Inert Group-Containing Electrolyte Additive Enabling Stable Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries.

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are considered promising energy storage devices because of their high theoretical energy density and cost-effectiveness. However, the ongoing side reactions and zinc dendrite growth during cycling limit their practical application. Herein, trisodium methylglycine diacetate (Na3MGDA) additive containing the additional inert group methyl is introduced for Zn anode protection, and the contribution of methyl as an inert group to the Zn anode stability is discussed. Experimental results reveal that the methyl group with various effects enhances the interaction between the polar groups in Na3MGDA and the Zn2+/Zn anode. Thus, the polar carboxylate negative ions in MGDA anions can more easily modify the solvation structure and adsorb on the anode surface in situ to establish a hydrophobic electrical double layer (EDL) layer with steric hindrance effects. Such the EDL layer exhibits a robust selectivity for Zn deposition and a significant inhibition of parasitic reactions. Consequently, the Zn||Zn symmetric battery presents 2375 h at 1 mA cm-2, 1 mAh cm-2, and the Zn||V6O13 full battery provides 91% capacity retention after 1300 cycles at 3 A g-1. This study emphasizes the significant role of inert groups of the additive on the interfacial stability during the plating/stripping of high-performance AZIBs.

Characterization and analysis of linear epitopes corresponding to SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Jilin Province, China.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants have caused hundreds of thousands of deaths and shown serious social influence worldwide. Jilin Province, China, experienced the first wave of the outbreak from December 2020 to February 2021. Here, we analyzed the genomic characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Jilin province using a phylogeographic tree and found that clinical isolates belonged to the B.1 lineage, which was considered to be the ancestral lineage. Several dominant SARS-CoV-2 specific linear B cell epitopes that reacted with the convalescent sera were also analysed and identified using a peptide microarray composed of S, M, and E proteins. Moreover, the serum of convalescent patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed neutralizing activity against four widely spreading SARS-CoV-2 variants; however, significant differences were observed in neutralizing activities against different SARS-CoV-2 variants. These data provide important information on genomic characteristics, linear epitopes, and neutralizing activity of SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Jilin Province, China, which may aid in understanding disease patterns and regional aspects of the pandemic.

The trace that is valuable: serum copper and copper to zinc ratio for survival prediction in younger patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukaemia.

PURPOSE: No data on predicting the survival of AML patients based on the level of trace elements in the serum have been presented to date. The aims of this prospective cohort study were as follows: (i) to evaluate the serum Cu and Zn levels in people from Northeast China, (ii) to assess the association between the serum Cu level (SCL) and Cu to Zn ratio (SCZR) and clinical and nutrition data, and (iii) to investigate the predictive values of the SCL and SCZR in newly diagnosed de novo AML patients. METHODS: A total of 105 newly diagnosed AML patients and 82 healthy controls were recruited. The serum Cu and Zn levels were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry. The associations of SCL and SCZR with the survival of these AML patients were assessed by Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: Both SCL and SCZR were positively related to the blast percentage of bone marrow and C-reactive protein, negatively related to albumin level and CEBPA double mutation and were significantly associated with worse overall survival and disease-free survival. Meanwhile, patients with higher SCL had worse CTCAE levels, and patients with higher SCZR showed less complete remission during the first course of induction chemotherapy. Moreover, higher SCZR was positively associated with ELN risk stratification, and was negatively associated with haemoglobin level and prognostic nutritional index (PNI). CONCLUSION: The SCL and SCZR are associated with long-term survival in patients with newly diagnosed AML undergoing intensive induction and may serve as important predictive biomarkers.

Development and comparison of machine learning-based models for predicting heart failure after acute myocardial infarction.

AIMS: Heart failure (HF) is one of the common adverse cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but the predictive efficacy of numerous machine learning (ML) built models is unclear. This study aimed to build an optimal model to predict the occurrence of HF in AMI patients by comparing seven ML algorithms. METHODS: Cohort 1 included AMI patients from 2018 to 2019 divided into HF and control groups. All first routine test data of the study subjects were collected as the features to be selected for the model, and seven ML algorithms with screenable features were evaluated. Cohort 2 contains AMI patients from 2020 to 2021 to establish an early warning model with external validation. ROC curve and DCA curve to analyze the diagnostic efficacy and clinical benefit of the model respectively. RESULTS: The best performer among the seven ML algorithms was XgBoost, and the features of XgBoost algorithm for troponin I, triglycerides, urine red blood cell count, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, glucose, urine specific gravity, prothrombin time, prealbumin, and urea were ranked high in importance. The AUC of the HF-Lab9 prediction model built by the XgBoost algorithm was 0.966 and had good clinical benefits. CONCLUSIONS: This study screened the optimal ML algorithm as XgBoost and developed the model HF-Lab9 will improve the accuracy of clinicians in assessing the occurrence of HF after AMI and provide a reference for the selection of subsequent model-building algorithms.

Deep Learning Enables Optofluidic Zoom System with Large Zoom Ratio and High Imaging Resolution.

Due to the relatively low optical power of a liquid lens, it is usually difficult to achieve a large zoom ratio and a high-resolution image simultaneously in an optofluidic zoom imaging system. We propose an electronically controlled optofluidic zoom imaging system combined with deep learning, which achieves a large continuous zoom change and a high-resolution image. The zoom system consists of an optofluidic zoom objective and an image-processing module. The proposed zoom system can achieve a large tunable focal length range from 4.0 mm to 31.3 mm. In the focal length range of 9.4 mm to 18.8 mm, the system can dynamically correct the aberrations by six electrowetting liquid lenses to ensure the image quality. In the focal length range of 4.0-9.4 mm and 18.8-31.3 mm, the optical power of a liquid lens is mainly used to enlarge the zoom ratio, and deep learning enables the proposed zoom system with improved image quality. The zoom ratio of the system reaches 7.8×, and the maximum field of view of the system can reach ~29°. The proposed zoom system has potential applications in camera, telescope and so on.

Comparison of the performance of two real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR kits for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid: a study based on large real clinical samples.

BACKGROUND: The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led to the development of multiple detection kits by national manufacturers for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 viral nucleic acid testing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the performance of different kits (i.e., Maccura kit and Sansure kit) in real clinical work using clinical samples, which will help with the optimization of the test kits. METHOD: During the past three months (March-May 2022), 1399 pharyngeal swabs from suspected COVID-19 patients have been initially screened using the Maccura kit in Jilin, China, and the test results were verified using the Sansure kit. The cycle threshold (Ct) values generated by the two kits were compared at different viral load levels. Correlation and consistency of the Ct values were investigated using Spearman correlation, Deming regression, and Bland-Altman plots. The cut-off Ct values of the Maccura kit were recalculated by referencing the result of the Sansure kit as a standard. Furthermore, another 163 pharyngeal swabs from suspected COVID-19 patients were collected to verify the new cut-off values. RESULTS: As a result of the Maccura kit testing, 1192 positive cases and 207 suspected COVID-19 cases were verified. After re-examination by the Sansure kit, 1118 positive cases were confirmed. The difference between the Ct values provided by the two kits was statistically significant, except for the N gene at high viral load. The Ct values obtained from the two kits presented a linear positive correlation. The Maccura kit used new cut-off Ct values of 35.00 (ORF1ab gene) and 35.07 (N gene). Based on that, the validation pass rate for the new cut-off Ct values was 91.41%. CONCLUSION: Since the Maccura kit is found to have false positives in actual clinical work, recalculation of the cut-off values can reduce this occurrence. In order to improve the accuracy of the testing, laboratories should use two kits for COVID-19 testing, and the adjusting and optimizing of the kits for their situation are needed.

Early changes in laboratory tests predict liver function damage in patients with moderate coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Most patients with coronavirus disease 2019 demonstrate liver function damage. In this study, the laboratory test data of patients with moderate coronavirus disease 2019 were used to establish and evaluate an early prediction model to assess the risk of liver function damage. METHODS: Clinical data and the first laboratory examination results of 101 patients with moderate coronavirus disease 2019 were collected from four hospitals' electronic medical record systems in Jilin Province, China. Data were randomly divided into training and validation sets. A logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent factors related to liver function damage in patients in the training set to establish a prediction model. Model discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness were evaluated in the training and validation sets. RESULTS: The logistic regression analysis showed that plateletcrit, retinol-binding protein, and carbon dioxide combining power could predict liver function damage (P < 0.05 for all). The receiver operating characteristic curve showed high model discrimination (training set area under the curve: 0.899, validation set area under the curve: 0.800; P < 0.05). The calibration curve showed a good fit (training set: P = 0.59, validation set: P = 0.19; P > 0.05). A decision curve analysis confirmed the clinical usefulness of this model. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the combined model assesses liver function damage in patients with moderate coronavirus disease 2019 performed well. Thus, it may be helpful as a reference for clinical differentiation of liver function damage. Trial registration retrospectively registered.

Determination of Age- and Sex-Specific 99th Percentile Upper Reference Limits for High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin I in Healthy Chinese Adults.

INTRODUCTION: Age- and sex-specific reference intervals (RIs) for high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) are not available in China. The objective of the present research was to determine the assay-specific 99th percentile upper reference limits (URLs) for hs-cTnI in healthy Chinese adults. METHODS: Apparently healthy individuals were first screened with a questionnaire. The reference population was selected according to the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) criteria using surrogate biomarker for diabetes, myocardial dysfunction, and renal dysfunction. The serum concentration of hs-cTnI was measured using the automatized VITROS 5600 Immunodiagnostic system (Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, NJ, USA). RESULTS: A total of 2,183 healthy individuals (1,051 men and 1,132 women aged from 20 to 95 years) were enrolled in the study. The serum overall 99th percentile URLs of hs-cTnI were 11.1 ng/L (12.5 ng/L in men, 9.6 ng/L in women). In both men and women, the 99th percentile URLs were significantly higher in individuals ≥55 years old than those in the <55 years old, especially in women. Moreover, 78.8% of males and 70.1% of females presented with hs-cTnI concentrations above the limit of detection of 0.43 ng/L. CONCLUSION: The hs-cTnI-VITROS assay coincided with the performance standard of the IFCC for high-sensitivity cTnI assays. The 99th percentile URLs for hs-cTnI in healthy Chinese adults were different from the manufacturer declared and appeared heterogeneous, potentially susceptible to factors such as age and sex.

Establishment of reference intervals for serum amylase and lipase: a large sample study based on Chinese healthy children.

This study aimed to establish age- and sex-specific reference intervals for serum amylase and lipase in children by prospective investigation. A total of 6466 healthy Han children of 1 month ∼ <18 years were recruited in communities and schools in five administrative regions of Jilin Province, China. The serum amylase and lipase concentrations were measured on the VITROS 5600 integrated system. The reference intervals were defined by a nonparametric 95% percentile interval. Reference intervals of amylase were divided into four age-specific partitions. It increased rapidly between the ages of 1 month ∼ <1 year and 1 ∼ <5 years, slightly decreased between the ages of 5 ∼ <12 years, and increased slowly between 12 ∼ <18 years. Lipase concentrations showed sex differences after 1-year-old, with reference intervals in males divided into 2 divisions and 3 divisions in females. The lipase concentrations in both males and females showed an upward trend, and the lipase concentrations in females were higher than those in males. This study established reference intervals for amylase and lipase in healthy Chinese children and provided a more accurate explanation for the diagnosis and prognosis of clinical pediatric diseases.

An indirect approach for reference intervals establishment of immunoglobulin A, G and M: the combination of laboratory database and statistics.

Immunoglobulins are affected by sex, age and region, so it is necessary to establish suitable reference intervals (RIs) for clinical diagnosis. Various statistical methods were used to calculate RIs, but there has been a lack of comparison among the methods. Research based on immunoglobulin RIs establishment with various methods would provide a methodological basis for further research. A total of 16,525 individuals were enrolled in the study. Individuals were selected in the medical examination center of First Hospital of Jilin University from 2014 to 2020. The lambda-mu-sigma (LMS) method was performed to evaluate the dynamic changes in analytes. RIs were calculated by parametric, non-parametric, Hoffman method and Bhattacharya method. Sex and age partitions were found for immunoglobulins G and immunoglobulin M. The levels of IgM showed no difference with age in males, but showed differences after 50 years of age in females. Circulating immunoglobulin A concentrations showed an increasing trend with age, and immunoglobulin M showed a fluctuating trend with age. Obvious difference (>5%) was commonly found among the four methods, however, the RIs established by the four methods all passed the verification with a high passing rate. Sex and age differences should be considered for immunoglobulins G and immunoglobulin M in clinical practice. The feasibility of the four indirect methods was proven, which would provides a methodological reference for further studies and benefit the application of clinical data.

Factors influencing the reference interval of thyroid-stimulating hormone in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Many studies have reported that the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) reference interval is susceptible to external factors, such as age, sex, race, region and iodine intake. However, no meta-analysis has comprehensively explored the effect of these factors on the TSH reference interval. METHODS: Articles published from January 1960 to January 2020 were searched in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, Medline English databases and CNKI, WanFang and CQVIP Chinese databases. In total, 19 studies were ultimately included. All data were analysed using Review Manager 5.3, STATA 16.0 software, GraphPad Prism 8.0 and Microsoft Excel 2010 to draw the TSH concentration curve. RESULTS: The TSH reference interval was significantly influenced by sex and age. The mean of TSH concentration in females was 0.27 mIU/L higher than that in males. Reference interval of TSH is divided into 20-59 years old and >60 years old age groups in males, and 20-39 years old and >40 years old age groups in females. Regardless of sex, TSH concentrations all increase with age. In iodine-deficient areas, TSH reference intervals were generally lower than those in iodine-sufficient or iodine-excessive areas. The TSH reference interval in Asia and North American countries was generally higher than that in most European countries. In the subgroup analyses of sample size, region and assay methods and manufacturers, the between-group differences were significant. CONCLUSION: The TSH reference interval was significantly influenced by sex, age, iodine intake, sample size, region, and assay methods and manufacturers, but other factors should not be ignored. Therefore, it is necessary for each laboratory to validate an appropriate TSH reference interval based on local conditions.

Establishment of reference intervals for serum amylase and lipase: a large sample study based on Chinese healthy children.

This study aimed to establish age- and sex-specific reference intervals for serum amylase and lipase in children by prospective investigation. A total of 6466 healthy Han children of 1 month ∼ <18 years were recruited in communities and schools in five administrative regions of Jilin Province, China. The serum amylase and lipase concentrations were measured on the VITROS 5600 integrated system. The reference intervals were defined by a nonparametric 95% percentile interval. Reference intervals of amylase were divided into four age-specific partitions. It increased rapidly between the ages of 1 month ∼ <1 year and 1 ∼ <5 years, slightly decreased between the ages of 5 ∼ <12 years, and increased slowly between 12 ∼ <18 years. Lipase concentrations showed sex differences after 1-year-old, with reference intervals in males divided into 2 divisions and 3 divisions in females. The lipase concentrations in both males and females showed an upward trend, and the lipase concentrations in females were higher than those in males. This study established reference intervals for amylase and lipase in healthy Chinese children and provided a more accurate explanation for the diagnosis and prognosis of clinical pediatric diseases.

Reference interval transference of common clinical biomarkers.

Clinical examination has become an important method of disease diagnosis, curative effect evaluation, prognosis judgment and health monitoring, and the biological reference interval is the reference standard to interpret test results and analyses of test information. In clinical tests, the reference interval is often affected by race, sex, age, geographical location and growth and development, so it is very important to establish a suitable reference interval for each laboratory. It is a huge and arduous task for each laboratory to establish its own reference interval. It is unrealistic for different measurement systems to establish reference intervals. According to the C28-A3c guideline from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), clinical laboratories can appropriately transfer the reference intervals provided by other laboratories. This paper reviews whether the biomarkers in multiregional laboratories can transfer reference intervals between different measurement systems to expand the application of reference interval databases and ensure the accuracy and consistency of the test results.

Reference intervals for 26 common biochemical analytes in term neonates in Jilin Province, China.

BACKGROUND: Biochemical analytes provide information for neonatal disease management and therapy, and population-based reference intervals (RIs) are essential to accurately interpret laboratory test results. This study aimed to establish local RIs for biochemical assays in term neonates. METHODS: A total of 195 healthy term neonates from birth to 3rd day were recruited as reference individuals prospectively. Analytes of 26 common biochemistries were measured using the VITROS 5600 Integrated System. The 3-level nested ANOVA was performed to assess the need for partitioning RIs of each analyte, and RIs were derived by a nonparametric method or robust method. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate specific correlations between the analytes and individual characteristics including age, gender, gestational age, birthweight and delivery mode. RESULTS: There were no between-sex differences in all analytes, whereas there were significant between-day-age differences in 6 analytes. Small between-delivery-mode differences were observed in the results for potassium, phosphorus, and urea. The major related factor of most analytes was postnatal age. During the first 3 days, values of iron, lipids and lipoproteins increased; creatinine, urea, uric acid, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase decreased; other analytes showed slight changes or relatively stable trends. Reference limits of some analytes, particularly lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase, were significantly different from adult and pediatric groups. CONCLUSIONS: RIs of 26 common biochemical analytes are established for term neonates aged 0 to 3 days in northeast China. Additionally, it is suggested that age-related changes should be valued in the clinical decision-making process for newborns.

Establishment of age- and sex-specific reference intervals for serum liver function tests in pediatric population aged 1-<18 years: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pediatric diseases rely on the accurate establishment of the reference interval (RI). This study aimed to establish pediatric RIs for liver function tests and evaluated the correlation of the analytes. METHODS: Pediatric population (aged 1-<18 years) was prospectively recruited in Jilin Province, China. Analytes detected by Ortho VITORS 5600 automatic biochemical analyzer. All strata were divided using the regression tree and Harris and Boyd's method. The dynamic changes of RI were evaluated by the lambda-mu-sigma method. RESULTS: Reference individuals were comprised of 6,322 children and adolescents. Age and sex differences were present in all analytes except serum total protein. The serum albumin, total protein, γ-glutamyl transferase, total bilirubin, and unconjugated bilirubin levels increased with age while serum aspartate aminotransferase was opposite. The serum alanine aminotransferase level reached a trough at the age of 5 and later steadily in males but slowly decreased in females. The serum alkaline phosphatase level dropped rapidly after reaching a peak at 9 years old in females and 12 years old in males. RIs were divided into 11 partitions at most and 5 partitions at least. The strongest correlation between analytes was total bilirubin and unconjugated bilirubin (r = 0.788), followed by total bilirubin and albumin (r = 0.511). CONCLUSIONS: Analytes show unique dynamic changes in pediatric population. The correlations among liver function tests can inform future studies of particular variables. Age- and sex-special pediatric RIs should be established to help an accurate diagnosis of disease.

ZNF292 suppresses proliferation of ESCC cells through ZNF292/SKP2/P27 signaling axis.

OBJECTIVE: Increasing evidence has demonstrated that ZNF292 plays a suppressive role in cancer, however, little is known about its function and exact mechanism in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS: Bioinformatic analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to analyze the role of ZNF292 in affecting the prognosis of ESCC. Cell proliferation and colony formation ability assays were performed to analyze cell growth after inferring the expression of ZNF292. Flow cytometry was used to analyze changes in the cell cycle upon the depletion of ZNF292. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis were used to determine the alteration of cell cycle related RNAs and proteins after knocking down ZNF292. MG-132, cycloheximide (CHX) treatment experiments were performed to analyze the change and half-life time of P27 after knockdown of ZNF292. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase reporter assays were used to analyze the transcriptional regulation of SKP2 by ZNF292. RESULTS: We report that low expression of ZNF292 is associated with poor prognosis, and ZNF292 emerges to be highly expressed in adjacent and normal tissues rather than tumor tissues in ESCC. Knockdown of ZNF292 significantly boosts cell growth and S phase entry in ESCC cells. ZNF292 depletion will decrease the expression and half-life time of P27, while knockdown of SKP2 will result in elevated expression of P27. ZNF292 can bind to the promoter region of SKP2, and knockdown of ZNF292 will boost the expression of SKP2. CONCLUSIONS: Knockdown of ZNF292 mediates G1/S cell cycle procession by activating SKP2/P27 signaling in ESCC cells. ZNF292 knockdown promotes SKP2 expression at the transcriptional level, thereby boosting P27 ubiquitin-degradation, and eventually facilitating the S phase entrance.

Mechanism of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients.

Since December 2019, a novel coronavirus has spread throughout China and across the world, causing a continuous increase in confirmed cases within a short period of time. Some studies reported cases of thrombocytopenia, but hardly any studies mentioned how the virus causes thrombocytopenia. We propose several mechanisms by which coronavirus disease 2019 causes thrombocytopenia to better understand this disease and provide more clinical treatment options.

Increased Levels of Glycated Hemoglobin A1c and Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Review.

Worldwide, the prevalence of diabetes remains high. Studies have shown that iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is associated with increased levels of glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), but the mechanism remains unclear. Hematological changes, iron metabolism, study methodology, and other factors could affect the results of diagnostic investigations, leading to false results. Red blood cell turnover in the bone marrow and the quality and heterogeneity of erythrocytes may influence the rate of hemoglobin glycation. By changing the structure of hemoglobin and inducing peroxidation, iron deficiency accelerates glycation. This review aims to discuss the possible causes of the association between increased levels of HbA1c and IDA.

Endothelial Cell Inflammation and Barriers Are Regulated by the Rab26-Mediated Balance between ß2-AR and TLR4 in Pulmonary Microvessel Endothelial Cells.

Rab26 GTPase modulates the trafficking of cell surface receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors including α2-adrenergic receptors in some cell types. However, the effect of Rab26 on ß2-adrenergic receptor (ß2-AR) trafficking or/and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) expression in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs) is still unclear. Here, we investigated the role of Rab26 in regulating the expression of ß2-ARs and TLR4 in HPMECs and the effect of these receptors' imbalance on endothelial cell barrier function. The results showed that there was unbalance expression in these receptors, where ß2-AR expression was remarkably reduced, and TLR4 was increased on the cell membrane after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Furthermore, we found that Rab26 overexpression not only upregulated ß2-ARs but also downregulated TLR4 expression on the cell membrane. Subsequently, the TLR4-related inflammatory response was greatly attenuated, and the hyperpermeability of HPMECs also was partially relived. Taken together, these data suggest that basal Rab26 maintains the balance between ß2-ARs and TLR4 on the cell surface, and it might be a potential therapeutic target for diseases involving endothelial barrier dysfunction.

A Convolutional Neural Network for Compound Micro-Expression Recognition.

Human beings are particularly inclined to express real emotions through micro-expressions with subtle amplitude and short duration. Though people regularly recognize many distinct emotions, for the most part, research studies have been limited to six basic categories: happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust. Like normal expressions (i.e., macro-expressions), most current research into micro-expression recognition focuses on these six basic emotions. This paper describes an important group of micro-expressions, which we call compound emotion categories. Compound micro-expressions are constructed by combining two basic micro-expressions but reflect more complex mental states and more abundant human facial emotions. In this study, we firstly synthesized a Compound Micro-expression Database (CMED) based on existing spontaneous micro-expression datasets. These subtle feature of micro-expression makes it difficult to observe its motion track and characteristics. Consequently, there are many challenges and limitations to synthetic compound micro-expression images. The proposed method firstly implemented Eulerian Video Magnification (EVM) method to enhance facial motion features of basic micro-expressions for generating compound images. The consistent and differential facial muscle articulations (typically referred to as action units) associated with each emotion category have been labeled to become the foundation of generating compound micro-expression. Secondly, we extracted the apex frames of CMED by 3D Fast Fourier Transform (3D-FFT). Moreover, the proposed method calculated the optical flow information between the onset frame and apex frame to produce an optical flow feature map. Finally, we designed a shallow network to extract high-level features of these optical flow maps. In this study, we synthesized four existing databases of spontaneous micro-expressions (CASME I, CASME II, CAS(ME)2, SAMM) to generate the CMED and test the validity of our network. Therefore, the deep network framework designed in this study can well recognize the emotional information of basic micro-expressions and compound micro-expressions.