[Clinical characteristics of Ureaplasma urealyticum infection and colonization in extremely preterm infants]. / è¶ æ—©äº§å„¿è§£è„²è„²åŽŸä½“æ„ŸæŸ“åŠå®šæ¤çŠ¶æ€çš„ä¸´åºŠç‰¹å¾åˆ†æž.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical characteristics of Ureaplasma urealyticum (UU) infection and colonization in extremely preterm infants and its impact on the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 258 extremely preterm infants who were admitted to the Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, from September 2018 to September 2022. According to the results of UU nucleic acid testing and the evaluation criteria for UU infection and colonization, the subjects were divided into three groups: UU-negative group (155 infants), UU infection group (70 infants), and UU colonization group (33 infants). The three groups were compared in terms of general information and primary and secondary clinical outcomes. RESULTS: Compared with the UU-negative group, the UU infection group had significant increases in the incidence rate of BPD, total oxygen supply time, and the length of hospital stay (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in the incidence rates of BPD and moderate/severe BPD between the UU colonization group and the UU-negative group (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The impact of UU on the incidence of BPD in extremely preterm infants is associated with the pathogenic state of UU (i.e., infection or colonization), and there are significant increases in the incidence rate of BPD, total oxygen supply time, and the length of hospital stay in extremely preterm infants with UU infection. UU colonization is not associated with the incidence of BPD and moderate/severe BPD in extremely preterm infants.

[A multicenter study of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen, China]. / 深圳市新生儿脑卒中多中心现况调查.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the incidence rate, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen, China. METHODS: Led by Shenzhen Children's Hospital, the Shenzhen Neonatal Data Collaboration Network organized 21 institutions to collect 36 cases of neonatal stroke from January 2020 to December 2022. The incidence, clinical characteristics, treatment, and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence rate of neonatal stroke in 21 hospitals from 2020 to 2022 was 1/15 137, 1/6 060, and 1/7 704, respectively. Ischemic stroke accounted for 75% (27/36); boys accounted for 64% (23/36). Among the 36 neonates, 31 (86%) had disease onset within 3 days after birth, and 19 (53%) had convulsion as the initial presentation. Cerebral MRI showed that 22 neonates (61%) had left cerebral infarction and 13 (36%) had basal ganglia infarction. Magnetic resonance angiography was performed for 12 neonates, among whom 9 (75%) had involvement of the middle cerebral artery. Electroencephalography was performed for 29 neonates, with sharp waves in 21 neonates (72%) and seizures in 10 neonates (34%). Symptomatic/supportive treatment varied across different hospitals. Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment was performed for 12 neonates (33%, 12/36), with a mean score of (32±4) points. The prognosis of 27 neonates was followed up to around 12 months of age, with 44% (12/27) of the neonates having a good prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic stroke is the main type of neonatal stroke, often with convulsions as the initial presentation, involvement of the middle cerebral artery, sharp waves on electroencephalography, and a relatively low neurodevelopment score. Symptomatic/supportive treatment is the main treatment method, and some neonates tend to have a poor prognosis.

Influence of Alveolar Fluid on Aquaporins and Na+/K+-ATPase and Its Possible Theoretical or Clinical Significance.

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary edema is the most common pathophysiological change in pulmonary disease. Aquaporins (AQPs) and Na+/K+-ATPase play pivotal roles in alveolar fluid clearance. This study aimed to explore the influence of increased alveolar fluid on the absorption of lung fluid. STUDY DESIGN: Eighty New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 10 in each group), and models of different alveolar fluid contents were established by the infusion of different volumes of normal saline (NS) via the endotracheal tube. Five animals in each group were sacrificed immediately after infusion to determine the wet/dry ratio, while the remaining animals in each group were killed 4 hours later to determine the wet/dry ratio at 4 hours. Additionally, lung specimens were collected from each group, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), western blot, and immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses of AQPs and Na+/K+-ATPase were performed. RESULTS: The qRT-PCR analysis and western blot studies showed markedly decreased mRNA and protein levels of AQP1 and Na+/K+-ATPase when the alveolar fluid volume was ≥6 mL/kg, and the mRNA level of AQP5 was significantly reduced when the alveolar fluid volume was ≥4 mL/kg. In addition, IHC analysis showed the same results. At 4 hours, the lung wet/dry ratio was significantly increased when the alveolar fluid volume was ≥6 mL/kg; however, compared with 0 hours after NS infusion, there was still a significant absorption of alveolar fluid for a period of 4 hours. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that increased alveolar fluid may induce the downregulation of the mRNA and protein expression of AQPs and Na+/K+-ATPase, which appear to affect alveolar fluid clearance in rabbit lungs. Early intervention is required to avoid excessive alveolar fluid accumulation. KEY POINTS: · The expression levels of AQPs and Na+/K+--ATPase were significantly decreased as alveolar fluid increased.. · At 4 hours, wet/dry ratio was significantly increased when infusion volume was ≥ 6 mL/kg.. · Early intervention is required to avoid excessive alveolar fluid accumulation..

Clinical treatment outcomes and their changes in extremely preterm twins: a multicenter retrospective study in Guangdong Province, China. / è¶ æœªæˆç†ŸåŒèƒŽå„¿ä¸´åºŠæ•‘æ²»ç»“å±€åŠå˜åŒ–åˆ†æžï¼šä¸€é¡¹å¹¿ä¸œçœå¤šä¸­å¿ƒå›žé¡¾æ€§ç ”ç©¶.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical treatment outcomes and the changes of the outcomes over time in extremely preterm twins in Guangdong Province, China. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed for 269 pairs of extremely preterm twins with a gestational age of <28 weeks who were admitted to the department of neonatology in 26 grade A tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province from January 2008 to December 2017. According to the admission time, they were divided into two groups: 2008-2012 and 2013-2017. Besides, each pair of twins was divided into the heavier infant and the lighter infant subgroups according to birth weight. The perinatal data of mothers and hospitalization data of neonates were collected. The survival rate of twins and the incidence rate of complications were compared between the 2008-2012 and 2013-2017 groups. RESULTS: Compared with the 2008-2012 group, the 2013-2017 group (both the heavier infant and lighter infant subgroups) had lower incidence rates of severe asphyxia and smaller head circumference at birth (P<0.05). The mortality rates of both of the twins, the heavier infant of the twins, and the lighter infant of the twins were lower in the 2013-2017 group compared with the 2008-2012 group (P<0.05). Compared with the 2008-2012 group, the 2013-2017 group (both the heavier infant and lighter infant subgroups) had lower incidence rates of pulmonary hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (P-IVH), and neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) and a higher incidence rate of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant increase in the survival rate over time in extremely preterm twins with a gestational age of <28 weeks in the 26 grade A tertiary hospitals in Guangdong Province. The incidences of severe asphyxia, pulmonary hemorrhage, PDA, P-IVH, and NRDS decrease in both the heavier and lighter infants of the twins, but the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia increases. With the improvement of diagnosis and treatment, the multidisciplinary collaboration between different fields of fetal medicine including prenatal diagnosis, obstetrics, and neonatology is needed in the future to jointly develop management strategies for twin pregnancy.

[Influence of premature rupture of membranes on the early prognosis of extremely premature infants].

OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) on the early prognosis of extremely premature infants, and to provide a basis for the management of extremely premature infants and prenatal consultation. METHODS: A total of 179 extremely premature singleton infants who were born from 2017 to 2019 were enrolled. According to the presence or absence of PROM, they were divided into two groups: PROM group (n=69) and non-PROM group (n=110). A statistical analysis was performed for maternal data and early prognostic indicators. RESULTS: Compared with the non-PROM group, the PROM group had significantly higher incidence rates of earlyonset sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (P < 0.05) and significantly lower rate of use of pulmonary surfactant and incidence rate of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that chorioamnionitis was an independent risk factor for early-onset sepsis and NEC (OR=11.062 and 9.437 respectively, P < 0.05), and PROM was an independent protective factor against the use of pulmonary surfactant (OR=0.363, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PROM increases the incidence rates of early-onset sepsis and NEC in extremely premature infants and does not increase the incidence rates of other adverse outcomes. For pregnant women with PROM at the risk of extremely preterm delivery, prevention of miscarriage and chorioamnionitis is recommended to prolong gestational weeks, reduce the incidence rate of infection, and thus improve the outcome of extremely premature infants.

[Clinical value of droplet digital PCR in rapid diagnosis of invasive fungal infection in neonates].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical value of droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in rapid and accurate diagnosis of invasive fungal infection (IFI) in neonates. METHODS: The highly conserved sequence of fungi 18S RNA was selected as the target sequence, and primers were designed to establish a ddPCR fungal detection system. Blood samples were collected from 83 neonates with high-risk factors for IFI and/or related clinical symptoms in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a hospital in Shenzhen, China. Blood culture and ddPCR were used for fungal detection. RESULTS: The ddPCR fungal detection system had a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 3.2 copies/µL, and had a good reproducibility. Among the 22 blood samples from neonates with a confirmed or clinical diagnosis of IFI, 19 were detected positive by ddPCR. Among the 61 blood samples from neonates who were suspected of IFI or had no IFI, 2 were detected positive by ddPCR. CONCLUSIONS: The ddPCR technique can be used for the detection of neonatal IFI and is a promising tool for the screening and even diagnosis of neonatal IFI.

[Fat emulsion tolerance in preterm infants of different gestational ages in the early stage after birth].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the fat emulsion tolerance in preterm infants of different gestational ages in the early stage after birth. METHODS: A total of 98 preterm infants were enrolled and divided into extremely preterm infant group (n=17), early preterm infant group (n=48), and moderate-to-late preterm infant group (n=33). According to the dose of fat emulsion, they were further divided into low- and high-dose subgroups. The umbilical cord blood and dried blood filter papers within 3 days after birth were collected. Tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure the content of short-, medium-, and long-chain acylcarnitines. RESULTS: The extremely preterm infant and early preterm infant groups had a significantly lower content of long-chain acylcarnitines in the umbilical cord blood and dried blood filter papers within 3 days after birth than the moderate-to-late preterm infant group (P<0.05), and the content was positively correlated with gestational age (P<0.01). On the second day after birth, the low-dose fat emulsion subgroup had a significantly higher content of short-, medium-, and long-chain acylcarnitines than the high-dose fat emulsion subgroup among the extremely preterm infants (P<0.05). In the early preterm infant and moderate-to-late preterm infant groups, there were no significant differences in the content of short-, medium-, and long-chain acylcarnitines between the low- and high-dose fat emulsion subgroups within 3 days after birth. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with moderate-to-late preterm infants, extremely preterm infants and early preterm infants have a lower capacity to metabolize long-chain fatty acids within 3 days after birth. Early preterm infants and moderate-to-late preterm infants may tolerate high-dose fat emulsion in the early stage after birth, but extremely preterm infants may have an insufficient capacity to metabolize high-dose fat emulsion.

[Relationship between serum erythropoietin levels and brain injury in preterm infants].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the levels of erythropoietin (EPO) in serum and brain injury in preterm infants. METHODS: Three hundred and four preterm infants (gestational age: 28-34 weeks) born between October 2014 and September 2015 were enrolled in this study. Brain injury was diagnosed using cerebral ultrasound and MRI. The levels of EPO, S100 protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and myelin basic protein (MBP) in serum were detected using ELISA. To compare the incidence of brain injury in different serum EPO levels in preterm infants, and the relationship between brain injury and serum EPO levels was analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence rate of brain injury in preterm infants was 41.1% (125/304). The incidence rate of brain injury in the low EPO level group was significantly higher than that in the middle-high EPO level groups (P<0.01). The serum levels of S100 protein, NSE, and MBP in the brain injury groups were significantly higher than in the control group (P<0.01). The serum EPO levels were negatively correlated with serum S100 protein concentration and NSE levels (P<0.05). According to the multiple logistic regression analysis, low gestational age, low birth weight, asphyxia, prolonged mechanical ventilation, anemia and low serum EPO levels were the risk factor for brain injury in preterm infants. CONCLUSIONS: There is a higher incidence rate of brain injury in preterm infants with lower serum EPO levels. The serum EPO levels may be correlated with brain injury in preterm infants.

Delivery room resuscitation intensity and associated neonatal outcomes of 24+0-31+6 weeks' preterm infants in China: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to review current delivery room (DR) resuscitation intensity in Chinese tertiary neonatal intensive care units and to investigate the association between DR resuscitation intensity and short-term outcomes in preterm infants born at 24+0-31+6 weeks' gestation age (GA). METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. The source population was infants born at 24+0-31+6 weeks' GA who were enrolled in the Chinese Neonatal Network 2019 cohort. Eligible infants were categorized into five groups: (1) regular care; (2) oxygen supplementation and/or continuous positive airway pressure (O2/CPAP); (3) mask ventilation; (4) endotracheal intubation; and (5) cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The association between DR resuscitation and short-term outcomes was evaluated by inverse propensity score-weighted logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 7939 infants included in this cohort, 2419 (30.5%) received regular care, 1994 (25.1%) received O2/CPAP, 1436 (18.1%) received mask ventilation, 1769 (22.3%) received endotracheal intubation, and 321 (4.0%) received CPR in the DR. Advanced maternal age and maternal hypertension correlated with a higher need for resuscitation, and antenatal steroid use tended to be associated with a lower need for resuscitation (P < 0.001). Severe brain impairment increased significantly with increasing amounts of resuscitation in DR after adjusting for perinatal factors. Resuscitation strategies vary widely between centers, with over 50% of preterm infants in eight centers requiring higher intensity resuscitation. CONCLUSIONS: Increased intensity of DR interventions was associated with increased mortality and morbidities in very preterm infants in China. There is wide variation in resuscitative approaches across delivery centers, and ongoing quality improvement to standardize resuscitation practices is needed.

Oropharyngeal administration of mother's own milk influences levels of salivary sIgA in preterm infants fed by gastric tube.

The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of oropharyngeal mother's milk administration on salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in preterm infants fed by gastric tube. Infants (n = 130) with birth weight < 1500 g were randomly allocated into two groups which both received breast milk for enteral nutrition. The experimental group (n = 65) accepted oropharyngeal mother's milk administration before gastric tube feeding for 14 days after birth. The control group (n = 65) accepted oropharyngeal 0.9% normal saline administration. Saliva concentration of sIgA were assessed at the 2 h, 7th and 14th day after birth. The level of salivary sIgA in experimental group were significantly higher than those in control group on the 7th day after birth (p < 0.05), but there were no differences in salivary sIgA levels on the 14th day between the two groups. The results of quantile regression analysis showed that oropharyngeal mother's milk administration, delivery mode and gestational age had significant effects on the increase of sIgA. SIgA in experimental group and the total number of intervention had a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05). Oropharyngeal mother's milk administration can improve salivary sIgA levels of preterm infants.

Short term outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants from a multicenter cohort study in Guangdong of China.

With the increase in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants, their outcome attracted worldwide attention. However, in China, the related studies are rare. The hospitalized records of ELBW infants discharged from twenty-six neonatal intensive care units in Guangdong Province of China during 2008-2017 were analyzed. A total of 2575 ELBW infants were enrolled and the overall survival rate was 55.11%. From 2008 to 2017, the number of ELBW infants increased rapidly from 91 to 466, and the survival rate improved steadily from 41.76% to 62.02%. Increased survival is closely related to birth weight (BW), regional economic development, and specialized hospital. The incidence of complications was neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (85.2%), oxygen dependency at 28 days (63.7%), retinopathy of prematurity (39.3%), intraventricular hemorrhage (29.4%), necrotizing enterocolitis (12.0%), and periventricular leukomalacia (8.0%). Among the 1156 nonsurvivors, 90.0% of infants died during the neonatal period (≤ 28 days). A total of 768 ELBW infants died after treatment withdrawal, for reasons of economic and/or poor outcome. The number of ELBW infants is increasing in Guangdong Province of China, and the overall survival rate is improving steadily.

Wet lung leading to RDS: the lung ultrasound findings and possible mechanisms - a pilot study from an animal mode.

BACKGROUND: Clinically, the lung ultrasound (LUS) showed wet lung could cause respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborns. This work aimed to investigate LUS changes over time and its potential mechanism as alveolar fluid increase in a rabbit model. METHODS: A total of 35 New Zealand Rabbits were randomly assigned to seven groups. Models of various alveolar fluid levels were induced by infusion of different volumes of normal saline (NS) via the endotracheal tube. LUS was performed before NS infusion, immediately after NS infusion and 4 h after NS infusion. To appraise LUS changes and its potential mechanism as alveolar fluid increase, histopathological examination, the mRNA and protein expression of surfactant protein (SP), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed. The expression levels of SP-B and SP-C proteins were detected using western blotting, and the relative expression levels of SP-B and SP-C mRNA were detected using qRT-PCR. RESULTS: The results showed that LUS changed from B-line to lung consolidations accompanied by air-bronchograms in some locations of lungs at 4 h when the injection volume ≥ 6 ml/kg. Histopathological examination showed alveoli collapse, inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar wall thickened. SP-B and SP-C mRNA and protein expression were statistically significantly reduced when the injection volume ≥6 ml/kg (p < .05). IHC staining displayed the same findings. CONCLUSIONS: As alveolar fluid increase, LUS changed from wet lung to RDS after 4 h. The possible mechanism was that the SP protein expression was significantly reduced. LUS can be used to guide the administration of exogenous surfactant in this situation.

Using lung ultrasound to quantitatively evaluate pulmonary water content.

BACKGROUND: Increases in extravascular lung water (EVLW) can lead to respiratory failure. This study aimed to investigate whether the B-line score (BLS) was correlated with the EVLW content determined by the lung wet/dry ratio in a rabbit model. METHODS: A total of 45 New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to nine groups. Among the animals, models of various lung water content levels were induced by the infusion of different volumes of warm sterile normal saline (NS) via the endotracheal tube. The arterial blood gas, spontaneous respiratory rate, and PaO2 /FiO2 ratio were detected before and after infusion. In addition, the B-lines were determined before and immediately after infusion in each group. Finally, both lungs were resected to determine the wet/dry ratio. In addition, all lung specimens were analyzed histologically, and EVLW was quantified using the BLS based on the number and confluence of B-lines in the intercostal space. RESULTS: The BLS increased with increasing infusion volume. The BLS was statistically correlated with the wet/dry ratio (r2 = .946) and with the PaO2 /FiO2 ratio (r2 = .916). Furthermore, a repeatability study was performed for the lung ultrasound (LUS) technology (Bland-Altman plots), and the results suggest that LUS had favorable intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to suggest that the BLS can serve as a sensitive, quantitative, noninvasive, and real-time indicator of EVLW in a rabbit model of lung water accumulation. Notably, the BLS displayed an obvious correlation with the experimental gravimetry results and could also be used to predict the pulmonary oxygenation status.

Factors affecting successful closure of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus with indomethacin in extremely low birth weight infants.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is high in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Indomethacin has been widely used in the prophylaxis and treatment of hemodynamically significant PDA. This retrospective study was undertaken to identify factors such as birth weight, gestational age, gender, fetal growth retardation, ductal size, timing of the first dose of indomethacin and side effects of indomethacin, which may affect the successful closure of the PDA with indomethacin in ELBW infants. METHODS: A cohort of 139 ELBW infants who had received indomethacin treatment for PDA during a consecutive period of more than three years (September 2000 to December 2003) was retrospectively analyzed. Administration RESULTS: of indomethacin was associated with closure of PDA in 108 (77.7%) of 139 ELBW infants, and only 19.4% of infants required surgical ligation of the ductus eventually. There was no significant relationship between closure of PDA with gestational age, gender, fetal growth retardation, and ductal size. A higher birth weight and early use of indomethacin after birth could significantly increase the closure rate of PDA (P<0.05). Side effects of indomethacin such as transient oliguria and hyponatremia during indomethacin therapy did not affect PDA closure. CONCLUSIONS: Indomethacin is effective for the treatment of PDA in ELBW infants. A higher rate of ductal closure is related to the increase of birth weight. PDA closure with indomethacin is age-related, and early administration of indomethacin could increase PDA closure and reduce the incidence of hyponatremia. There is no significant difference in major morbidities such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after early treatment. Early screening for hemodynamically significant PDA in ELBW infants and early treatment with indomethacin are recommended.