RESUMO
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Management of disseminated metastatic CRC involves various active drugs, either in combination or as single agents. The choice of therapy is based on consideration of the goals of therapy, the type and timing of prior therapy, the mutational profile of the tumor, and the differing toxicity profiles of the constituent drugs. This manuscript summarizes the data supporting the systemic therapy options recommended for metastatic CRC in the NCCN Guidelines for Colon Cancer.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo , Humanos , Neoplasias do Colo/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Oncologia/normas , Oncologia/métodos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Estados UnidosRESUMO
OPINION STATEMENT: Over the past decades, the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer has evolved dramatically due to improvements in diagnostic imaging, surgical technique, and the addition of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Fractionation of neoadjuvant radiotherapy with or without concurrent chemotherapy remains the subject of discussion and the question multiple recent trials have aimed to answer. In light of recent data and concern for locoregional recurrence, our institution favors long-course chemoradiation in most cases, especially in low-lying primaries, threatened circumferential resection margin, consideration of non-operative management, or if the surgeon has concerns for resectability. Exceptions would include cases of oligometastatic disease planned for metastasectomy in which curative-intent treatment was pursued or if additional factors required a reduction in treatment time.
Assuntos
Segunda Neoplasia Primária , Neoplasias Retais , Humanos , Terapia Neoadjuvante/métodos , Neoplasias Retais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Retais/radioterapia , Neoplasias Retais/cirurgia , Terapia Combinada , Quimiorradioterapia/métodos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
This discussion summarizes the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines for managing squamous cell anal carcinoma, which represents the most common histologic form of the disease. A multidisciplinary approach including physicians from gastroenterology, medical oncology, surgical oncology, radiation oncology, and radiology is necessary. Primary treatment of perianal cancer and anal canal cancer are similar and include chemoradiation in most cases. Follow-up clinical evaluations are recommended for all patients with anal carcinoma because additional curative-intent treatment is possible. Biopsy-proven evidence of locally recurrent or persistent disease after primary treatment may require surgical treatment. Systemic therapy is generally recommended for extrapelvic metastatic disease. Recent updates to the NCCN Guidelines for Anal Carcinoma include staging classification updates based on the 9th edition of the AJCC Staging System and updates to the systemic therapy recommendations based on new data that better define optimal treatment of patients with metastatic anal carcinoma.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Ânus , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Humanos , Biópsia , OncologiaRESUMO
Cancers originating in the esophagus or esophagogastric junction constitute a major global health problem. Esophageal cancers are histologically classified as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or adenocarcinoma, which differ in their etiology, pathology, tumor location, therapeutics, and prognosis. In contrast to esophageal adenocarcinoma, which usually affects the lower esophagus, esophageal SCC is more likely to localize at or higher than the tracheal bifurcation. Systemic therapy can provide palliation, improved survival, and enhanced quality of life in patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. The implementation of biomarker testing, especially analysis of HER2 status, microsatellite instability status, and the expression of programmed death-ligand 1, has had a significant impact on clinical practice and patient care. Targeted therapies including trastuzumab, nivolumab, ipilimumab, and pembrolizumab have produced encouraging results in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Palliative management, which may include systemic therapy, chemoradiation, and/or best supportive care, is recommended for all patients with unresectable or metastatic cancer. Multidisciplinary team management is essential for all patients with locally advanced esophageal or esophagogastric junction cancers. This selection from the NCCN Guidelines for Esophageal and Esophagogastric Junction Cancers focuses on the management of recurrent or metastatic disease.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas , Neoplasias Esofágicas , Segunda Neoplasia Primária , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida , Neoplasias Esofágicas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Esofágicas/genética , Neoplasias Esofágicas/terapia , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/terapia , Junção Esofagogástrica/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/patologiaRESUMO
This selection from the NCCN Guidelines for Rectal Cancer focuses on management of malignant polyps and resectable nonmetastatic rectal cancer because important updates have been made to these guidelines. These recent updates include redrawing the algorithms for stage II and III disease to reflect new data supporting the increasingly prominent role of total neoadjuvant therapy, expanded recommendations for short-course radiation therapy techniques, and new recommendations for a "watch-and-wait" nonoperative management technique for patients with cancer that shows a complete response to neoadjuvant therapy. The complete version of the NCCN Guidelines for Rectal Cancer, available online at NCCN.org, covers additional topics including risk assessment, pathology and staging, management of metastatic disease, posttreatment surveillance, treatment of recurrent disease, and survivorship.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Retais , Humanos , Oncologia , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Neoplasias Retais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Retais/patologia , Neoplasias Retais/terapiaRESUMO
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Over 95% of gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas, which are typically classified based on anatomic location and histologic type. Gastric cancer generally carries a poor prognosis because it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Systemic therapy can provide palliation, improved survival, and enhanced quality of life in patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. The implementation of biomarker testing, especially analysis of HER2 status, microsatellite instability (MSI) status, and the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), has had a significant impact on clinical practice and patient care. Targeted therapies including trastuzumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab have produced encouraging results in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease. Palliative management, which may include systemic therapy, chemoradiation, and/or best supportive care, is recommended for all patients with unresectable or metastatic cancer. Multidisciplinary team management is essential for all patients with localized gastric cancer. This selection from the NCCN Guidelines for Gastric Cancer focuses on the management of unresectable locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic disease.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Gástricas , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Humanos , Oncologia , Instabilidade de Microssatélites , Qualidade de Vida , Neoplasias Gástricas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Gástricas/genética , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/terapiaRESUMO
This selection from the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Colon Cancer focuses on systemic therapy options for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC), because important updates have recently been made to this section. These updates include recommendations for first-line use of checkpoint inhibitors for mCRC, that is deficient mismatch repair/microsatellite instability-high, recommendations related to the use of biosimilars, and expanded recommendations for biomarker testing. The systemic therapy recommendations now include targeted therapy options for patients with mCRC that is HER2-amplified, or BRAF V600E mutation-positive. Treatment and management of nonmetastatic or resectable/ablatable metastatic disease are discussed in the complete version of the NCCN Guidelines for Colon Cancer available at NCCN.org. Additional topics covered in the complete version include risk assessment, staging, pathology, posttreatment surveillance, and survivorship.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo , Medicamentos Biossimilares , Neoplasias do Colo/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Reparo de Erro de Pareamento de DNA , Humanos , Instabilidade de Microssatélites , MutaçãoRESUMO
The NCCN Guidelines for Rectal Cancer provide recommendations for the diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, and follow-up of patients with rectal cancer. These NCCN Guidelines Insights summarize the panel discussion behind recent important updates to the guidelines. These updates include clarifying the definition of rectum and differentiating the rectum from the sigmoid colon; the total neoadjuvant therapy approach for localized rectal cancer; and biomarker-targeted therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer, with a focus on new treatment options for patients with BRAF V600E- or HER2 amplification-positive disease.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo , Neoplasias Retais , Neoplasias do Colo/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Humanos , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Neoplasias Retais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Retais/terapiaRESUMO
Antiangiogenic therapy with antibodies against VEGF (bevacizumab) or VEGFR2 (ramucirumab) has been proven efficacious in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. However, the improvement in overall survival is modest and only in combination with chemotherapy. Thus, there is an urgent need to identify potential underlying mechanisms of resistance specific to antiangiogenic therapy and develop strategies to overcome them. Here we found that anti-VEGFR2 therapy up-regulates both C-X-C chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) and C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in orthotopic murine CRC models, including SL4 and CT26. Blockade of CXCR4 signaling significantly enhanced treatment efficacy of anti-VEGFR2 treatment in both CRC models. CXCR4 was predominantly expressed in immunosuppressive innate immune cells, which are recruited to CRCs upon anti-VEGFR2 treatment. Blockade of CXCR4 abrogated the recruitment of these innate immune cells. Importantly, these myeloid cells were mostly Ly6Clow monocytes and not Ly6Chigh monocytes. To selectively deplete individual innate immune cell populations, we targeted key pathways in Ly6Clow monocytes (Cx3cr1-/- mice), Ly6Chigh monocytes (CCR2-/- mice), and neutrophils (anti-Ly6G antibody) in combination with CXCR4 blockade in SL4 CRCs. Depletion of Ly6Clow monocytes or neutrophils improved anti-VEGFR2-induced SL4 tumor growth delay similar to the CXCR4 blockade. In CT26 CRCs, highly resistant to anti-VEGFR2 therapy, CXCR4 blockade enhanced anti-VEGFR2-induced tumor growth delay but specific depletion of Ly6G+ neutrophils did not. The discovery of CXCR4-dependent recruitment of Ly6Clow monocytes in tumors unveiled a heretofore unknown mechanism of resistance to anti-VEGF therapies. Our findings also provide a rapidly translatable strategy to enhance the outcome of anti-VEGF cancer therapies.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Angiogênese/farmacologia , Neoplasias Colorretais/terapia , Monócitos/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Receptores CXCR4/metabolismo , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , Antígenos Ly/metabolismo , Benzilaminas , Bevacizumab/farmacologia , Proliferação de Células , Quimiocina CXCL12/biossíntese , Ciclamos , Compostos Heterocíclicos/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Receptores CXCR4/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores CXCR4/biossíntese , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , RamucirumabRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although the management of localized anal canal squamous cell carcinomas is well established, the role of pelvic chemoradiation (CRT) in the treatment of patients presenting with synchronous metastatic (stage IV) disease is poorly defined. This study used a national cancer database to compare the overall survival (OS) rates of patients with synchronous metastatic disease receiving CRT to the pelvis and patients treated with chemotherapy (CT) alone. METHODS: This study included adult patients with anal canal squamous cell carcinomas presenting with synchronous metastases diagnosed from 2004 to 2012. Multiple imputation and 2:1 propensity score matching were used to create a matched data set for testing. The proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) for the effect of the treatment group on OS. With only patients in the matched data set, the OS of the treatment groups was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method by treatment group. RESULTS: This study started with an unmatched data set of 978 patients, and 582 patients were selected for the matched data set: 388 in the CRT group and 194 in the CT-alone group. The HR for the group effect was 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.92; P = .006). The median OS was 21.1 months in the CRT group (95% CI, 17.4-24.0 months) and 14.6 months in the CT group (95% CI, 12.2-18.4 months). The corresponding 5-year OS rates were 23% (95% CI, 18%-28%) and 14% (95% CI, 7%-21%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this large series analyzing OS in patients with stage IV anal cancer, CRT was associated with improved OS in comparison with CT alone. Because of the lack of prospective data in this setting, this evidence will help to guide treatment approaches in this group of patients.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Ânus/terapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/terapia , Quimiorradioterapia/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pélvicas/terapia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias do Ânus/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Pélvicas/secundário , Prognóstico , Taxa de Sobrevida , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common histology in Eastern Europe and Asia, and adenocarcinoma is most common in North America and Western Europe. Surgery is a major component of treatment of locally advanced resectable esophageal and esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancer, and randomized trials have shown that the addition of preoperative chemoradiation or perioperative chemotherapy to surgery significantly improves survival. Targeted therapies including trastuzumab, ramucirumab, and pembrolizumab have produced encouraging results in the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic disease. Multidisciplinary team management is essential for all patients with esophageal and EGJ cancers. This selection from the NCCN Guidelines for Esophageal and Esophagogastric Junction Cancers focuses on recommendations for the management of locally advanced and metastatic adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and EGJ.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/epidemiologia , Junção Esofagogástrica/patologia , Guias como Assunto , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Quimiorradioterapia Adjuvante , Terapia Combinada , Neoplasias Esofágicas/classificação , Neoplasias Esofágicas/patologia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/terapia , Humanos , Oncologia , RamucirumabRESUMO
Small bowel adenocarcinoma (SBA) is a rare malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract that has increased in incidence across recent years. Often diagnosed at an advanced stage, outcomes for SBA are worse on average than for other related malignancies, including colorectal cancer. Due to the rarity of this disease, few studies have been done to direct optimal treatment, although recent data have shown that SBA responds to treatment differently than colorectal cancer, necessitating a separate approach to treatment. The NCCN Guidelines for Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma were created to establish an evidence-based standard of care for patients with SBA. These guidelines provide recommendations on the workup of suspected SBA, primary treatment options, adjuvant treatment, surveillance, and systemic therapy for metastatic disease. Additionally, principles of imaging and endoscopy, pathologic review, surgery, radiation therapy, and survivorship are described.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/terapia , Neoplasias Intestinais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Intestinais/terapia , Intestino Delgado/patologia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Adenocarcinoma/etiologia , Adenocarcinoma/mortalidade , Terapia Combinada , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Humanos , Neoplasias Intestinais/etiologia , Neoplasias Intestinais/mortalidade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Fatores de Risco , Sobrevivência , Resultado do Tratamento , Conduta ExpectanteRESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in incidence and mortality. Although the prognosis remains poor, long-term survival has improved from 3% in 1970 to an 18% 5-year survival rate today. This is likely because of the introduction of well tolerated, oral antiviral therapies for hepatitis C. Curative options for patients with HCC are often limited by underlying liver dysfunction/cirrhosis and medical comorbidities. Less than one-third of patients are candidates for surgery, which is the current gold standard for cure. Nonsurgical treatments include embolotherapies, percutaneous ablation, and ablative radiation. Technological advances in radiation delivery in the past several decades now allow for safe and effective ablative doses to the liver. Conformal techniques allow for both dose escalation to target volumes and normal tissue sparing. Multiple retrospective and prospective studies have demonstrated that hypofractionated image-guided radiation therapy, used as monotherapy or in combination with other liver-directed therapies, can provide excellent local control that is cost effective. Therefore, as the HCC treatment paradigm continues to evolve, ablative radiation treatment has moved from a palliative treatment to both a "bridge to transplant" and a definitive treatment.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/radioterapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/radioterapia , Radioterapia Conformacional , Embolização Terapêutica/métodos , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Radioterapia Conformacional/efeitos adversos , Radioterapia Conformacional/história , Radioterapia Conformacional/métodos , Radioterapia Guiada por Imagem/história , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada/história , Radioterapia de Intensidade Modulada/métodosRESUMO
The NCCN Guidelines for Rectal Cancer are now more closely aligned with those for colon cancer. A new MRI-based definition of the rectum has been included and the use of MRI in staging has been elevated in importance. There is a new emphasis on neoadjuvant therapy, especially the concurrent use of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. One of the biggest changes is more acceptance of an observational approach-"watch and wait, nonoperative management"-for select patients experiencing a complete clinical response with no evidence of residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Protectomia/normas , Neoplasias Retais/terapia , Conduta Expectante/normas , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/normas , Quimiorradioterapia/métodos , Quimiorradioterapia/normas , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Fluoruracila/normas , Fluoruracila/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Leucovorina/normas , Leucovorina/uso terapêutico , Oncologia/normas , Terapia Neoadjuvante/métodos , Terapia Neoadjuvante/normas , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Compostos Organoplatínicos/normas , Compostos Organoplatínicos/uso terapêutico , Protectomia/métodos , Neoplasias Retais/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Retais/mortalidade , Neoplasias Retais/patologia , Reto/diagnóstico por imagem , Reto/patologia , Reto/cirurgia , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The NCCN Guidelines for Anal Carcinoma provide recommendations for the management of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal or perianal region. Primary treatment of anal cancer usually includes chemoradiation, although certain lesions can be treated with margin-negative local excision alone. Disease surveillance is recommended for all patients with anal carcinoma because additional curative-intent treatment is possible. A multidisciplinary approach including physicians from gastroenterology, medical oncology, surgical oncology, radiation oncology, and radiology is essential for optimal patient care.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Ânus/terapia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/terapia , Oncologia/normas , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/terapia , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Canal Anal/patologia , Canal Anal/cirurgia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/normas , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias do Ânus/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Ânus/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Ânus/patologia , Biópsia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/diagnóstico , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/epidemiologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Quimiorradioterapia/métodos , Quimiorradioterapia/normas , Colostomia/normas , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Humanos , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/epidemiologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente/normas , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) for Rectal Cancer address diagnosis, staging, surgical management, perioperative treatment, management of recurrent and metastatic disease, disease surveillance, and survivorship in patients with rectal cancer. This portion of the guidelines focuses on the management of localized disease, which involves careful patient selection for curative-intent treatment options that sequence multimodality therapy usually comprised of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgical resection.
Assuntos
Oncologia/normas , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/terapia , Neoplasias Retais/terapia , Sociedades Médicas/normas , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/normas , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Biópsia , Quimiorradioterapia/métodos , Quimiorradioterapia/normas , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Humanos , Incidência , Quimioterapia de Indução/métodos , Terapia Neoadjuvante/métodos , Terapia Neoadjuvante/normas , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/diagnóstico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/epidemiologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Seleção de Pacientes , Protectomia/métodos , Protectomia/normas , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como Assunto , Neoplasias Retais/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Retais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Retais/patologia , Reto/patologia , Reto/cirurgia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologia , Conduta Expectante/métodos , Conduta Expectante/normasRESUMO
The NCCN Guidelines for Colon Cancer provide recommendations regarding diagnosis, pathologic staging, surgical management, perioperative treatment, surveillance, management of recurrent and metastatic disease, and survivorship. These NCCN Guidelines Insights summarize the NCCN Colon Cancer Panel discussions for the 2018 update of the guidelines regarding risk stratification and adjuvant treatment for patients with stage III colon cancer, and treatment of BRAF V600E mutation-positive metastatic colorectal cancer with regimens containing vemurafenib.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Colo/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Colo/terapia , Neoplasias do Colo/etiologia , HumanosRESUMO
The treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) has benefited from improved surgical techniques and from the implementation of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT), which have markedly decreased the rates of local recurrence. However, distant metastatic disease remains the most significant cause of death for these patients. Although adjuvant chemotherapy (ChT) after neoadjuvant CRT and definitive surgery is commonly recommended, the value of adjuvant systemic therapy remains less clear. Trials evaluating adjuvant ChT for rectal cancer have been handicapped by poor compliance rates and inconsistent survival results. Shifting systemic therapy delivery to the neoadjuvant setting has the promise to improve compliance rates, reduce toxicity, and decrease distant relapse rates. Recently, multiple prospective trials have reported on the use of total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) for patients with LARC, incorporating both ChT and CRT in the neoadjuvant setting. Here, the authors review the promising results from those trials. Because the studies have largely focused on pathologic outcomes (primarily pathologic complete response rates), ongoing phase 2 and 3 trials are now underway assessing the long-term disease-related outcomes with TNT. In addition to improving survival, TNT has the potential to increase the pool of patients with LARC who are eligible for organ preservation, which is also being evaluated. Cancer 2017;123:1497-1506. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Assuntos
Quimiorradioterapia/métodos , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos do Sistema Digestório , Terapia Neoadjuvante/métodos , Neoplasias Retais/terapia , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Humanos , Tratamentos com Preservação do Órgão , Neoplasias Retais/patologia , Reto/cirurgiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Short-course radiotherapy (SC-RT) and long-course chemoradiotherapy (LC-CRT) are accepted neoadjuvant treatments of rectal cancer. In the current study, the authors surveyed US radiation oncologists to assess practice patterns and attitudes regarding SC-RT and LC-CRT for patients with rectal cancer. METHODS: The authors distributed a survey to 1701 radiation oncologists regarding treatment of neoadjuvant rectal cancer. Respondents were asked questions regarding the number of patients with rectal cancer treated, preference for SC-RT versus LC-CRT, and factors influencing regimen choice. RESULTS: Of 1659 contactable physicians, 182 responses (11%) were received. Approximately 83% treated at least 5 patients with rectal cancer annually. The majority of responding radiation oncologists (96%) preferred neoadjuvant LC-CRT for the treatment of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer and 44% never used SC-RT. Among radiation oncologists using SC-RT, respondents indicated they would not recommend this regimen for patients with low (74%) or bulky tumors (70%) and/or concern for a positive circumferential surgical resection margin (69%). The most frequent reasons for not offering SC-RT were insufficient downstaging for sphincter preservation (53%) and a desire for longer follow-up (45%). Many radiation oncologists indicated they would prescribe SC-RT for patients not receiving chemotherapy (62%) or patients with a geographic barrier to receiving LC-CRT (82%). Patient comorbidities appeared to influence regimen preferences for 79% of respondents. Approximately 20% of respondents indicated that altered oncology care reimbursement using capitated payment by diagnosis would impact their consideration of SC-RT. CONCLUSIONS: US radiation oncologists rarely use neoadjuvant SC-RT despite 3 randomized controlled trials demonstrating no significant differences in outcome compared with LC-CRT. Further research is necessary to determine whether longer follow-up coupled with the benefits of lower cost, increased patient convenience, and lower acute toxicity will increase the adoption of SC-RT by radiation oncologists in the United States. Cancer 2017;123:1434-1441. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Assuntos
Padrões de Prática Médica , Radio-Oncologistas , Neoplasias Retais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Retais/terapia , Atitude , Quimiorradioterapia , Feminino , Pesquisas sobre Atenção à Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Retais/patologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
This portion of the NCCN Guidelines for Colon Cancer focuses on the use of systemic therapy in metastatic disease. Considerations for treatment selection among 32 different monotherapies and combination regimens in up to 7 lines of therapy have included treatment history, extent of disease, goals of treatment, the efficacy and toxicity profiles of the regimens, KRAS/NRAS mutational status, and patient comorbidities and preferences. Location of the primary tumor, the BRAF mutation status, and tumor microsatellite stability should also be considered in treatment decisions.