, death-censored kidney allograft survival and renal function were not different between the groups. The evolution of anti-HLA sensitization was similar. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of infectious or neoplastic complications, but to be noted, seven cancers developed in six patients treated with rituximab (mean period of 44 months post-ABMR). In this cohort, there was no benefit 7 years after ABMR of rituximab in addition to plasma exchanges, intravenous immunoglobulins, and steroids.

Early Acute Microvascular Kidney Transplant Rejection in the Absence of Anti-HLA Antibodies Is Associated with Preformed IgG Antibodies against Diverse Glomerular Endothelial Cell Antigens.

BACKGROUND: Although anti-HLA antibodies (Abs) cause most antibody-mediated rejections of renal allografts, non-anti-HLA Abs have also been postulated to contribute. A better understanding of such Abs in rejection is needed. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide study to identify kidney transplant recipients without anti-HLA donor-specific Abs who experienced acute graft dysfunction within 3 months after transplantation and showed evidence of microvascular injury, called acute microvascular rejection (AMVR). We developed a crossmatch assay to assess serum reactivity to human microvascular endothelial cells, and used a combination of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches to identify non-HLA Abs. RESULTS: We identified a highly selected cohort of 38 patients with early acute AMVR. Biopsy specimens revealed intense microvascular inflammation and the presence of vasculitis (in 60.5%), interstitial hemorrhages (31.6%), or thrombotic microangiopathy (15.8%). Serum samples collected at the time of transplant showed that previously proposed anti-endothelial cell Abs-angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), endothelin-1 type A and natural polyreactive Abs-did not increase significantly among patients with AMVR compared with a control group of stable kidney transplant recipients. However, 26% of the tested AMVR samples were positive for AT1R Abs when a threshold of 10 IU/ml was used. The crossmatch assay identified a common IgG response that was specifically directed against constitutively expressed antigens of microvascular glomerular cells in patients with AMVR. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses identified new targets of non-HLA Abs, with little redundancy among individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that preformed IgG Abs targeting non-HLA antigens expressed on glomerular endothelial cells are associated with early AMVR, and that in vitro cell-based assays are needed to improve risk assessments before transplant.

Use of Highly Individualized Complement Blockade Has Revolutionized Clinical Outcomes after Kidney Transplantation and Renal Epidemiology of Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is associated with high recurrence rates after kidney transplant, with devastating outcomes. In late 2011, experts in France recommended the use of highly individualized complement blockade-based prophylaxis with eculizumab to prevent post-transplant atypical HUS recurrence throughout the country. METHODS: To evaluate this strategy's effect on kidney transplant prognosis, we conducted a retrospective multicenter study from a large French nationwide registry, enrolling all adult patients with atypical HUS who had undergone complement analysis and a kidney transplant since January 1, 2007. To assess how atypical HUS epidemiology in France in the eculizumab era evolved, we undertook a population-based cohort study that included all adult patients with atypical HUS (n=397) between 2007 and 2016. RESULTS: The first study included 126 kidney transplants performed in 116 patients, 58.7% and 34.1% of which were considered to be at a high and moderate risk of atypical HUS recurrence, respectively. Eculizumab prophylaxis was used in 52 kidney transplants, including 39 at high risk of recurrence. Atypical HUS recurred after 43 (34.1%) of the transplants; in four cases, patients had received eculizumab prophylaxis and in 39 cases they did not. Use of prophylactic eculizumab was independently associated with a significantly reduced risk of recurrence and with significantly longer graft survival. In the second, population-based cohort study, the proportion of transplant recipients among patients with ESKD and atypical HUS sharply increased between 2012 and 2016, from 46.2% to 72.3%, and showed a close correlation with increasing eculizumab use among the transplant recipients. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this observational study are consistent with benefit from eculizumab prophylaxis based on pretransplant risk stratification and support the need for a rigorous randomized trial.

Levels of Indoxyl Sulfate in Kidney Transplant Patients, and the Relationship With Hard Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Indoxyl sulfate (IS) is a protein-bound uremic toxin that is known to be associated with the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and death in both predialysis and dialysis patients. Data on levels of protein-bound uremic toxins in kidney transplant patients are scarce. The study's objective was to evaluate the levels of IS in kidney transplant patients and the relationship with hard outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 311 kidney transplant patients, IS levels were measured immediately before transplantation (T0), and 1 month (M1) and 12 months (M12) afterwards. Over a mean±standard deviation follow-up period of 113±29 months, a total of 55 deaths, 70 CV events and 71 graft losses were recorded. We observed a rapid significant decrease (below or near the normal value) in IS levels after kidney transplantation. Total and free IS levels at M12 were significantly higher in non-transplant patients than in transplant patients (P=0.003 and <0.0001 respectively), despite having similar estimated glomerular filtration rates. Lastly, IS levels were not associated with overall mortality, CV events or graft loss at T0, M1 or M12. CONCLUSIONS: IS levels were significantly lower in kidney transplant receipts than in non-recipients suggesting that kidney transplantation protects against an increase in IS levels. IS levels were not associated with hard outcomes in kidney transplant patients. (Circ J 2016; 80: 722-730).

The association between killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) and KIR ligand genotypes and the likelihood of BK virus replication after kidney transplantation.

BK virus is a common opportunistic post-transplantation viral infection. Although some risk factors have been studied in this context, the contribution of NK cells has not been assessed in detail. In a group of kidney transplant recipients, we studied the association between (i) the likelihood of BK virus replication during the two-year period after kidney transplantation and (ii) the genotypes of the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) repertoire and their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands. Other clinical factors (such as defective organ recovery and immunosuppressive treatment) were also assessed. BK virus replication was observed in 43 of the 103 recipients (41%). Patients with BK virus replication in the plasma were more likely to display defective organ recovery in the first seven days post-transplantation. BK virus replication was not associated with Missing KIR ligands. However, BK virus replication was more frequent in patients with responsive NK cells (i.e. when a ligand for activating KIRs was not homozygous in the recipient and present in the donor). Our results suggest that defective organ recovery and the recipient's activating KIR repertoire may be related (depending on HLA ligands present in the couple recipient / donor) to the reactivation of BK virus replication after kidney transplantation.

Access to preemptive registration on the waiting list for renal transplantation: a hierarchical modeling approach.

Preemptive kidney transplantation is associated with both longer patient and graft survival. This study was carried out to estimate the association between the renal units and preemptive registration on the waiting list for first deceased donor renal transplantation in a French network of care. From 2008 to 2012, 1529 adult patients followed in 48 units of the French North-West network and registered on the waiting list for a first deceased donor renal allograft were included. We used a mixed logistic regression with renal units as random-effects term for statistical analysis. Of the 1529 patients included, 407 were placed on the waiting list preemptively. There was a significant variability across renal units (variance 0.452). In multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with preemptive registration were cardiovascular disease (odds ratio (OR) 0.57, [95% CI: 0.42-0.79]), social deprivation (OR 0.73, [95% CI 0.57-0.94]), and renal units' characteristics (ownership of the facility: academic hospital, reference-community hospital, OR 0.44, [95% CI 0.24-0.80]-private hospital, OR 0.35, [95% CI 0.18-0.69] and transplant center; P < 0.10]. Variability between renal units was reduced after taking into account their characteristics but was not influenced by patient characteristics. Preemptive registration is associated with renal units, transplant centers, and social deprivation and can be partly explained by disparities in practices.

Better Rejection-Free Survival at Three Years in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Model-Informed Precision Dosing of Mycophenolate Mofetil.

The clinical impact of individual dose adjustment of mycophenolate mofetil is still debated, due to conflicting results from randomized clinical trials. This retrospective study aimed to compare 3-year rejection-free survival and adverse effects between adult kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with or without mycophenolate mofetil model-informed precision dosing (MIPD). MIPD is defined here as mycophenolic acid area under the curve (AUC0-12h ) estimation using a limited sampling strategy, pharmacokinetic models and Bayesian estimators; dose recommendation to reach AUC0-12h = 45 mg.h/L; using a widely used online expert system. The study, nested in two multicenter prospective cohort studies, focused on patients who received a mycophenolate drug and were followed up for 1-3 years. Mycophenolate mofetil MIPD was prescribed as per local practice, on a regular basis, when deemed necessary, or not at all. The MIPD group included 341 KTRs and the control group 392. At 3 years, rejection-free survival was respectively 91.2% and 80.6% (P < 0.001) and the cumulative incidence of rejection 5.08% vs. 12.7% per patient × year (hazard ratio = 0.49 (0.34, 0.71), P < 0.001), corresponding to a 2.5-fold reduction. Significant association with rejection-free survival was confirmed in patients at low or high risk of rejection (P = 0.017 and 0.013) and in patients on tacrolimus, but not on cyclosporine (P < 0.001 and 0.205). The mycophenolate mofetil MIPD group had significantly more adverse effects, but most occurred before the first AUC0-12h , suggesting some may be the reason why MIPD was ordered.

Characteristics of T- and NK-cell Lymphomas After Renal Transplantation: A French National Multicentric Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) encompass a spectrum of heterogeneous entities. Because the vast majority of cases PTLD arise from B cells, available data on PTLD of T or NK phenotype (T/NK-cell PTLD) are scarce, which limits the quality of the management of these patients. METHODS: All adult cases of PTLD diagnosed in France were prospectively recorded in the national registry between 1998 and 2007. Crosschecking the registry data with 2 other independent national databases identified 58 cases of T/NK-cell PTLD. This cohort was then compared with (i) the 395 cases of B-cell PTLD from the registry, and of (ii) a cohort of 148 T/NK-cell lymphomas diagnosed in nontransplanted patients. RESULTS: T/NK-cell PTLD occurred significantly later after transplantation and had a worse overall survival than B-cell PTLD. Two subtypes of T/NK-cell PTLD were distinguished: (i) cutaneous (28%) and (ii) systemic (72%), the latter being associated with a worse prognosis. Compared with T/NK-cell lymphomas of nontransplanted patients, overall survival of systemic T/NK-cell PTLD was worse (hazard ratio: 2.64 [1.76-3.94]; P < 0.00001). CONCLUSIONS: This difference, which persisted after adjustment on tumoral mass, histological subtype, and extension of the disease at diagnosis could be explained by the fact that transplanted patients were less intensively treated and responded less to chemotherapy.

A 50% reduction in cyclosporine exposure in stable renal transplant recipients: renal function benefits.

BACKGROUND: Although cyclosporine maintenance therapy reduces the risk of acute rejection and increases short-term graft survival in renal transplant recipients, its associated nephrotoxicity increases the risk of chronic graft dysfunction. The dose that allows an optimal risk-to-benefit ratio has not been established. METHODS: This multicentre study enrolled stable renal allograft recipients receiving cyclosporine and mycophenolate mofetil without corticosteroids in their second year post-transplant. Patients were randomized to a cyclosporine dose targeted to a standard area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)(0-12 h) (usual exposure, n = 104) or 50% of the study standard AUC(0-12 h) (low exposure, n = 108) using a three-point pharmacokinetic sampling. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with treatment failure at 24 months (graft loss/acute rejection/nephrotoxicity/>15% serum creatinine level increase). RESULTS: Treatment failure was reported in 37 out of 101 (37%) patients in the usual-exposure and 19 out of 106 (18%) patients in the low-exposure groups (P = 0.003). Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased from baseline to 2 years with usual exposure and increased with low exposure (P < 0.001). Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lower with low exposure (P = 0.03 and P = 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSION: In renal transplant recipients receiving maintenance therapy without corticosteroids, a minimization strategy using three-point pharmacokinetic sampling to reduce and maintain cyclosporine exposure to 50% of the usual levels is safe and reduces the risk of graft dysfunction.

Efficacy and safety of de novo or early everolimus with low cyclosporine in deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients at specified risk of delayed graft function: 12-month results of a randomized, multicenter trial.

Immediate or early use of proliferation signal inhibitor (PSI)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor therapy can avoid high exposure to calcineurin inhibitors but concerns exist relating to the risk of delayed graft function (DGF) and impaired wound healing with the mTOR sirolimus. CALLISTO was a 12-month, prospective, multicenter, open-label study. Deceased-donor kidney transplant patients at protocol-specified risk of DGF were randomized to start everolimus on day 1 (immediate everolimus, IE; n = 65) or week 5 (delayed everolimus, DE; n = 74). Incidence of the primary endpoint (biopsy-proven acute rejection, BPAR; graft loss, death, DGF, wound healing complications related to transplant surgery or loss to follow-up) was 64.6% and 66.2% in the IE and DE groups, respectively, at month 12 (P = 0.860). The overall incidence of BPAR was 20.1%. Median estimated glomerular filtration rate was 48 ml/min/1.73 m(2) and 49 ml/min/1.73 m(2) in the IE and DE groups, respectively, at month 12. DGF and wound healing complications were similar between groups. Adverse events led to study drug discontinuation in 17 IE patients (26.2%) and 28 DE patients (37.8%) (NS). In conclusion, introduction of everolimus immediately or early posttransplant in DGF-risk patients is associated with good efficacy, renal function and safety profile. There seems no benefit in delaying initiation of everolimus.

Adherence profiles in kidney transplant patients: Causes and consequences.

OBJECTIVE: Adherence is a dynamic phenomenon and a critical determinant of transplant patients outcome. The objective of this longitudinal study was to explore adherence in kidney transplant patients followed-up for up to three years after transplantation. METHODS: Adherence was repeatedly estimated using the Morisky-Green-Levine 4-Item Medication Adherence Scale, in two successive cohorts of 345 (EPIGREN) and 367 (EPHEGREN) kidney transplant recipients. Mixed effect modeling with latent processes and latent classes was used to describe adherence time-profiles. RESULTS: Two latent classes were identified. The adherent class represented 85% of the patients. Patients of the poorer-adherence class displayed a lower adherence at one month (p<10-3), which worsened over time. Good adherence was associated with age >50 years, fewer depression episodes (5% vs. 13%, p = 0.001) and a better mental health component of quality of life (MCS-SF36 47 ±â€¯11 vs. 41 ±â€¯13, p = 0.015). Survival without acute rejection episodes was longer in the adherent class (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of poor adherence in renal transplant patients can be detected as early as one month post-transplantation, using appropriate and easy tools adapted to routine monitoring. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: An early focus on vulnerable patients should allow putting into place actions in order to reduce the risk of poor outcome related to poor adherence.

CMV infections after two doses of daclizumab versus thymoglobulin in renal transplant patients receiving mycophenolate mofetil, steroids and delayed cyclosporine A.

BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a major complication after renal transplantation and is involved in graft rejection. The anti-interleukin-2-receptor antibody daclizumab reduces the incidence of acute rejection without increasing the incidence of CMV infection. METHODS: This multicentre, randomized trial compared safety and efficacy, at 1 year, of two doses of daclizumab (54 patients, group D) with thymoglobulin (55 patients, group T) plus delayed cyclosporine (CsA), MMF (mycophenolate mofetil) and steroids in first cadaver kidney transplant patients. Primary criterion was CMV infection/syndrome/disease. D+/R- patients received oral ganciclovir prophylaxis for 90 days. RESULTS: Status for CMV was identical in the both groups. The incidence of CMV infection/syndrome/disease was 39% in group D versus 51% in group T (NS). Time to onset of CMV replication was delayed in group D (P = 0.015) and mean number of pp65-positive cells was lower at 4 and 6 months (P < 0.001). Incidence of symptomatic CMV episodes was not reduced in whole group D (5.6% versus 16.4%, NS), but lower in D+/R+ and D-/R+ patients without chemoprophylaxis, compared to group T (2.8% versus 21.6%, P = 0.028). Patient and graft survivals and incidence of biopsy-proven acute rejection were identical. CONCLUSIONS: Limited dosing regimen of daclizumab with MMF, steroids and delayed CsA introduction was safe and effective. The incidence of CMV infection was not significantly different, but without chemoprophylaxis, clinical manifestations and viral replication were reduced with this regimen.

Prognostic Value of the Persistence of C1q-Binding Anti-HLA Antibodies in Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: The differential pathogenicity of anti-HLA donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) is not fully understood. The presence of complement-binding DSAs helps in better defining the prognosis of acute antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR). The evolution of these antibodies after the treatment of ABMR is unknown. METHODS: We included patients from the French multicenter RITUX ERAH study diagnosed with acute ABMR within the first year of renal transplantation, with circulating anti-HLA DSAs and treated randomly by rituximab or placebo (and intravenous immunoglobulins, plasma exchange). We centrally analyzed serum samples at the time of ABMR, 3 and 6 months after ABMR, with anti-HLA DSAs specificities and C1q-binding capacity assessment. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were included: 68% had C1q-binding DSAs at the time of ABMR. The presence of C1q-binding DSAs was associated with a poorer evolution of chronic glomerulopathy at 6 months (P = 0.036). The persistence of C1q-binding DSAs at 3 and/or 6 months after ABMR was associated with more severe chronic glomerulopathy (P = 0.006), greater C4d score deposition score at 6 months after ABMR (P = 0.008), and graft loss 5 years after ABMR (P = 0.029). C1q-binding capacity was associated with the DSA MFI but 5 C1q-binding DSAs in 4 patients had low MFI values without a prozone effect. CONCLUSION: The presence and persistence of anti-HLA C1q-binding DSAs after ABMR is a detrimental marker, leading to transplant glomerulopathy and graft loss. Assessment of the complement-binding capacities of DSAs could help decide treatment intensification.

[Proportion of surgical workload related to chronic renal failure in an urology and transplantation operating room]. / Importance de l'activité chirurgicale liée à l'insuffisance renale chronique dans un bloc opératoire d'urologie et de transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the proportion of surgical workload, in terms of time and number of procedures, devoted to chronic renal failure surgery in an urology and transplantation operating room. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of the operative activity of the urology and transplantation operating room of Amiens Hospital over a period of one year (2003), by evaluating the number of procedures and the operating room occupation time (time between entry and exit from the operating room) recorded on ecology forms completed for each operation. Procedures performed in this operating room comprise conventional adult urological surgery and chronic renal failure procedures (from creation of venous access sites for haemodialysis to treatment of complications of renal transplantation). RESULTS: Surgical management of chronic renal failure in the operating room represents 22.6% of all procedures and 30.1% of the operating room occupation time. 69% of the renal transplantation operating time and 95% of kidney harvesting operating time are performed on an oncall basis. CONCLUSION: Operative activity related to chronic renal failure represents almost one third of the total surgical workload of a department managing this disease. These data justify the allocation of additional surgical resources adapted to this activity that is growing in parallel to the number of patients with chronic renal failure.

One-year Results of the Effects of Rituximab on Acute Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Renal Transplantation: RITUX ERAH, a Multicenter Double-blind Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of acute antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is based on a combination of plasma exchange (PE), IVIg, corticosteroids (CS), and rituximab, but the place of rituximab is not clearly specified in the absence of randomized trials. METHODS: In this phase III, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned patients with biopsy-proven AMR to receive rituximab (375 mg/m) or placebo at day 5. All patients received PE, IVIg, and CS. The primary endpoint was a composite of graft loss or no improvement in renal function at day 12. RESULTS: Among the 38 patients included, at 1 year, no deaths occurred, but 1 graft loss occurred in each group. The primary endpoint frequency was 52.6% (10/19) and 57.9% (11/19) in the rituximab and placebo groups, respectively (P = 0.744). Renal function improved in both groups, as soon as day 12 with no difference in serum creatinine level and proteinuria at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Supplementary administration of rituximab and total number of IVIg and PE treatments did not differ between the 2 groups. Both groups showed improved histological features of AMR and Banff scores at 1 and 6 months, with no significant difference between groups but with a trend in favor of the rituximab group. Both groups showed decreased mean fluorescence intensity of donor-specific antibodies as soon as day 12, with no significant difference between them but with a trend in favor of the rituximab group at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: After 1 year of follow-up, we observed no additional effect of rituximab in patients receiving PE, IVIg, and CS for AMR. Nevertheless, our study was underpowered and important differences between groups may have been missed. Complementary trials with long-term follow-up are needed.