[Psychiatry in the GDR as a "niche" - Between adaptation and autonomy]. / Psychiatrie in der DDR als "Nische" ­ Zwischen Anpassung und Freiraum.

BACKGROUND: With the help of statements from contemporary witnesses, it shall be deduced, if and to what extent Psychiatry was experienced as a shelter for employees and patients in the state controlled society of the GDR and which effort of adaptation to the authoritarian regime was needed to organize protected and protective spaces, here called "niches". METHOD: 74 guide-based interviews from subjects including former patients and different staff groups of the East german Psychiatry were analyzed qualitatively. RESULTS: Many quotations show, that Psychiatry in the GDR was experienced as a "niche" for dissenting people and could offer a certain amount of protection for patients. On the other hand, the autonomy of the psychiatric care was often violated by political intrusions regarding individual treatments. Moreover, treatment autonomy was restricted by harsh shortages in supplies. CONCLUSION: Psychiatrists in the GDR could protect their patients through their actings and so Psychiatry could establish a "niche" for patients and employees. However, establishing such protected spaces required efforts in adaptation. In reverse, Psychiatry has also been politically instrumentalised - either directly through unjustified admissions and exit restrictions or indirectly by a stigmatization of dissenters and removing them from society.

[An Essential Therapeutic: Occupational Therapy in GDR Psychiatric Institutions as Seen by Contemporary Witnesses]. / "Ein wesentliches Therapeutikum" ­ Arbeitstherapie in psychiatrischen Einrichtungen der DDR aus Sicht von Zeitzeugen.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this survey of professionals working in the GDR and former patients was to help determine the role and function of occupational therapy in psychiatric institutions. METHODOLOGY: 74 contemporary witnesses were interviewed who had worked professionally in psychiatric institutions in the GDR or had been treated there in adulthood. The interviews were evaluated qualitatively. RESULTS: The eyewitnesses interviewed described the organisation and goals of occupational therapy as well as changes that took place over time. Occupational therapy was rated highly, as it represented an important additional therapy offering. Uniform activities and the misuse of patients' labor while neglecting their therapeutic requirements were subjected to critical assessment. CONCLUSION: In future, the interviews with contemporary witnesses should be included to a greater extent in investigations into the history of psychiatry. The view of the development of occupational therapy can provide valuable insights for further historical reappraisal, and contribute to our current understanding of these forms of therapy.