Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation phase-dependently modulates spinal reciprocal inhibition induced by pedaling in healthy individuals.

Reciprocal inhibition (RI) between leg muscles is crucial for smooth movement. Pedaling is a rhythmic movement that can increase RI in healthy individuals. Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) stimulates spinal neural circuits by targeting the afferent fibers. Pedaling with simultaneous tSCS may modulate the plasticity of the spinal neural circuit and alter neural activity based on movement and muscle engagement. This study investigated the RI changes after pedaling and tSCS and determined the phase of pedaling in which tSCS should be applied for optimal RI modulation in healthy individuals. Eleven subjects underwent three interventions: pedaling combined with tSCS during the early phase of lower extension (phase 1), pedaling combined with tSCS during the late phase of lower flexion (phase 4) of the pedaling cycle, and pedaling combined with sham tSCS. The RI from the tibialis anterior to the soleus muscle was assessed before, immediately after, 15 min, and 30 min after the intervention. RI increased immediately after phase 4 and pedaling combined with sham tSCS, whereas no changes were observed after phase 1. These results demonstrate that tSCS modulates RI changes induced by pedaling in a stimulus phase-dependent manner in healthy individuals. However, the mechanism involved in this intervention needs to be explored to achieve higher efficacy.

Changes in Corticospinal Excitability and Motor Control During Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Healthy Individuals.

Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) modulates the primary motor cortex (M1) via cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI), which affects motor control in humans. However, the effects of ctDCS on motor control are inconsistent because of an incomplete understanding of the real-time changes in the M1 excitability that occur during ctDCS, which determines motor output under regulation by the cerebellum. This study investigated changes in corticospinal excitability and motor control during ctDCS in healthy individuals. In total, 37 healthy individuals participated in three separate experiments. ctDCS (2 mA) was applied to the cerebellar hemisphere during the rest condition or a pinch force-tracking task. Motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude and the F-wave were assessed before, during, and after ctDCS, and pinch force control was assessed before and during ctDCS. The MEP amplitudes were significantly decreased during anodal ctDCS from 13 min after the onset of stimulation, whereas the F-wave was not changed. No significant changes in MEP amplitudes were observed during cathodal and sham ctDCS conditions. The MEP amplitudes were decreased during anodal ctDCS when combined with the pinch force-tracking task, and pinch force control was impaired during anodal ctDCS relative to sham ctDCS. The MEP amplitudes were not significantly changed before and after all ctDCS conditions. Motor cortical excitability was suppressed during anodal ctDCS, and motor control was unskilled during anodal ctDCS when combined with a motor task in healthy individuals. Our findings provided a basic understanding of the clinical application of ctDCS to neurorehabilitation.

Lentilactobacillus hilgardii H-50 strongly inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in mouse splenocytes via its specific surface layer proteins.

AIMS: Certain lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are known to have anti-inflammatory effects; however, hiochi bacteria, which are taxonomically classified as LAB and known to spoil a traditional Japanese alcoholic beverage, have not been studied in the same context. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of hiochi bacteria strains and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: We screened 45 strains of hiochi bacteria for anti-inflammatory effects and found that Lentilactobacillus hilgardii H-50 strongly inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1ß, and IL-6 in mouse splenocytes. This inhibition is attributed to its specific surface layer proteins (SLPs), which directly bind to LPS. CONCLUSIONS: The L. hilgardii H-50 strain exerts anti-inflammatory effects through its SLPs.

The effect of cathodal transspinal direct current stimulation on tibialis anterior stretch reflex components in humans.

Spinal DC stimulation (tsDCS) shows promise as a technique for the facilitation of functional recovery of motor function following central nervous system (CNS) lesion. However, the network mechanisms that are responsible for the effects of tsDCS are still uncertain. Here, in a series of experiments, we tested the hypothesis that tsDCS increases the excitability of the long-latency stretch reflex, leading to increased excitability of corticospinal neurons in the primary motor cortex. Experiments were performed in 33 adult human subjects (mean age 28 ± 7 years/14 females). Subjects were seated in a reclining armchair with the right leg attached to a footplate, which could be quickly plantarflexed (100 deg/s; 6 deg amplitude) to induce stretch reflexes in the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle at short (45 ms) and longer latencies (90-95 ms). This setup also enabled measuring motor evoked potentials (MEPs) and cervicomedullary evoked potentials (cMEPs) from TA evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electrical stimulation at the cervical junction, respectively. Cathodal tsDCS at 2.5 and 4 mA was found to increase the long-latency reflex without any significant effect on the short-latency reflex. Furthermore, TA MEPs, but not cMEPs, were increased following tsDCS. We conclude that cathodal tsDCS over lumbar segments may facilitate proprioceptive transcortical reflexes in the TA muscle, and we suggest that the most likely explanation of this facilitation is an effect on ascending fibers in the dorsal columns.

Electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve and its effects on the relationship between corticomuscular coherence and motor control in healthy adults.

BACKGROUND: Sensory input via neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) may contribute to synchronization between motor cortex and spinal motor neurons and motor performance improvement in healthy adults and stroke patients. However, the optimal NMES parameters used to enhance physiological activity and motor performance remain unclear. In this study, we focused on sensory feedback induced by a beta-band frequency NMES (ß-NMES) based on corticomuscular coherence (CMC) and investigated the effects of ß-NMES on CMC and steady-state of isometric ankle dorsiflexion in healthy volunteers. Twenty-four participants received ß-NMES at the peak beta-band CMC or fixed NMES (f-NMES) at 100 Hz on different days. NMES was applied to the right part of the common peroneal nerve for 20 min. The stimulation intensity was 95% of the motor threshold with a pulse width of 1 ms. The beta-band CMC and the coefficient of variation of force (Force CV) were assessed during isometric ankle dorsiflexion for 2 min. In the complementary experiment, we applied ß-NMES to 14 participants and assessed beta-band CMC and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) with transcranial magnetic stimulation. RESULTS: No significant changes in the means of beta-band CMC, Force CV, and MEPs were observed before and after NMES conditions. Changes in beta-band CMC were correlated to (a) changes in Force CV immediately, at 10 min, and at 20 min after ß-NMES (all cases, p < 0.05) and (b) changes in MEPs immediately after ß-NMES (p = 0.01). No correlations were found after f-NMES. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the sensory input via NMES was inadequate to change the beta-band CMC, corticospinal excitability, and voluntary motor output. Whereas, the ß-NMES affects the relationship between changes in beta-band CMC, Force CV, and MEPs. These findings may provide the information to develop NMES parameters for neurorehabilitation in patients with motor dysfunction.

Single-Session Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Affects Postural Control Learning and Cerebellar Brain Inhibition in Healthy Individuals.

Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) modulates cerebellar activity and postural control. However, the effects of ctDCS on postural control learning and the mechanisms associated with these effects remain unclear. To examine the effects of single-session ctDCS on postural control learning and cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI) of the primary motor cortex in healthy individuals. In this triple-blind, sham-controlled study, 36 participants were allocated randomly to one of three groups: (1) anodal ctDCS group, (2) cathodal ctDCS group, and (3) sham ctDCS group. ctDCS (2 mA) was applied to the cerebellar brain for 20 min prior to six blocks of standing postural control training (each block consisted of five trials of a 30-s tracking task). CBI and corticospinal excitability of the tibialis anterior muscle were assessed at baseline, immediately after, 1 day after, and 7 days after training. Skill acquisition following training was significantly reduced in both the anodal and cathodal ctDCS groups compared with the sham ctDCS group. Changes in performance measured 1 day after and 7 days after training did not differ among the groups. In the anodal ctDCS group, CBI significantly increased after training, whereas corticospinal excitability decreased. Anodal ctDCS-induced CBI changes were correlated with the learning formation of postural control (r = 0.55, P = 0.04). Single-session anodal and cathodal ctDCS could suppress the skill acquisition of postural control in healthy individuals. The CBI changes induced by anodal ctDCS may affect the learning process of postural control.

Transcranial direct-current stimulation combined with attention increases cortical excitability and improves motor learning in healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has the potential to induce motor cortical plasticity in humans. It is well known that motor cortical plasticity plays an essential role in motor learning and recovery in patients with stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. However, it remains unclear how cognitive function influences motor cortical plasticity induced by tDCS. The present study aimed to investigate whether anodal tDCS combined with attention to a target muscle could enhance motor cortical plasticity and improve motor learning in healthy individuals. METHODS: Thirty-three healthy volunteers were assigned to two experiments. In experiment 1, there were three interventional conditions: 1) anodal tDCS was applied while participants paid attention to the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle, 2) anodal tDCS was applied while participants paid attention to the sound, and 3) anodal tDCS was applied without the participants paying attention to the FDI muscle or the sound. Anodal tDCS (2 mA, 10 min) was applied over the primary motor cortex (M1). Changes in motor evoked potentials (MEPs), short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) were assessed before and immediately after (0 min), and then 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min after each intervention. In experiment 2, we investigated whether the combination of anodal tDCS and attention to the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) muscle could facilitate the learning of a ballistic thumb movement. RESULTS: Anodal tDCS increased cortical excitability in all conditions immediately after the stimulation. Significant increases in MEPs and significant decreases in SICI were observed for at least 60 min after anodal tDCS, but only when participants paid attention to the FDI muscle. In contrast, no significant changes in ICF were observed in any condition. In experiment 2, the combination of tDCS and attention to the APB muscle significantly enhanced the acquisition of a ballistic thumb movement. The higher performance was still observed 7 days after the stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that anodal tDCS over M1 in conjunction with attention to the target muscle enhances motor cortex plasticity and improves motor learning in healthy adults. These findings suggest that a combination of attention and tDCS may be an effective strategy to promote rehabilitation training in patients with stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered (UMIN000036848).

Time course of changes in corticospinal excitability induced by motor imagery during action observation combined with peripheral nerve electrical stimulation.

While previous studies assessed corticospinal excitability changes during and after motor imagery (MI) or action observation (AO) combined with peripheral nerve electrical stimulation (ES), we examined, for the first time, the time course of corticospinal excitability changes for MI during AO combined with ES (AO-MI + ES) using transcranial magnetic stimulation to measure motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in healthy individuals. Fourteen healthy volunteers participated in the following three sessions on different days: AO-MI alone, ES alone, and AO-MI + ES. In the AO-MI task, participants imagined squeezing and relaxing a ball, along with the respective actions shown in a movie, while passively holding the ball. We applied ES (intensity, 90% of the motor threshold) to the ulnar nerve at the wrist, which innervates the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. We assessed the FDI muscle MEPs at baseline and after every 5 min of the task for a total of 20 min. Additionally, participants completed the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire-2 (VMIQ-2) at the beginning of the experiment. Compared to baseline, AO-MI + ES significantly increased corticospinal excitability after 10 min, while AO-MI or ES alone had no effect on corticospinal excitability after 20 min. Moreover, the AO-MI + ES-induced cortical excitability changes were correlated with the VMIQ-2 scores for visual and kinaesthetic imagery. Collectively, our findings indicate that AO-MI + ES induces cortical plasticity earlier than does AO-MI or ES alone and that an individual's imagery ability plays an important role in inducing cortical excitability changes following AO-MI + ES.

After-effects of pedaling exercise on spinal excitability and spinal reciprocal inhibition in patients with chronic stroke.

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: To evaluate the after-effects of pedaling on spinal excitability and spinal reciprocal inhibition in patients with post-stroke spastic hemiparesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty stroke patients with severe hemiparesis participated in this study and were instructed to perform 7 min of active pedaling and 7 min of passive pedaling with a recumbent ergometer at a comfortable speed. H reflexes and M waves of paretic soleus muscles were recorded at rest before, immediately after and 30 min after active and passive pedaling. The Hmax/Mmax ratio and H recruitment curve were measured. Reciprocal inhibition was assessed using the soleus H reflex conditioning test paradigm. RESULTS: The Hmax/Mmax ratio was significantly decreased after active and passive pedaling exercise. The decreased Hmax/Mmax ratio after active pedaling lasted at least for 30 min. The H recruitment curve and reciprocal inhibition did not change significantly after active or passive pedaling exercise. CONCLUSIONS: Pedaling exercise decreased spinal excitability in patients with severe hemiparesis. Pedaling may be effective in rehabilitation following stroke.

Validity of gait asymmetry estimation by using an accelerometer in individuals with hemiparetic stroke.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of estimating step time and length asymmetries, using an accelerometer against force plate measurements in individuals with hemiparetic stroke. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty-four individuals who previously had experienced a stroke were asked to walk without using a cane or manual assistance on a 16-m walkway. Step time and length were measured using force plates, which is the gold standard for assessing gait asymmetry. In addition to ground reaction forces, trunk acceleration was simultaneously measured using an accelerometer. To estimate step time asymmetry using accelerometer data, the time intervals between forward acceleration peaks for each leg were calculated. To estimate step length asymmetry using accelerometer data, the integration of the positive vertical accelerations following initial contact of each leg was calculated. Asymmetry was considered the affected side value divided by the unaffected side value. [Results] Significant correlations were found between the accelerometer and the force plates for step time and length asymmetries (rho=0.83 and rho=0.64, respectively). [Conclusion] An accelerometer might be useful for assessing step time and length asymmetries in individuals with hemiparetic stroke, although improvements are needed for estimating the accuracy of step length asymmetry.

The effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation and patterned electrical stimulation on spinal inhibitory interneurons and motor function in patients with spinal cord injury.

Supraspinal excitability and sensory input may play an important role for the modulation of spinal inhibitory interneurons and functional recovery among patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we investigated the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with patterned electrical stimulation (PES) on spinal inhibitory interneurons in patients with chronic incomplete SCI and in healthy individuals. Eleven patients with incomplete SCI and ten healthy adults participated in a single-masked, sham-controlled crossover study. PES involved stimulating the common peroneal nerve with a train of ten 100 Hz pulses every 2 s for 20 min. Anodal tDCS (1 mA) was simultaneously applied to the primary motor cortex that controls the tibialis anterior muscle. We measured reciprocal inhibition and presynaptic inhibition of a soleus H-reflex by stimulating the common peroneal nerve prior to tibial nerve stimulation, which elicits the H-reflex. The inhibition was assessed before, immediately after, 10 min after and 20 min after the stimulation. Compared with baseline, simultaneous application of anodal tDCS with PES significantly increased changes in disynaptic reciprocal inhibition and long-latency presynaptic inhibition in both healthy and SCI groups for at least 20 min after the stimulation (all, p < 0.001). In patients with incomplete SCI, anodal tDCS with PES significantly increased the number of ankle movements in 10 s at 20 min after the stimulation (p = 0.004). In conclusion, anodal tDCS combined with PES could induce spinal plasticity and improve ankle movement in patients with incomplete SCI.

Increasing corticospinal excitability in the antagonist muscle during muscle relaxation with a tracking task.

The present study aimed to investigate corticospinal excitability changes during muscle relaxation with a tracking task. The motor-evoked potential, which was elicited from the flexor carpi radialis (agonist) and extensor carpi radialis (antagonist) muscles, was analyzed in terms of both the relaxation velocity and phase. Our results suggest that increasing corticospinal excitability in the antagonist muscle plays an important role in controlling the relaxation of the agonist muscle during gradual relaxation with a tracking task.

Use of a gyroscope/accelerometer data logger to identify alternative feeding behaviours in fish.

We examined whether we could identify the feeding behaviours of the trophic generalist fish Epinephelus ongus on different prey types (crabs and fish) using a data logger that incorporated a three-axis gyroscope and a three-axis accelerometer. Feeding behaviours and other burst behaviours, including escape responses, intraspecific interactions and routine movements, were recorded from six E. ongus individuals using data loggers sampling at 200 Hz, and were validated by simultaneously recorded video images. For each data-logger record, we extracted 5 s of data when any of the three-axis accelerations exceeded absolute 2.0 g, to capture all feeding behaviours and other burst behaviours. Each feeding behaviour was then identified using a combination of parameters that were derived from the extracted data. Using decision trees with the parameters, high true identification rates (87.5% for both feeding behaviours) with low false identification rates (5% for crab-eating and 6.3% for fish-eating) were achieved for both feeding behaviours.

Predicting interindividual response to theta burst stimulation in the lower limb motor cortex using machine learning.

Using theta burst stimulation (TBS) to induce neural plasticity has played an important role in improving the treatment of neurological disorders. However, the variability of TBS-induced synaptic plasticity in the primary motor cortex prevents its clinical application. Thus, factors associated with this variability should be explored to enable the creation of a predictive model. Statistical approaches, such as regression analysis, have been used to predict the effects of TBS. Machine learning may potentially uncover previously unexplored predictive factors due to its increased capacity for capturing nonlinear changes. In this study, we used our prior dataset (Katagiri et al., 2020) to determine the factors that predict variability in TBS-induced synaptic plasticity in the lower limb motor cortex for both intermittent (iTBS) and continuous (cTBS) TBS using machine learning. Validation of the created model showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.85 and 0.69 and positive predictive values of 77.7 and 70.0% for iTBS and cTBS, respectively; the negative predictive value was 75.5% for both patterns. Additionally, the accuracy was 0.76 and 0.72, precision was 0.82 and 0.67, recall was 0.82 and 0.67, and F1 scores were 0.82 and 0.67 for iTBS and cTBS, respectively. The most important predictor of iTBS was the motor evoked potential amplitude, whereas it was the intracortical facilitation for cTBS. Our results provide additional insights into the prediction of the effects of TBS variability according to baseline neurophysiological factors.

Simulating tDCS electrode placement to stimulate both M1 and SMA enhances motor performance and modulates cortical excitability depending on current flow direction.

Introduction: The conventional method of placing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) electrodes is just above the target brain area. However, this strategy for electrode placement often fails to improve motor function and modulate cortical excitability. We investigated the effects of optimized electrode placement to induce maximum electrical fields in the leg regions of both M1 and SMA, estimated by electric field simulations in the T1and T2-weighted MRI-based anatomical models, on motor performance and cortical excitability in healthy individuals. Methods: A total of 36 healthy volunteers participated in this randomized, triple-blind, sham-controlled experiment. They were stratified by sex and were randomly assigned to one of three groups according to the stimulation paradigm, including tDCS with (1) anodal and cathodal electrodes positioned over FCz and POz, respectively, (A-P tDCS), (2) anodal and cathodal electrodes positioned over POz and FCz, respectively, (P-A tDCS), and (3) sham tDCS. The sit-to-stand training following tDCS (2 mA, 10 min) was conducted every 3 or 4 days over 3 weeks (5 sessions total). Results: Compared to sham tDCS, A-P tDCS led to significant increases in the number of sit-to-stands after 3 weeks training, whereas P-A tDCS significantly increased knee flexor peak torques after 3 weeks training, and decreased short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) immediately after the first session of training and maintained it post-training. Discussion: These results suggest that optimized electrode placement of the maximal EF estimated by electric field simulation enhances motor performance and modulates cortical excitability depending on the direction of current flow.

Quadriceps muscle activity during walking with a knee ankle foot orthosis is associated with improved gait ability in acute hemiplegic stroke patients with severe gait disturbance.

Introduction: A knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) prevents knee buckling during walking and enables gait training for acute hemiplegic stroke patients with severe gait disturbances. Although the goal of gait training with a KAFO is to improve gait ability, that is, to acquire walking with an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), it is not clear how gait training with a KAFO contributes to improving gait ability. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between muscle activities during walking with a KAFO and the improvement of gait ability in hemiplegic stroke patients with severe gait disturbance. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted. Fifty acute hemiplegic stroke patients who could not walk with an AFO participated. Muscle activities of the paretic rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and soleus were assessed with surface electromyogram during walking with a KAFO. Electromyograms were assessed at the beginning of gait training and at the time the Ambulation Independence Measure score improved by 3 or higher, or discharge. Results: Even in patients with complete hemiplegia, paretic rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and soleus showed periodic muscle activity during walking with a KAFO. Twenty-three patients improved to an Ambulation Independence Measure score of 3 or higher and were able to walk with an AFO (good recovery group). At the beginning of gait training, paretic rectus femoris muscle activity during the first double-limb support phase was significantly higher in the good recovery group than in the poor recovery group. The rectus femoris muscle activity significantly increased from before to after acute rehabilitation, which consisted mainly of gait training with a KAFO. Discussion: For acute hemiplegic stroke patients with severe disturbance, the induction and enhancement of paretic quadriceps muscle activity during walking with a KAFO play an important role in acquiring walking with an AFO.

Combined effect of motor imagery and peripheral nerve electrical stimulation on the motor cortex.

Although motor imagery enhances the excitability of the corticospinal tract, there are no peripheral afferent inputs during motor imagery. In contrast, peripheral nerve electrical stimulation (ES) can induce peripheral afferent inputs; thus, a combination of motor imagery and ES may enhance the excitability of the corticospinal tract compared with motor imagery alone. Moreover, the level of stimulation intensity may also be related to the modulation of the excitability of the corticospinal tract during motor imagery. Here, we evaluated whether a combination of motor imagery and peripheral nerve ES influences the excitability of the corticospinal tract and measured the effect of ES intensity on the excitability induced during motor imagery. The imagined task was a movement that involved touching the thumb to the little finger, whereas ES involved simultaneous stimulation of the ulnar and median nerves at the wrist. Two different ES intensities were used, one above the motor threshold and another above the sensory threshold. Further, we evaluated whether actual movement with afferent input induced by ES modulates the excitability of the corticospinal tract as well as motor imagery. We found that a combination of motor imagery and ES enhanced the excitability of the motor cortex in the thenar muscle compared with the other condition. Furthermore, we established that the modulation of the corticospinal tract was related to ES intensity. However, we found that the excitability of the corticospinal tract induced by actual movement was enhanced by peripheral nerve ES above the sensory threshold.

New Artificial Intelligence-Integrated Electromyography-Driven Robot Hand for Upper Extremity Rehabilitation of Patients With Stroke: A Randomized, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: An artificial intelligence (AI)-integrated electromyography (EMG)-driven robot hand was devised for upper extremity (UE) rehabilitation. This robot detects patients' intentions to perform finger extension and flexion based on the EMG activities of 3 forearm muscles. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the effect of this robot in patients with chronic stroke. METHODS: This was a single-blinded, randomized, controlled trial with a 4-week follow-up period. Twenty patients were assigned to the active (n = 11) and control (n = 9) groups. Patients in the active group received 40 minutes of active finger training with this robot twice a week for 4 weeks. Patients in the control group received passive finger training with the same robot. The Fugl-Meyer assessment of UE motor function (FMA), motor activity log-14 amount of use score (MAL-14 AOU), modified Ashworth scale (MAS), H reflex, and reciprocal inhibition were assessed before, post, and post-4 weeks (post-4w) of intervention. RESULTS: FMA was significantly improved at both post (P = .011) and post-4w (P = .021) in the active group. The control group did not show significant improvement in FMA at the post. MAL-14 AOU was improved at the post in the active group (P = .03). In the active group, there were significant improvements in wrist MAS at post (P = .024) and post-4w (P = .026). CONCLUSIONS: The AI-integrated EMG-driven robot improved UE motor function and spasticity, which persisted for 4 weeks. This robot hand might be useful for UE rehabilitation of patients with stroke.Clinical Trial Registry Name: The effect of robotic rehabilitation using XMM-HR2 for the paretic upper extremity among hemiparetic patients with stroke.Clinical Trial Registration-URL: https://jrct.niph.go.jp/Unique Identifier: jRCTs032200045.

Factor analysis for construct validity of a trunk impairment scale in Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives: To investigate the construct validity of the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), which was developed to assess trunk impairment in patients with stroke, in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Design: This retrospective, cross-sectional study enrolled consecutive PD inpatients. Correlation analysis was performed to clarify whether the TIS assessment was related to other balance functions, lower extremity muscle strength, or walking ability. Factor analysis was performed to see how the background factors of TIS differ from balance function, lower limb muscle strength, and walking ability. Results: Examining the data of 471 patients with PD, there were relationships between TIS and the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (r = 0.67), Barthel Index (r = 0.57), general lower limb extension torque (r = 0.51), two-minute walk test (r = 0.54), Hoehn and Yahr stage (r = -0.61), and Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III total points (r = -0.59). Factor analysis showed that TIS items were divided into three factors (an abdominal muscles and righting reflex component; a perception and verticality component; and a rotational component), differing from other scales that included clinical assessment items. Conclusion: The TIS can be useful for assessing the underlying trunk impairment as a basis for activities of daily living, gait function, and balance ability in patients with PD.

Effects of pedaling exercise on the intracortical inhibition of cortical leg area.

Pedaling is widely used for rehabilitation of locomotion because it induces similar muscle activity to that observed during locomotion. However, no study has examined the effects of pedaling exercise on intracortical inhibition. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of pedaling exercise on short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) in the cortical area controlling the tibialis anterior (TA) and soleus (SOL) muscles. Ten healthy adults participated in this study and were instructed to perform 7 min of active and passive pedaling. Paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to investigate the SICI. Using interstimulus intervals of 2-3 ms, the SICI of TA and SOL muscles was recorded at rest before and after the pedaling and repetitive ankle dorsiflexion tasks. SICI in both TA and SOL muscles decreased immediately after active pedaling. There were no significant changes in SICI after the passive pedaling and repetitive ankle dorsiflexion. A short-term, low-intensity active pedaling exercise decreases the intracortical inhibition of the leg area of the motor cortex. Our results suggest that pedaling has the potential to restore ambulation-inducing cortical reorganization among patients with central nervous system lesions.