Glutamate-GABA imbalance mediated by miR-8-5p and its STTM regulates phase-related behavior of locusts.

The aggregation of locusts from solitary to gregarious phases is crucial for the formation of devastating locust plagues. Locust management requires research on the prevention of aggregation or alternative and greener solutions to replace insecticide use, and insect-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) show the potential for application in pest control. Here, we performed a genome-wide screen of the differential expression of miRNAs between solitary and gregarious locusts and showed that miR-8-5p controls the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)/glutamate functional balance by directly targeting glutamate decarboxylase (Gad). Blocking glutamate-GABA neurotransmission by miR-8-5p overexpression or Gad RNAi in solitary locusts decreased GABA production, resulting in locust aggregation behavior. Conversely, activating this pathway by miR-8-5p knockdown in gregarious locusts induced GABA production to eliminate aggregation behavior. Further results demonstrated that ionotropic glutamate/GABA receptors tuned glutamate/GABA to trigger/hamper the aggregation behavior of locusts. Finally, we successfully established a transgenic rice line expressing the miR-8-5p inhibitor by short tandem target mimic (STTM). When locusts fed on transgenic rice plants, Gad transcript levels in the brain increased greatly, and aggregation behavior was lost. This study provided insights into different regulatory pathways in the phase change of locusts and a potential control approach through behavioral regulation in insect pests.

Eosinophil peroxidase promotes bronchial epithelial cells to secrete asthma-related factors and induces the early stage of airway remodeling.

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation, reversible airflow limitation, and airway remodeling. Eosinophil peroxidase (EPX) is the most abundant secondary granule protein unique to activated eosinophils. In this study, we aimed to illustrate the effect of EPX on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in BEAS-2B cells. Our research found that both EPX and ADAM33 were negatively correlated with FEV1/FVC and FEV1%pred, and positively correlated with IL-5 levels. Asthma patients had relatively higher levels of ADAM33 and EPX compared to the healthy control group. The expression of TSLP, TGF-ß1 and ADAM33 in the EPX intervention group was significantly higher. Moreover, EPX could promote the proliferation, migration and EMT of BEAS-2B cells, and the effect of EPX on various factors was significantly improved by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. The findings from this study could potentially offer a novel therapeutic target for addressing airway remodeling in bronchial asthma, particularly focusing on EMT.

EDA Complex-Enabled Annulation to Access CF2-Containing Tetralones and Quinazolinones Using Persulfates as Electron Donors.

A photocatalyst-free and EDA complex-enabled radical cascade cyclization reaction of inactive alkenes with bromodifluoroacetamides was reported for the divergent synthesis of fluorine-containing tetralones and quinazolinones. In this transformation, persulfates as electron donors and difluoro bromamide as electron acceptors generate the EDA complex. This is a promising photochemical method with advantages such as mild reaction conditions, simple operation, being metal-free, and excellent functional group tolerance.

Chemodiversity of Dissolved Organic Matter Is Governed by Microbial Biogeography in Inland Waters.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is crucial for the carbon biogeochemical cycle and has a close link with microbiome in aquatic ecosystems; however, the causal relationship between DOM and microbial diversity in inland waters is not very clear so far. Therefore, a national survey of China's inland waters was conducted, and the DOM chemical composition and microbial community composition were determined by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and high-throughput sequencing to clarify the abovementioned question. Here, we found that DOM chemodiversity was governed by microbial community assembly in inland waters, not vice versa. Under the control of microbial biogeography, DOM chemodiversity showed a clear geographical distribution difference. Water DOM chemodiversity was mainly constrained by bacterial and archaeal community composition, whereas sediment DOM chemodiversity was mainly controlled by eukaryotic and fungal community composition. In addition, the sediment DOM chemical composition was also affected by the interaction of different microbial groups between waters and sediments. The study is the first to clarify the causal relationship and proposes a microbial regulatory mechanism on the geographical distribution pattern of DOM chemodiversity, thus further deepening the understanding of the DOM biogeochemical cycle.

Reactive oxygen species-induced SIAH1 promotes granulosa cells' senescence in premature ovarian failure.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure triggers granulosa cells' (GCs) senescence, which is an important causal factor for premature ovarian failure (POF). However, underlying mechanism in this process remains unknown. In our study, we observed increased ROS levels in POF ovarian tissues, POF patient follicular GCs and cyclophosphamide (CTX) pretreated GCs. Correspondingly, increased SIAH1, reduced TRF2 and GC senescence were also found in these cases. Silencing of SIAH1 rescued ROS-induced TRF2 reduction and cell senescence in GCs. Moreover, SIAH1 co-localized with TRF2 in the cytoplasm, facilitating its ubiquitination degradation, further leading to telomere abnormalities in GCs. In conclusion, our findings indicate that ROS induces telomere abnormalities by augmenting SIAH1-mediated TRF2 degradation, leading to cell senescence in GCs in POF processing.

miR-31-5p regulates cold acclimation of the wood-boring beetle Monochamus alternatus via ascaroside signaling.

BACKGROUND: Survival to cold stress in insects living in temperate environments requires the deployment of strategies that lead to physiological changes involved in freeze tolerance or freeze avoidance. These strategies may consist of, for instance, the induction of metabolic depression, accumulation of cryoprotectants, or the production of antifreeze proteins, however, little is known about the way such mechanisms are regulated and the signals involved in their activation. Ascarosides are signaling molecules usually known to regulate nematode behavior and development, whose expression was recently found to relate to thermal plasticity in the Japanese pine sawyer beetle Monochamus alternatus. Accumulating evidence also points to miRNAs as another class of regulators differentially expressed in response to cold stress, which are predicted to target genes involved in cold adaptation of insects. Here, we demonstrate a novel pathway involved in insect cold acclimation, through miRNA-mediated regulation of ascaroside function. RESULTS: We initially discovered that experimental cold acclimation can enhance the beetle's cold hardiness. Through screening and functional verification, we found miR-31-5p, upregulated under cold stress, significantly contributes to this enhancement. Mechanistically, miR-31-5p promotes production of an ascaroside (asc-C9) in the beetle by negatively targeting the rate-limiting enzyme, acyl-CoA oxidase in peroxisomal ß-oxidation cycles. Feeding experiments with synthetic asc-C9 suggests it may serve as a signal to promote cold acclimation through metabolic depression and accumulation of cryoprotectants with specific gene expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Our results point to important roles of miRNA-mediated regulation of ascaroside function in insect cold adaptation. This enhanced cold tolerance may allow higher survival of M. alternatus in winter and be pivotal in shaping its wide distribution range, greatly expanding the threat of pine wilt disease, and thus can also inspire the development of ascaroside-based pest management strategies.

DOA Estimation Based on Weighted l1-norm Sparse Representation for Low SNR Scenarios.

In this paper, a weighted l1-norm is proposed in a l1-norm-based singular value decomposition (L1-SVD) algorithm, which can suppress spurious peaks and improve accuracy of direction of arrival (DOA) estimation for the low signal-to-noise (SNR) scenarios. The weighted matrix is determined by optimizing the orthogonality of subspace, and the weighted l1-norm is used as the minimum objective function to increase the signal sparsity. Thereby, the weighted matrix makes the l1-norm approximate the original l0-norm. Simulated results of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has s narrower main lobe and lower side lobe with the characteristics of fewer snapshots and low sensitivity of misestimated signals, which can improve the resolution and accuracy of DOA estimation. Specifically, the proposed method exhibits a better performance than other works for the low SNR scenarios. Outdoor experimental results of OFDM signals show that the proposed algorithm is superior to other methods with a narrower main lobe and lower side lobe, which can be used for DOA estimation of UAV and pseudo base station.

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-144-5p improves rat ovarian function after chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure by targeting PTEN.

Chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian failure (POF) in women is currently clinically irreversible. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a promising cellular therapeutic strategy for POF. However, the underlying mechanism governing the efficacy of BMSCs in treating POF has not been determined. In this study, we show that BMSC and BMSC-derived exosome transplantation can significantly recover the estrus cycle, increase the number of basal and sinus follicles in POF rats, increase estradiol (E2) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels, and reduce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in the serum. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BMSC-derived exosomes prevent ovarian follicular atresia in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-treated rats via the delivery of miR-144-5p, which can be transferred to cocultured CTX-damaged granulosa cells (GCs) to decrease GC apoptosis. A functional assay revealed that overexpression of miR-144-5p in BMSCs showed efficacy against CTX-induced POF, and the improvement in the repair was related to the inhibition of GC apoptosis by targeting PTEN. The opposite effect was exhibited when miR-144-5p was inhibited. Taken together, our experimental results provide new information regarding the potential of using exosomal miR-144-5p to treat ovarian failure.

Hsa_circ_001680 affects the proliferation and migration of CRC and mediates its chemoresistance by regulating BMI1 through miR-340.

BACKGROUND: Accumulating evidence indicates that circular RNAs (circRNAs) act as microRNA (miRNA) sponges to directly inhibit specific miRNAs and alter their ability to regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level; this mechanism is believed to occur in various cancers. However, the expression level, precise function and mechanism of circ_001680 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) are largely unknown. METHODS: qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of circ_001680 and miR-340 in human CRC tissues and their matched normal tissues. Bioinformatics analyses and dual-fluorescence reporter assays were used to evaluate whether circ_001680 could bind to miR-340. Circ_001680 overexpression and knockdown cell lines were constructed to investigate the proliferation and migration abilities in vivo and in vitro through function-based experiments, including CCK8, plate clone formation, transwell, and wounding healing assays. The relationships among circ_001680, miR-340 and BMI1 were investigated by bioinformatics analyses, dual-fluorescence reporter system, FISH, RIP and RNA pull down assays. Sphere forming assays and flow cytometry analyses were used to assess the effect of circ_001680 on the stemness characteristics of CRC cells. RESULTS: Circ_001680 was more highly expressed in of CRC tissue than in matched adjacent normal tissues from the same patients. Circ_001680 was observed to enhance the proliferation and migration capacity of CRC cells. Furthermore, dual-fluorescence reporter assays confirmed that circ_001680 affects the expression of BMI1 by targeting miR-340. More importantly, we also found that circ_001680 could promote the cancer stem cell (CSC) population in CRC and induce irinotecan therapeutic resistance by regulating the miR-340 target gene BMI1. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that circ_001680 is a part of a novel strategy to induce chemotherapy resistance in CRC through BMI1 upregulation. Moreover, circ_001680 may be a promising diagnostic and prognostic marker to determine the success of irinotecan-based chemotherapy.

Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control.

Since December 2019, more than 79,000 people have been diagnosed with infection of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). A large number of medical staff was sent to Wuhan city and Hubei province to aid COVID-19 control. Psychological stress, especially vicarious traumatization caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, should not be ignored. To address this concern, the study employed a total of 214 general public and 526 nurses (i.e., 234 front-line nurses and 292 non-front-line nurses) to evaluate vicarious traumatization scores via a mobile app-based questionnaire. Front-line nurses are engaged in the process of providing care for patients with COVID-19. The results showed that the vicarious traumatization scores for front-line nurses including scores for physiological and psychological responses, were significantly lower than those of non-front-line nurses (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the vicarious traumatization scores of the general public were significantly higher than those of the front-line nurses (P < 0.001); however, no statistical difference was observed compared to the scores of non-front-line nurses (P > 0.05). Therefore, increased attention should be paid to the psychological problems of the medical staff, especially non-front-line nurses, and general public under the situation of the spread and control of COVID-19. Early strategies that aim to prevent and treat vicarious traumatization in medical staff and general public are extremely necessary.

Control of Hydraulic Load on Bacterioplankton Diversity in Cascade Hydropower Reservoirs, Southwest China.

Hydroelectric reservoirs are highly regulated ecosystems, where the understanding on bacterioplankton has been very limited so far. In view of significant changes in river hydrological conditions by dam construction, hydraulic load (i.e., the ratio of mean water depth to water retention time) was assumed to control bacterioplankton diversity in cascading hydropower reservoirs. To evaluate this hypothesis, we investigated bacterioplankton composition and diversity using high-throughput sequencing and related environmental variables in eleven reservoirs on the Wujiang River, Southwest China. Our results showed a decrease of bacterioplankton diversity index with an increase of reservoir hydraulic load. This is because hydraulic load governs dissolved oxygen variation in the water column, which is a key factor shaping bacterioplankton composition in these hydroelectric reservoirs. In contrast, bacterioplankton abundance was mainly affected by nutrient-related environmental factors. Therefore, from a hydrological perspective, hydraulic load is a decisive factor for the bacterioplankton diversity in the hydroelectric reservoirs. This study can improve the understanding of reservoir bacterial ecology, and the empirical relationship between hydraulic load and bacterioplankton diversity index will help to quantitatively evaluate ecological effects of river damming.

Which is better for mothers and babies: fresh or frozen-thawed blastocyst transfer?

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there have been many reports on the pregnancy outcomes of fresh blastocyst transfer (BT) and frozen-thawed BT, but the conclusions are controversial and incomplete. To compare the pregnancy outcomes, maternal complications and neonatal outcomes of fresh and frozen-thawed BT in the context of in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles, we conducted a meta-analysis. METHODS: A meta-analysis was conducted by searching the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases through May 2020. Data were extracted independently by two authors. RESULTS: Fifty-four studies, including 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), met the inclusion criteria. Fresh BT was associated with a lower implantation rate, pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate, and clinical pregnancy rate and higher ectopic pregnancy rate than frozen-thawed BT according to the results of the RCTs. The risks of moderate or severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, placental abruption, placenta previa and preterm delivery were higher for fresh BT than for frozen-thawed BT. The risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia was lower for fresh BT; however, no significant differences in risks for gestational diabetes mellitus and preterm rupture of membrane were found between the two groups. Compared with frozen-thawed BT, fresh BT appears to be associated with small for gestational age and low birth weight. No differences in the incidences of neonatal mortality or neonatal malformation were observed between fresh and frozen-thawed BT. CONCLUSIONS: At present there is an overall slight preponderance of risks in fresh cycles against frozen, however individualization is required and current knowledge does not permit to address a defintive response.

COL3A1, COL6A3, and SERPINH1 Are Related to Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Occurrence According to Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis.

BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) represents the most frequently seen type of secondary osteoporosis, a systemic skeleton disorder. Numerous factors are associated with GIOP occurrence, but there are no specific diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for GIOP so far. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this work, gene modules related to GIOP were screened through weighted gene coexpression network analysis. Moreover, protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were carried out for hub genes. In addition, microarray GSE30159 dataset was used as a training set to analyze gene expression within bone biopsy samples from patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome with GIOP and from normal controls. GSE129228 was used as the test set for investigating the hub gene involvement within GIOP. RESULTS According to our results, the turquoise module showed clinical significance, and 10 genes (COL3A1, POSTN, COL6A3, COL14A1, SERPINH1, ASPN, OGN, THY1, NID2, and TNMD) were discovered to be the "real" hub genes within coexpression as well as PPI networks. GSEA showed that the interaction of extracellular matrix receptors together with the focal adhesion pathway had significant enrichment within samples with high COL3A1 and COL6A3 expression. After the results from both test and training sets were overlapped, SERPINH1 was also significantly altered between GIOP and normal control samples. CONCLUSIONS COL3A1, COL6A3, and SERPINH1 were identified to be the candidate biomarkers for GIOP.

Association of GWAS-supported noncoding area loci rs404860, rs3117098, and rs7775228 with asthma in Chinese Zhuang population.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a complicated and polygenic inheritance disease, and its prevalence increases worldwide. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified a significant association of single nucleotide polymorphism with asthma in the Japanese population. This study aimed to examine the association of GWAS-supported noncoding area loci, namely rs404860, rs3117098, and rs7775228, with asthma in Chinese Zhuang population. METHODS: A case-control study involving 223 individuals, comprising 123 patients with asthma and 100 healthy controls, was conducted. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/ligase detection reaction assay. The association between gene polymorphisms and asthma risk was calculated by logistic regression analysis using different genetic models through comparisons of alleles (A vs a), homozygote genotypes (AA vs aa), heterozygote genotypes (Aa vs aa), dominant models (AA+Aa vs aa), and recessive models (AA vs. Aa+aa). RESULTS: The distribution of the genotype frequency of rs3117098 was statistically different between the case and control groups. For rs3117098, significant associations were observed through comparisons of alleles (OR: 1.832, 95% CI: 1.048-3.204, P = .034) and dominant models (OR: 2.065, 95% CI: 1.001-4.260, P = .050). The statistical analysis showed no significant difference for loci rs404860 and rs7775228 between patients with asthma and controls. CONCLUSION: rs3117098 may be the risk factor for asthma in Chinese Zhuang population.

Universal stress protein in Malus sieversii confers enhanced drought tolerance.

Drought is an important environmental factor that can severely affect plant growth and reproduction. Although many genes related to drought tolerance have been studied in economically important crops, very few genes have been functionally identified in Malus sieversii. In this study, we isolated a new gene based on throughput RNA sequencing analysis and constructed genetic expression vectors and transformed in Arabidopsis thaliana for functional verification. The results showed that MsUspA ectopic expression driven by constitutive (CaMV 35S) promoter gave rise to substantial improvements in ability of transgenic A. thaliana plants to survive under extreme drought conditions. Improved drought resistance mainly depends on more compact cellular structure, longer roots, strong resilience and low-level ROS. Molecular expression analysis showed that MsUspA may be involved in hormone and secondary metabolite synthesis regulation to improve drought resistance.

Association of IL1RL1 rs3771180 and TSLP rs1837253 variants with asthma in the Guangxi Zhuang population in China.

OBJECTIVE: IL-1 receptor-like 1 (IL1RL1) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) play important roles in asthma in various ways. IL1RL1 rs3771180 and TSLP rs1837253 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with asthma in some European nationals but not in Zhuang people. Accordingly, this study aimed to determine the associations of IL1RL1 rs3771180 and TSLP rs1837253 with asthma in Zhuang people. METHODS: We performed a case-control study to observe the association between the two polymorphisms and asthma in a Guangxi Zhuang cohort consisting of 123 asthmatic patients and 100 healthy controls. These individuals were recruited from the Department of Respiration of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University. Multiplex PCR assay was used to identify the genotype of rs3771180 and rs1837253. Data were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 and SHEsis. RESULTS: rs1837253 showed significant differences between asthmatic and control groups in allele comparison (OR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.27-3.63; P = 0.004), as well as in the homozygote (OR = 4.83; 95% CI = 1.47-16.47; P = 0.012), heterozygote (OR = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.20-6.00; P = 0.016), and dominant (OR = 3.01; 95% CI = 1.39-6.52; P = 0.005) genetic models. However, the genotype frequencies of rs3771180 did not obviously differ. CONCLUSION: rs1837253 is associated with asthma susceptibility and may increase the risk of asthma in Zhuang people in Guangxi.

miR-71 and miR-263 Jointly Regulate Target Genes Chitin synthase and Chitinase to Control Locust Molting.

Chitin synthase and chitinase play crucial roles in chitin biosynthesis and degradation during insect molting. Silencing of Dicer-1 results in reduced levels of mature miRNAs and severely blocks molting in the migratory locust. However, the regulatory mechanism of miRNAs in the molting process of locusts has remained elusive. In this study, we found that in chitin metabolism, two crucial enzymes, chitin synthase (CHS) and chitinase (CHT) were regulated by miR-71 and miR-263 during nymph molting. The coding sequence of CHS1 and the 3'-untranslated region of CHT10 contain functional binding sites for miR-71 and miR-263, respectively. miR-71/miR-263 displayed cellular co-localization with their target genes in epidermal cells and directly interacted with CHS1 and CHT10 in the locust integument, respectively. Injections of miR-71 and miR-263 agomirs suppressed the expression of CHS1 and CHT10, which consequently altered chitin production of new and old cuticles and resulted in a molting-defective phenotype in locusts. Unexpectedly, reduced expression of miR-71 and miR-263 increased CHS1 and CHT10 mRNA expression and led to molting defects similar to those induced by miRNA delivery. This study reveals a novel function and balancing modulation pattern of two miRNAs in chitin biosynthesis and degradation, and it provides insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of the molting process in locusts.

MicroRNA-276 promotes egg-hatching synchrony by up-regulating brm in locusts.

Developmental synchrony, the basis of uniform swarming, migration, and sexual maturation, is an important strategy for social animals to adapt to variable environments. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying developmental synchrony are largely unexplored. The migratory locust exhibits polyphenism between gregarious and solitarious individuals, with the former displaying more synchronous sexual maturation and migration than the latter. Here, we found that the egg-hatching time of gregarious locusts was more uniform compared with solitarious locusts and that microRNA-276 (miR-276) was expressed significantly higher in both ovaries and eggs of gregarious locusts than in solitarious locusts. Interestingly, inhibiting miR-276 in gregarious females and overexpressing it in solitarious females, respectively, caused more heterochronic and synchronous hatching of progeny eggs. Moreover, miR-276 directly targeted a transcription coactivator gene, brahma (brm), resulting in its up-regulation. Knockdown of brm not only resulted in asynchronous egg hatching in gregarious locusts but also impaired the miR-276-induced synchronous egg hatching in solitarious locusts. Mechanistically, miR-276 mediated brm activation in a manner that depended on the secondary structure of brm, namely, a stem-loop around the binding site of miR-276. Collectively, our results unravel a mechanism by which miR-276 enhances brm expression to promote developmental synchrony and provide insight into regulation of developmental homeostasis and population sustaining that are closely related to biological synchrony.

Carbon dots co-doped with nitrogen and chlorine for "off-on" fluorometric determination of the activity of acetylcholinesterase and for quantification of organophosphate pesticides.

Nitrogen and chlorine dually-doped carbon dots (N,Cl-CDs) were hydrothermally prepared starting from 4-chloro-1,2-diaminobenzene and dopamine. The N,Cl-CDs exhibit strong orange fluorescence, with excitation/emission maxima at 420/570 nm and a relative high quantum yield (15%). The N,Cl-CDs were employed to detect acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and organophosphate pesticides (OPs) which are enzyme inhibitors. Acetylthiocholine is enzymatically split by AChE to produce thiocholine which triggers the decomposition of Ellmans's reagent to form a yellow colored product (2-nitro-5-thiobenzoate anion). The product causes an inner filter effect (IEF) on the fluorescence of the N,Cl-CDs. Fluorescence decreases linearly in the 0.017 to 5.0 Unit·L-1 AChE activity range, and the detection limit is 2 mUnit·L-1. If organophosphates are present, the activity of AChE becomes increasingly blocked, and this leads to a less expressed IFE and an increasing recovery of fluorescence. This was used for the quantification of OPs. Response is linear in the 0.3-1000 µg·L-1 OP concentration range with a 30 ng·L-1 detection limit. Graphical abstractSchematic representation of the synthesis of nitrogen and chlorine dually-doped carbon dots (N,Cl-CDs) and the recognition of organophosphate pesticides by N,Cl-CDs.