RNA aggregates harness the danger response for potent cancer immunotherapy.

Cancer immunotherapy remains limited by poor antigenicity and a regulatory tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we create "onion-like" multi-lamellar RNA lipid particle aggregates (LPAs) to substantially enhance the payload packaging and immunogenicity of tumor mRNA antigens. Unlike current mRNA vaccine designs that rely on payload packaging into nanoparticle cores for Toll-like receptor engagement in immune cells, systemically administered RNA-LPAs activate RIG-I in stromal cells, eliciting massive cytokine/chemokine response and dendritic cell/lymphocyte trafficking that provokes cancer immunogenicity and mediates rejection of both early- and late-stage murine tumor models. In client-owned canines with terminal gliomas, RNA-LPAs improved survivorship and reprogrammed the TME, which became "hot" within days of a single infusion. In a first-in-human trial, RNA-LPAs elicited rapid cytokine/chemokine release, immune activation/trafficking, tissue-confirmed pseudoprogression, and glioma-specific immune responses in glioblastoma patients. These data support RNA-LPAs as a new technology that simultaneously reprograms the TME while eliciting rapid and enduring cancer immunotherapy.

Neurons dispose of hyperactive kinesin into glial cells for clearance.

Microtubule-based kinesin motor proteins are crucial for intracellular transport, but their hyperactivation can be detrimental for cellular functions. This study investigated the impact of a constitutively active ciliary kinesin mutant, OSM-3CA, on sensory cilia in C. elegans. Surprisingly, we found that OSM-3CA was absent from cilia but underwent disposal through membrane abscission at the tips of aberrant neurites. Neighboring glial cells engulf and eliminate the released OSM-3CA, a process that depends on the engulfment receptor CED-1. Through genetic suppressor screens, we identified intragenic mutations in the OSM-3CA motor domain and mutations inhibiting the ciliary kinase DYF-5, both of which restored normal cilia in OSM-3CA-expressing animals. We showed that conformational changes in OSM-3CA prevent its entry into cilia, and OSM-3CA disposal requires its hyperactivity. Finally, we provide evidence that neurons also dispose of hyperactive kinesin-1 resulting from a clinic variant associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, suggesting a widespread mechanism for regulating hyperactive kinesins.

The role of a ciliary GTPase in the regulation of neuronal maturation of olfactory sensory neurons.

Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) form embryonically and mature perinatally, innervating glomeruli and extending dendrites with multiple cilia. This process and its timing are crucial for odor detection and perception and continues throughout life. In the olfactory epithelium (OE), differentiated OSNs proceed from an immature (iOSN) to a mature (mOSN) state through well-defined sequential morphological and molecular transitions, but the precise mechanisms controlling OSN maturation remain largely unknown. We have identified that a GTPase, ARL13B, has a transient and maturation state-dependent expression in OSNs marking the emergence of a primary cilium. Utilizing an iOSN-specific Arl13b-null murine model, we examined the role of ARL13B in the maturation of OSNs. The loss of Arl13b in iOSNs caused a profound dysregulation of the cellular homeostasis and development of the OE. Importantly, Arl13b null OSNs demonstrated a delay in the timing of their maturation. Finally, the loss of Arl13b resulted in severe deformation in the structure and innervation of glomeruli. Our findings demonstrate a previously unknown role of ARL13B in the maturation of OSNs and development of the OE.

Roles of the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex in major depression and its treatment.

We describe evidence for dissociable roles of the medial and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in major depressive disorder (MDD) from structure, functional activation, functional connectivity, metabolism, and neurochemical systems. The reward-related medial orbitofrontal cortex has lower connectivity and less reward sensitivity in MDD associated with anhedonia symptoms; and the non-reward related lateral OFC has higher functional connectivity and more sensitivity to non-reward/aversive stimuli in MDD associated with negative bias symptoms. Importantly, we propose that conventional antidepressants act to normalize the hyperactive lateral (but not medial) OFC to reduce negative bias in MDD; while other treatments are needed to operate on the medial OFC to reduce anhedonia, with emerging evidence suggesting that ketamine may act in this way. The orbitofrontal cortex is the key cortical region in emotion and reward, and the current review presents much new evidence about the different ways that the medial and lateral OFC are involved in MDD.

Optimal sidestepping of intraflagellar transport kinesins regulates structure and function of sensory cilia.

Cytoskeletal-based molecular motors produce force perpendicular to their direction of movement. However, it remains unknown whether and why motor proteins generate sidesteps movement along their filamentous tracks in vivo. Using Hessian structured illumination microscopy, we located green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles inside sensory cilia of live Caenorhabditis elegans with 3-6-nanometer accuracy and 3.4-ms resolution. We found that IFT particles took sidesteps along axoneme microtubules, demonstrating that IFT motors generate torque in a living animal. Kinesin-II and OSM-3-kinesin collaboratively drive anterograde IFT. We showed that the deletion of kinesin-II, a torque-generating motor protein, reduced sidesteps, whereas the increase of neck flexibility of OSM-3-kinesin upregulated sidesteps. Either increase or decrease of sidesteps of IFT kinesins allowed ciliogenesis to the regular length, but changed IFT speeds, disrupted axonemal ninefold symmetry, and inhibited sensory cilia-dependent animal behaviors. Thus, an optimum level of IFT kinesin sidestepping is associated with the structural and functional fidelity of cilia.

Highly Active CoNi-CoN3 Composite Sites Synergistically Accelerate Oxygen Electrode Reactions in Rechargeable Zinc-Air Batteries.

Reaching rapid reaction kinetics of oxygen reduction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reactions (OER) is critical for realizing efficient rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Herein, a novel CoNi-CoN3 composite site containing CoNi alloyed nanoparticles and CoN3 moieties is first constructed in N-doped carbon nanosheet matrix (CoNi-CoN3 /C). Benefiting from the high electroactivity of CoNi-CoN3 composite sites and large surface area, CoNi-CoN3 /C shows a superior half-wave potential (0.88 V versus RHE) for ORR and a small overpotential (360 mV) for OER at 10 mA cm-2 . Theoretical calculations have demonstrated that the introduction of CoNi alloys has modulated the electronic distributions near the CoN3 moiety, inducing the d-band center of CoNi-CoN3 composite site to shift down, thus stabilizing the valence state of Co active sites and balancing the adsorption of OER/ORR intermediates. Accordingly, the reaction energy trends exhibit optimized overpotentials for OER/ORR, leading to superior battery performances. For aqueous and flexible quasi-solid-state rechargeable ZABs with CoNi-CoN3 /C as catalyst, a large power density (250 mW cm-2 ) and high specific capacity (804 mAh g-1 ) are achieved. The in-depth understanding of the electroactivity enhancement mechanism of interactive metal nanoparticles and metal coordinated with nitrogen (MNx ) moieties is crucial for designing novel high-performance metal/nitrogen-doped carbon (M─N─C) catalysts.

Bone mineral density in lower thoracic vertebra for osteoporosis diagnosis in older adults during CT lung cancer screening.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative computed tomography (QCT)-based lumbar bone mineral density (LBMD) has been used to diagnose osteoporosis. This study explored the value of lower thoracic BMD (TBMD) in diagnosing osteoporosis in older adults during CT lung cancer screening. METHODS: This study included 751 subjects who underwent QCT scans with both LBMD and TBMD. 141 of them was selected for a validation. Osteoporosis was diagnosed based on LBMD using the ACR criteria (gold standard). TBMD thresholds were obtained using receiver operating characteristic curve. TBMD was also translated into LBMD (TTBMD) and osteoporosis was defined based on TTBMD using ACR criteria. The performance of TBMD and TTBMD in identifying osteoporosis was determined by Kappa test. The associations between TBMD- and TTBMD-based osteoporosis and fracture were tested in 227 subjects with followed up status of spine fracture. RESULTS: The performance of TBMD in identifying osteoporosis was low (kappa = 0.66) if using the ACR criteria. Two thresholds of TBMD for identifying osteopenia (128 mg/cm3) and osteoporosis (91 mg/cm3) were obtained with areas under the curve of 0.97 and 0.99, respectively. The performance of the identification of osteoporosis/osteopenia using the two thresholds or TTBMD both had good agreement with the gold standard (kappa = 0.78, 0.86). Similar results were observed in validation population. Osteoporosis identified using the thresholds (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 18.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.13-68.36) or TTBMD (adjusted HR = 10.28, 95% CI: 4.22-25.08) were also associated with fractures. CONCLUSION: Calculating the threshold of TBMD or normalizing TBMD to LBMD are both useful in identifying osteoporosis in older adults during CT lung cancer screening.

Actin filament debranching regulates cell polarity during cell migration and asymmetric cell division.

The formation of the branched actin networks is essential for cell polarity, but it remains unclear how the debranching activity of actin filaments contributes to this process. Here, we showed that an evolutionarily conserved coronin family protein, the Caenorhabditis elegans POD-1, debranched the Arp2/3-nucleated actin filaments in vitro. By fluorescence live imaging analysis of the endogenous POD-1 protein, we found that POD-1 colocalized with Arp2/3 at the leading edge of the migrating C. elegans neuroblasts. Conditional mutations of POD-1 in neuroblasts caused aberrant actin assembly, disrupted cell polarity, and impaired cell migration. In C. elegans one-cell-stage embryos, POD-1 and Arp2/3, moved together during cell polarity establishment, and inhibition of POD-1 blocked Arp2/3 motility and affected the polarized cortical flow, leading to symmetric segregation of cell fate determinants. Together, these results indicate that F-actin debranching organizes actin network and cell polarity in migrating neuroblasts and asymmetrically dividing embryos.

Repair of distal finger soft-tissue defects with free fibular great toe neurovascular flaps.

BACKGROUND: This work aimed to investigate the change in fingerprint depth and the recovery rule of fingerprint biological recognition function after repairing finger abdominal defects and rebuilding fingerprint with a free flap. METHOD: From April 2018 to March 2023, we collected a total of 43 cases of repairing finger pulp defects using the free flap of the fibular side of the great toe with the digital nerve. After surgery, irregular follow-up visits were conducted to observe fingerprint clarity, perform the ninhydrin test or detect visible sweating with the naked eye. We recorded fingerprint clarity, nail shape, two-point discrimination, cold perception, warm perception and fingerprint recognition using smartphones. The reconstruction process of the repaired finger was recorded to understand the changes in various observation indicators and their relationship with the depth of the fingerprint. The correlation between fingerprint depth and neural repair was determined, and the process of fingerprint biological recognition function repair was elucidated. RESULT: All flaps survived, and we observed various manifestations in different stages of nerve recovery. The reconstructed fingerprint had a clear fuzzy process, and the depth changes of the fingerprint were consistent with the changes in the biological recognition function curve. CONCLUSION: The free flap with the digital nerve is used to repair finger pulp defects. The reconstructed fingerprint has a biological recognition function, and the depth of the fingerprint is correlated with the process of nerve repair. The fingerprint morphology has a dynamic recovery process, and it can reach a stable state after 6-8 months.

Feasibility and validity of using deep learning to reconstruct 12-lead ECG from three­lead signals.

BACKGROUND: In the field of mobile health, portable dynamic electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring devices often have a limited number of lead electrodes due to considerations, such as portability and battery life. This situation leads to a contradiction between the demand for standard 12­lead ECG information and the limited number of leads collected by portable devices. METHODS: This study introduces a composite ECG vector reconstruction network architecture based on convolutional neural network (CNN) combined with recurrent neural network by using leads I, II, and V2. This network is designed to reconstruct three­lead ECG signals into 12­lead ECG signals. A 1D CNN abstracts and extracts features from the spatial domain of the ECG signals, and a bidirectional long short-term memory network analyzes the temporal trends in the signals. Then, the ECG signals are inputted into the model in a multilead, single-channel manner. RESULTS: Under inter-patient conditions, the mean reconstructed Root mean squared error (RMSE) for precordial leads V1, V3, V4, V5, and V6 were 28.7, 17.3, 24.2, 36.5, and 25.5 µV, respectively. The mean overall RMSE and reconstructed Correlation coefficient (CC) were 26.44 µV and 0.9562, respectively. CONCLUSION: This paper presents a solution and innovative approach for recovering 12­lead ECG information when only three­lead information is available. After supplementing with comprehensive leads, we can analyze the cardiac health status more comprehensively across 12 dimensions.

Acupuncture versus tricyclic antidepressants in the prophylactic treatment of tension-type headaches: an indirect treatment comparison meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Acupuncture showed better improvement than sham acupuncture in reducing attack frequency of tension-type headache (TTH), but its effectiveness relative to first-line drugs for TTH is unknown, which impedes the recommendation of acupuncture for patients who are intolerant to drugs for TTH. We aimed to estimate the relative effectiveness between acupuncture and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) through indirect treatment comparison (ITC) meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched Ovid Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library from database inception until April 13, 2023. Randomized controlled trials of TCAs or acupuncture in the prevention of TTH in adults were included. The primary outcome was headache frequency. The secondary outcomes were headache intensity, responder rate, and adverse event rate. Bayesian random-effect models were used to perform ITC meta-analysis, and confidence of evidence was evaluated by using the GRADE approach. RESULTS: A total of 34 trials involving 4426 participants were included. Acupuncture had similar effect with TCAs in decreasing TTH frequency (amitriptyline: mean difference [MD] -1.29, 95% CI -5.28 to 3.02; amitriptylinoxide: MD -0.05, 95% CI -6.86 to 7.06) and reducing TTH intensity (amitriptyline: MD 2.35, 95% CI -1.20 to 5.78; clomipramine: MD 1.83, 95% CI -4.23 to 8.20). Amitriptyline had a higher rate of adverse events than acupuncture (OR 4.73, 95% CI 1.42 to 14.23). CONCLUSION: Acupuncture had similar effect as TCAs in reducing headache frequency of TTH, and acupuncture had a lower adverse events rate than amitriptyline, as shown by very low certainty of evidence.

Effects of Sprint Interval Training Surface on Physical Fitness Attributes of Collegiate Female Soccer Players: Identifying Individual Responses to Training on Grass, Sand, and Land Surfaces.

This study aimed to identify the optimal surface for sprint interval training to maximize transfer effects on physical performance measures on the grass pitch. Using a randomized controlled trial design, 40 collegiate female soccer players were equally assigned to three experimental groups performing short sprint interval training (SSIT: 4 sets of 10 repetitions with 5 seconds all-out running, with a 50-second recovery period between each effort and a 3-minute rest interval between sets) on SAND, GRASS, LAND, and a control group. Before and after a 7-week training period, participants underwent a series of field-based tests to evaluate countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m linear sprint, Illinois change of direction (CoD) speed, Yo-Yo IR1, 2.4 km time trial, and maximal kicking distance (MKD) performance. A two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was conducted on the data, along with Bonferroni post hoc testing. After the intervention, the control group did not show any changes, while the SAND, GRASS and LAND training groups demonstrated improvements (p = 0.001) in their performance as follows: CMJ (effect size [ES] = 1.21, 0.97, 0.64), 20-m linear sprint (ES = -0.81, -0.55, -0.41), Illinois CoD (ES = -0.72, -0.79, -0.41), Yo-Yo IR1 (ES = 1.86, 1.19, 1.12), 2.4 km time trail (ES = -0.82, -0.62, -0.49), and MKD (ES = 0.60, 0.90, 0.72), respectively. Comparative analysis of SAND, GRASS, and LAND revealed that performing SSIT on SAND results in a significantly greater gain in CMJ than LAND (p = 0.041). Analyzing individual responses to training interventions indicated that the training surface had a favorable influence on CMJ (SAND vs. LAND, p = 0.009), but on other variables no statistically significant (p > 0.05) differences were observed. Considering these findings, it is advised that strength and conditioning coaches use the SAND surface as the initial choice for SSIT sessions regarding greater gains (i.e., ES) in performance. This recommendation aims to facilitate more favorable transfer in physical fitness adaptation on a soccer grass pitch. In case of unavailability of SAND surface, GRASS surface would be a suitable alternative to enhance the physical fitness of collegiate female soccer players.

Fractionation of neural reward processing into independent components by novel decoding principle.

How to retrieve latent neurobehavioural processes from complex neurobiological signals is an important yet unresolved challenge. Here, we develop a novel approach, orthogonal-Decoding multi-Cognitive Processes (DeCoP), to reveal underlying latent neurobehavioural processing and show that its performance is superior to traditional non-orthogonal decoding in terms of both false inference and robustness. Processing value and salience information are two fundamental but mutually confounded pathways of reward reinforcement essential for decision making. During reward/punishment anticipation, we applied DeCoP to decode brain-wide responses into spatially overlapping, yet functionally independent, evaluation and readiness processes, which are modulated differentially by meso­limbic vs nigro-striatal dopamine systems. Using DeCoP, we further demonstrated that most brain regions only encoded abstract information but not the exact input, except for dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and insula. Furthermore, we anticipate our novel analytical principle to be applied generally in decoding multiple latent neurobehavioral processes and thus advance both the design and hypothesis testing for cognitive tasks.

NiCo2 O4 /Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Nanosphere Hybrids Enabling Super-Hydrophobicity, Thermal Insulation, and Highly Efficient Microwave Absorption.

The combination of 2D magnetic nanosheets and mesoporous carbon with unique interfaces shows considerable prospects for microwave absorption (MA). However, traditional assembly procedures make it impossible to accurately manage the assembly of magnetic nanosheets in carbon matrices. Herein, a reverse strategy for preparing complex magnetic nanosheet cores inside carbon-based yolk-shell structures is developed. This innovative approach focuses on controlling the initial crystallite formation sites in a hydrothermal reaction as well as the inflow and in situ growth behavior of 2D NiCo-layered double hydroxide precursors based on the capillary force induced by hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres. Accordingly, the as-prepared YS-CNC-2 absorber exhibits remarkable MA performances, with an optimal reflection loss as low as -60.30 dB at 2.5 mm and an effective absorption bandwidth of 5.20 GHz at 2.0 mm. The loss of electromagnetic waves (EMW) depends on natural resonance loss, dipole polarization relaxation, and multiple scattering behavior. On top of that, the functionalized super-hydrophobic MA coating is produced in spraying and curing processes utilizing YS-CNC-2 nanoparticles and fumed silica additives in the polydimethylsiloxane matrix. The excellent thermal insulation, self-cleaning capability, and durability in diverse solutions of the coating promise potential applications for military equipment in moist situations.

Tuning transcription factor DegU for developing extracellular protease overproducer in Bacillus pumilus.

BACKGROUND: Global transcription machinery engineering (gTME) is an effective approach employed in strain engineering to rewire gene expression and reshape cellular metabolic fluxes at the transcriptional level. RESULTS: In this study, we utilized gTME to engineer the positive transcription factor, DegU, in the regulation network of major alkaline protease, AprE, in Bacillus pumilus. To validate its functionality when incorporated into the chromosome, we performed several experiments. First, three negative transcription factors, SinR, Hpr, and AbrB, were deleted to promote AprE synthesis. Second, several hyper-active DegU mutants, designated as DegU(hy), were selected using the fluorescence colorimetric method with the host of the Bacillus subtilis ΔdegSU mutant. Third, we integrated a screened degU(L113F) sequence into the chromosome of the Δhpr mutant of B. pumilus SCU11 to replace the original degU gene using a CRISPR/Cas9 system. Finally, based on transcriptomic and molecular dynamic analysis, we interpreted the possible mechanism of high-yielding and found that the strain produced alkaline proteases 2.7 times higher than that of the control strain (B. pumilus SCU11) in LB medium. CONCLUSION: Our findings serve as a proof-of-concept that tuning the global regulator is feasible and crucial for improving the production performance of B. pumilus. Additionally, our study established a paradigm for gene function research in strains that are difficult to handle.

Increased brain volume from higher cereal and lower coffee intake: shared genetic determinants and impacts on cognition and metabolism.

It is unclear how different diets may affect human brain development and if genetic and environmental factors play a part. We investigated diet effects in the UK Biobank data from 18,879 healthy adults and discovered anticorrelated brain-wide gray matter volume (GMV)-association patterns between coffee and cereal intake, coincidence with their anticorrelated genetic constructs. The Mendelian randomization approach further indicated a causal effect of higher coffee intake on reduced total GMV, which is likely through regulating the expression of genes responsible for synaptic development in the brain. The identified genetic factors may further affect people's lifestyle habits and body/blood fat levels through the mediation of cereal/coffee intake, and the brain-wide expression pattern of gene CPLX3, a dedicated marker of subplate neurons that regulate cortical development and plasticity, may underlie the shared GMV-association patterns among the coffee/cereal intake and cognitive functions. All the main findings were successfully replicated. Our findings thus revealed that high-cereal and low-coffee diets shared similar brain and genetic constructs, leading to long-term beneficial associations regarding cognitive, body mass index (BMI), and other metabolic measures. This study has important implications for public health, especially during the pandemic, given the poorer outcomes of COVID-19 patients with greater BMIs.

Dietary interventions for pediatric patients with functional abdominal pain disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Dietary therapies are recommended for the treatment of pediatrics with functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs), but the comparative effectiveness among them is unclear. Therefore, the main aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the effectiveness of differential dietary therapies in pediatrics with functional abdominal pain disorders. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases from inception to February 28, 2023. Randomized clinical trials of dietary treatments for pediatric patients with functional abdominal pain disorders were included. The primary outcome was the improvement in abdominal pain. The secondary outcomes were changes in pain intensity and pain frequency. Thirty-one studies after screening 8695 retrieved articles were included, and 29 studies were available for network meta-analysis. Compared with placebo, fiber (RR, 4.86; 95%CI, 1.77 to 13.32; P-score = 0.84), synbiotics (RR, 3.92; 95%CI, 1.65 to 9.28; P-score = 0.75), and probiotics (RR, 2.18; 95%CI, 1.46 to 3.26; P-score = 0.46) had significantly larger effect on the improvement in abdominal pain, the three treatments had larger effect than placebo but statistically insignificant in difference in improving pain frequency and intensity. Similarly, there were no significant differences between the dietary treatments after indirect comparisons of the three outcomes.  Conclusion: Fiber supplements, synbiotics, and probiotics were efficacious in improving abdominal pain of FAPDs in children, suggested by very low or low evidence. The evidence of the efficacy of probiotics is more convincing than fiber and synbiotics when sample size and statistical power were considered. No difference in the efficacy of the three treatments. High-quality trials are needed to further investigate the efficacy of dietary interventions. What is Known: • Multiple dietary treatment options are available for functional abdominal pain disorders in the pediatric population, of which the most beneficial one is currently unknown. What is New: • This NMA found very low to low certainty of the evidence suggesting that fiber, synbiotics, and probiotics might be more efficacious in improving abdominal pain of FAPDs in children than the other dietary treatments. • There were no significant differences between active dietary treatments for changes in abdominal pain intensity.

A Two-Stage Network for Zero-Shot Low-Illumination Image Restoration.

Due to the influence of poor lighting conditions and the limitations of existing imaging equipment, captured low-illumination images produce noise, artifacts, darkening, and other unpleasant visual problems. Such problems will have an adverse impact on the following high-level image understanding tasks. To overcome this, a two-stage network is proposed in this paper for better restoring low-illumination images. Specifically, instead of manipulating the raw input directly, our network first decomposes the low-illumination image into three different maps (i.e., reflectance, illumination, and feature) via a Decom-Net. During the decomposition process, only reflectance and illumination are further denoised to suppress the effect of noise, while the feature is preserved to reduce the loss of image details. Subsequently, the illumination is deeply adjusted via another well-designed subnetwork called Enhance-Net. Finally, the three restored maps are fused together to generate the final enhanced output. The entire proposed network is optimized in a zero-shot fashion using a newly introduced loss function. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed network achieves better performance in terms of both objective evaluation and visual quality.

Land Use and Land Cover Classification Meets Deep Learning: A Review.

As one of the important components of Earth observation technology, land use and land cover (LULC) image classification plays an essential role. It uses remote sensing techniques to classify specific categories of ground cover as a means of analyzing and understanding the natural attributes of the Earth's surface and the state of land use. It provides important information for applications in environmental protection, urban planning, and land resource management. However, remote sensing images are usually high-dimensional data and have limited available labeled samples, so performing the LULC classification task faces great challenges. In recent years, due to the emergence of deep learning technology, remote sensing data processing methods based on deep learning have achieved remarkable results, bringing new possibilities for the research and development of LULC classification. In this paper, we present a systematic review of deep-learning-based LULC classification, mainly covering the following five aspects: (1) introduction of the main components of five typical deep learning networks, how they work, and their unique benefits; (2) summary of two baseline datasets for LULC classification (pixel-level, patch-level) and performance metrics for evaluating different models (OA, AA, F1, and MIOU); (3) review of deep learning strategies in LULC classification studies, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs), autoencoders (AEs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), and recurrent neural networks (RNNs); (4) challenges faced by LULC classification and processing schemes under limited training samples; (5) outlooks on the future development of deep-learning-based LULC classification.

Mixed-phase WO3 Cocatalysts on Hierarchical Si-based Photocathode for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Li Extraction.

Photoelectrochemical lithium (Li) extraction can be expected to provide a useful recycle of Li+ from waste Li-containing battery, but the process is limited by the photocathodes with poor Li+ absorption and low yield rate. Here, we have designed a hierarchical silicon (Si)-based photocathode with mixed-phase tungsten oxide (WO3 ) cocatalysts for photoelectrochemical Li extraction under 1 sun illumination, achieving a high Li yield rate of ≈223.0 µg cm-2 h-1 and an excellent faradaic efficiency of 91.9 % at 0.0817 V versus Li0/+ redox couple. The WO3 cocatalysts with the mixture of amorphous and crystalline phase accelerates the Li+ insertion and precipitation and enriches the concentration of Li+ at the photocathode surface. This robust photoelectrochemical Li extraction system provides a new insight on designing green and efficient route for cyclic utilization of Li resources in the sustainable energy field.