Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2.

COVID-19 has spread worldwide since 2019 and is now a severe threat to public health. We previously identified the causative agent as a novel SARS-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that uses human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) as the entry receptor. Here, we successfully developed a SARS-CoV-2 hACE2 transgenic mouse (HFH4-hACE2 in C3B6 mice) infection model. The infected mice generated typical interstitial pneumonia and pathology that were similar to those of COVID-19 patients. Viral quantification revealed the lungs as the major site of infection, although viral RNA could also be found in the eye, heart, and brain in some mice. Virus identical to SARS-CoV-2 in full-genome sequences was isolated from the infected lung and brain tissues. Last, we showed that pre-exposure to SARS-CoV-2 could protect mice from severe pneumonia. Our results show that the hACE2 mouse would be a valuable tool for testing potential vaccines and therapeutics.

KSHV-encoded ORF45 activates human NLRP1 inflammasome.

At steady state, the NOD-like receptor (NLR)-containing pyrin domain (PYD) (NLRP)1 inflammasome is maintained in an auto-inhibitory complex by dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 (DPP8 and DPP9) and is activated by pathogen-encoded proteases after infection. Here, we showed that the open reading frame (ORF)45 protein of the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus activated the human NLRP1 (hNLRP1) inflammasome in a non-protease-dependent manner, and we additionally showed that the Linker1 region of hNLRP1, situated between the PYD and NACHT domains, was required for the auto-inhibition and non-protease-dependent activation of hNLRP1. At steady state, the interaction between Linker1 and the UPA subdomain silenced the activation of hNLRP1 in auto-inhibitory complexes either containing DPP9 or not in a manner independent of DPP9. ORF45 binding to Linker1 displaced UPA from the Linker1-UPA complex and induced the release of the C-terminal domain of hNLRP1 for inflammasome assembly. The ORF45-dependent activation of the NLRP1 inflammasome was conserved in primates but was not observed for murine NLRP1b inflammasomes.

DDX21 mediates co-transcriptional RNA m6A modification to promote transcription termination and genome stability.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a crucial RNA modification that regulates diverse biological processes in human cells, but its co-transcriptional deposition and functions remain poorly understood. Here, we identified the RNA helicase DDX21 with a previously unrecognized role in directing m6A modification on nascent RNA for co-transcriptional regulation. DDX21 interacts with METTL3 for co-recruitment to chromatin through its recognition of R-loops, which can be formed co-transcriptionally as nascent transcripts hybridize onto the template DNA strand. Moreover, DDX21's helicase activity is needed for METTL3-mediated m6A deposition onto nascent RNA following recruitment. At transcription termination regions, this nexus of actions promotes XRN2-mediated termination of RNAPII transcription. Disruption of any of these steps, including the loss of DDX21, METTL3, or their enzymatic activities, leads to defective termination that can induce DNA damage. Therefore, we propose that the R-loop-DDX21-METTL3 nexus forges the missing link for co-transcriptional modification of m6A, coordinating transcription termination and genome stability.

The SARS-CoV-2 subgenome landscape and its novel regulatory features.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently a global pandemic. CoVs are known to generate negative subgenomes (subgenomic RNAs [sgRNAs]) through transcription-regulating sequence (TRS)-dependent template switching, but the global dynamic landscapes of coronaviral subgenomes and regulatory rules remain unclear. Here, using next-generation sequencing (NGS) short-read and Nanopore long-read poly(A) RNA sequencing in two cell types at multiple time points after infection with SARS-CoV-2, we identified hundreds of template switches and constructed the dynamic landscapes of SARS-CoV-2 subgenomes. Interestingly, template switching could occur in a bidirectional manner, with diverse SARS-CoV-2 subgenomes generated from successive template-switching events. The majority of template switches result from RNA-RNA interactions, including seed and compensatory modes, with terminal pairing status as a key determinant. Two TRS-independent template switch modes are also responsible for subgenome biogenesis. Our findings reveal the subgenome landscape of SARS-CoV-2 and its regulatory features, providing a molecular basis for understanding subgenome biogenesis and developing novel anti-viral strategies.

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin.

Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 18 years ago, a large number of SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) have been discovered in their natural reservoir host, bats1-4. Previous studies have shown that some bat SARSr-CoVs have the potential to infect humans5-7. Here we report the identification and characterization of a new coronavirus (2019-nCoV), which caused an epidemic of acute respiratory syndrome in humans in Wuhan, China. The epidemic, which started on 12 December 2019, had caused 2,794 laboratory-confirmed infections including 80 deaths by 26 January 2020. Full-length genome sequences were obtained from five patients at an early stage of the outbreak. The sequences are almost identical and share 79.6% sequence identity to SARS-CoV. Furthermore, we show that 2019-nCoV is 96% identical at the whole-genome level to a bat coronavirus. Pairwise protein sequence analysis of seven conserved non-structural proteins domains show that this virus belongs to the species of SARSr-CoV. In addition, 2019-nCoV virus isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a critically ill patient could be neutralized by sera from several patients. Notably, we confirmed that 2019-nCoV uses the same cell entry receptor-angiotensin converting enzyme II (ACE2)-as SARS-CoV.

The NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor MLN4924 reduces ischemic brain injury in mice.

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and inflammation occurring at the BBB have a key, mainly a deleterious role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke. Neddylation is a ubiquitylation-like pathway that is critical in various cellular functions by conjugating neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 8 (NEDD8) to target proteins. However, the roles of neddylation pathway in ischemic stroke remain elusive. Here, we report that NEDD8 conjugation increased during acute phase after ischemic stroke and was present in intravascular and intraparenchymal neutrophils. Inhibition of neddylation by MLN4924, also known as pevonedistat, inactivated cullin-RING E3 ligase (CRL), and reduced brain infarction and improved functional outcomes. MLN4924 treatment induced the accumulation of the CRL substrate neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1). By using virus-mediated NF1 silencing, we show that NF1 knockdown abolished MLN4924-dependent inhibition of neutrophil trafficking. These effects were mediated through activation of endothelial P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and blocking antibodies against P-selectin or anti-ICAM-1 antibodies reversed NF1 silencing-induced increase in neutrophil infiltration in MLN4924-treated mice. Furthermore, we found that NF1 silencing blocked MLN4924-afforded BBB protection and neuroprotection through activation of protein kinase C δ (PKCδ), myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS), and myosin light chain (MLC) in cerebral microvessels after ischemic stroke, and treatment of mice with the PKCδ inhibitor rottlerin reduced this increased BBB permeability. Our study demonstrated that increased neddylation promoted neutrophil trafficking and thus exacerbated injury of the BBB and stroke outcomes. We suggest that the neddylation inhibition may be beneficial in ischemic stroke.

Mechanistic study of the Ni-catalyzed hydroalkylation of 1,3-dienes: The origins of regio- and enantioselectivities and a further rational design.

The development of the catalytic regio- and enantioselective hydrofunctionalization of 1,3-dienes remains a challenge and requires deep insight into the reaction mechanisms. We herein thoroughly studied the reaction mechanism of the Ni-catalyzed hydroalkylation of 1,3-dienes with ketones by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It reveals that the reaction is initiated by stepwise oxidative addition of EtO-H followed by 1,3-diene migratory insertion to generate the alkylnickel(II) intermediate, rather than the experimentally proposed ligand-to-ligand hydrogen transfer (LLHT) mechanism. In addition, we rationalized the role of t BuOK in the subsequent addition of enolate of ketone and transmetalation process. Based on the whole catalysis, the CC reductive elimination step, turns out to be the rate- and enantioselectivity-determining step. Furthermore, we disclosed the origins of the regio- and enantioselectivity of the product, and found that the 1,2-selectivity lies in the combination effects of the ligand-substrate electrostatic interactions, orbital interactions and Pauli repulsions, while the enantioselectivity mainly arises from substrate-ligand steric repulsions. Based on mechanistic study, new biaryl bisphosphine ligands affording higher enantioselectivity were designed, which will help to improve current catalytic systems and develop new transition-metal-catalyzed hydroalkylations.

Regulating Catalytic Oxidation Enantiomers Behavior by Imparting Chiral Microenvironment in Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Chiral inversions of enantiomers have significantly different biological activities, so it is important to develop simple and effective methods to efficiently identify optically pure compounds. Inspired by enzyme catalysis, the construction of chiral microenvironments resembling enzyme pockets in the pore space structure of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to achieve asymmetric enantioselective recognition and catalysis has become a new research hotspot. Here, a super-stable porphyrin-containing material PCN-224 is constructed by solvothermal method and a chiral microenvironment around the existing catalytic site of the material is created by post-synthesis modifications of the histidine (His) enantiomers. Experimental and theoretical calculations results show that the modulation of chiral ligands around Zr oxide clusters produces different spatial site resistances, which can greatly affect the adsorption and catalytic level of the enantiomeric molecules of tryptophan guests, resulting in a good enantioselective property of the material. It provides new ideas and possibilities for future chiral recognition and asymmetric catalysis.

Metabolomic analysis of pig spleen reveals African swine fever virus infection increased acylcarnitine levels to facilitate viral replication.

African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) that adversely affects the pig industry. The spleen is the main target organ of ASFV; however, the function of metabolites in the spleen during ASFV infection is yet to be investigated. To define the metabolic changes in the spleen after ASFV infection, untargeted and targeted metabolomics analyses of spleens from ASFV-infected pigs were conducted. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed 540 metabolites with significant differential levels. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that these metabolites were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, including nucleotide metabolism, purine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. Moreover, 134 of 540 metabolites quantified by targeted metabolomics analysis had differential levels and were enriched in metabolic pathways such as the biosynthesis of cofactors, ABC transporters, and biosynthesis of amino acids. Furthermore, coalition analysis of untargeted and targeted metabolomics data revealed that the levels of acylcarnitines, which are intermediates of fatty acid ß-oxidation, were significantly increased in ASFV-infected spleens compared with those in the uninfected spleens. Moreover, inhibiting fatty acid ß-oxidation significantly reduced ASFV replication, indicating that fatty acid ß-oxidation is essential for this process. To our knowledge, this is the first report presenting the metabolite profiles of ASFV-infected pigs. This study revealed a new mechanism of ASFV-mediated regulation of host metabolism. These findings provide new insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of ASFV, which will benefit the development of target drugs for ASFV replication. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus, the only member of the Asfarviridae family, relies on hijacking host metabolism to meet the demand for self-replication. However, the change in host metabolism after African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection remains unknown. Here, we analyzed the metabolic changes in the pig spleen after ASFV infection for the first time. ASFV infection increased the levels of acylcarnitines. Inhibition of the production and metabolism of acylcarnitines inhibited ASFV replication. Acylcarnitines are the vital intermediates of fatty acid ß-oxidation. This study highlights the critical role of fatty acid ß-oxidation in ASFV infection, which may help identify target drugs to control African swine fever disease.

Characterization of a mouse-adapted strain of bat severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus.

Bats carry genetically diverse severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs). Some of them utilize human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) as a receptor and cannot efficiently replicate in wild-type mice. Our previous study demonstrated that the bat SARSr-CoV rRsSHC014S induces respiratory infection and lung damage in hACE2 transgenic mice but not wild-type mice. In this study, we generated a mouse-adapted strain of rRsSHC014S, which we named SMA1901, by serial passaging of wild-type virus in BALB/c mice. SMA1901 showed increased infectivity in mouse lungs and induced interstitial lung pneumonia in both young and aged mice after intranasal inoculation. Genome sequencing revealed mutations in not only the spike protein but the whole genome, which may be responsible for the enhanced pathogenicity of SMA1901 in wild-type BALB/c mice. SMA1901 induced age-related mortality similar to that observed in SARS and COVID-19. Drug testing using antibodies and antiviral molecules indicated that this mouse-adapted virus strain can be used to test prophylactic and therapeutic drug candidates against SARSr-CoVs. IMPORTANCE The genetic diversity of SARSr-CoVs in wildlife and their potential risk of cross-species infection highlights the importance of developing a powerful animal model to evaluate the antibodies and antiviral drugs. We acquired the mouse-adapted strain of a bat-origin coronavirus named SMA1901 by natural serial passaging of rRsSHC014S in BALB/c mice. The SMA1901 infection caused interstitial pneumonia and inflammatory immune responses in both young and aged BALB/c mice after intranasal inoculation. Our model exhibited age-related mortality similar to SARS and COVID-19. Therefore, our model will be of high value for investigating the pathogenesis of bat SARSr-CoVs and could serve as a prospective test platform for prophylactic and therapeutic candidates.

A SARS-CoV-2-Related Virus from Malayan Pangolin Causes Lung Infection without Severe Disease in Human ACE2-Transgenic Mice.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the most severe emerging infectious disease in the current century. The discovery of SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV-2) in bats and pangolins in South Asian countries indicates that SARS-CoV-2 likely originated from wildlife. To date, two SARSr-CoV-2 strains have been isolated from pangolins seized in Guangxi and Guangdong by the customs agency of China, respectively. However, it remains unclear whether these viruses cause disease in animal models and whether they pose a transmission risk to humans. In this study, we investigated the biological features of a SARSr-CoV-2 strain isolated from a smuggled Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica) captured by the Guangxi customs agency, termed MpCoV-GX, in terms of receptor usage, cell tropism, and pathogenicity in wild-type BALB/c mice, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-transgenic mice, and human ACE2 knock-in mice. We found that MpCoV-GX can utilize ACE2 from humans, pangolins, civets, bats, pigs, and mice for cell entry and infect cell lines derived from humans, monkeys, bats, minks, and pigs. The virus could infect three mouse models but showed limited pathogenicity, with mild peribronchial and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltration observed in lungs. Our results suggest that this SARSr-CoV-2 virus from pangolins has the potential for interspecies infection, but its pathogenicity is mild in mice. Future surveillance among these wildlife hosts of SARSr-CoV-2 is needed to monitor variants that may have higher pathogenicity and higher spillover risk. IMPORTANCE SARS-CoV-2, which likely spilled over from wildlife, is the third highly pathogenic human coronavirus. Being highly transmissible, it is perpetuating a pandemic and continuously posing a severe threat to global public health. Several SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoV-2) in bats and pangolins have been identified since the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. It is therefore important to assess their potential of crossing species barriers for better understanding of their risk of future emergence. In this work, we investigated the biological features and pathogenicity of a SARSr-CoV-2 strain isolated from a smuggled Malayan pangolin, named MpCoV-GX. We found that MpCoV-GX can utilize ACE2 from 7 species for cell entry and infect cell lines derived from a variety of mammalian species. MpCoV-GX can infect mice expressing human ACE2 without causing severe disease. These findings suggest the potential of cross-species transmission of MpCoV-GX, and highlight the need of further surveillance of SARSr-CoV-2 in pangolins and other potential animal hosts.

Granzyme B PET imaging inflammation and remodeling in myocardial infarction.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate whether granzyme B (GzmB)-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent (68 Ga-grazytracer) can characterize cardiac inflammation and remodeling in myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: Rats with MI were subjected to GzmB-targeted PET/CT on post-operative days 1, 3, 6, 14, and 28. Autoradiography, Masson staining, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA were performed to verify the inflammatory response and remodeling after MI in vitro. Rats were treated with GzmB inhibitor Z-IETD-FMK to improve cardiac remodeling. Cardiac function tests were performed by echocardiography at 6 weeks after MI. RESULTS: The highest uptake of 68 Ga-grazytracer was observed on day 3 after MI compared with the values obtained on the other days (0.294 ± 0.03% ID/g at 3 days vs. 0.122 ± 0.01% ID/g in the sham group, P < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry showed significantly high expression of GzmB and CD8, in line with the PET/CT imaging results. Autoradiography revealed 68 Ga-grazytracer accumulation in the infarcted myocardium. The 68 Ga-grazytracer uptake of treated rats was significantly reduced compared with that in the MI groups (0.184 ± 0.03%ID/g vs. 0.286 ± 0.03%ID/g; P < 0.001). Echocardiography showed that the left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in the MI groups than in the ischemia reperfusion group. GzmB inhibitor treatment was shown to be effective in improving cardiac function without significantly shortening infarct size. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the potential of 68 Ga-grazytracer imaging to delineate adverse inflammatory responses and pathological cardiac remodeling, which can help predict heart function. PET/CT imaging-guided therapy may reduce myocardial injury and improve heart function in MI.

Early detection of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity using [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 imaging.

PURPOSE: Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC), whose major manifestation is diffuse myocardial fibrosis, is an important clinical problem in cancer therapy. Therefore, early identification and treatment are clinically important. This study aims to explore the feasibility of using 68 Ga-labelled fibroblast activation protein (FAP) inhibitor ([68 Ga]Ga-FAPI) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for the early identification of the fibrotic process and guidance of antifibrosis therapy in AIC. METHODS: An AIC rat model was induced by the intravascular administration of doxorubicin (DOX) once per week for 1, 2, 3 and 6 weeks (2.5 mg/kg/injection, groups 1-4), whereas intravascular saline was administered to control rats. Experimental and control groups (n = 4) underwent [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT following disease induction. Groups 5 and 6 received DOX injections for 3 and 6 weeks, treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor starting at 3 weeks, treated with enalapril (20 mg/kg, gastric gavage) daily and underwent echocardiography and [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT at 3 weeks after treatment. Rat hearts were subjected to haematoxylin and eosin staining, FAP immunohistochemistry, Sirius red staining and Masson's trichrome staining to investigate the pathological changes and deposition of collagen fibres. Rat blood was sampled weekly for the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of various markers of myocardial injury, such as plasma cardiac troponin I, B-type natriuretic peptide and angiotensin II. RESULTS: [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 uptake by the heart was significantly higher in the cardiotoxicity group than in the control group at weeks 3 (SUVmax: 1.21 ± 0.23 vs 0.67 ± 0.01, P < 0.05) and 6 (SUVmax: 1.48 ± 0.28 vs 0.67 ± 0.08, P < 0.001), whereas left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) did not significantly differ between normal and AIC rats at week 3. FAP+ expression began to increase starting at week 3, before irreversible fibrotic changes were detected, until week 6. After 3 weeks of enalapril treatment, [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 accumulation decreased in groups 5 and 6 (SUVmax decreased from 1.21 ± 0.23 to 0.77 ± 0.08 and 1.48 ± 0.28 to 1.09 ± 1.06, P < 0.05). Cardiac function was preserved (LVEF was 75.7% ± 7.38% in group 3 vs 74.5% ± 2.45% in group 5, P > 0.05) and improved (LVEF increased from 51.6% ± 9.03% in group 4 to 65.2% ± 4.27% in group 6, P < 0.05), and myocardial fibrosis attenuated (from 6.5% ± 1.2% in group 4 to 4.31% ± 0.37% in group 6, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT can be used for the early detection of active myocardial fibrosis in AIC and the evaluation of the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Early treatment guided by [68 Ga]Ga-FAPI PET/CT may reduce anthracycline-induced myocardial injury and improve heart function.

A Facile Approach to Construct Novel Polyesters as Soft Midblock for Thermoplastic Elastomers.

The development of innovative synthetic strategies to create functional polycaprolactones is highly demanded for advanced material applications. In this contribution, we reported a facile synthetic strategy to prepare a class of CL-based monomers (R-TO) derived from epoxides. They readily polymerize via well-controlled ring-opening polymerization (ROP) to afford a series of polyesters P(R-TO) with high molecular weight (Mn up to 350 kDa). Sequential addition copolymerization of MTO and L-lactide (L-LA) allowed to access of a series of ABA triblock copolymers with composition-dependent mechanical properties. Notably, P(L-LA)100-b-P(MTO)500-b-P(L-LA)100 containing the amorphous P(MTO) segment as a soft midblock and crystalline P(L-LA) domain as hard end block behaved as an excellent thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) with high elongation at break (1438 ± 204%), tensile strength (23.5 ± 1.7 MPa), and outstanding elastic recovery (>88%).

Analysis of the Unusual Chemical Bonds and Dipole Moments of AeF- (Ae=Be-Ba): A Lesson in Covalent Bonding.

Quantum chemical calculations of the anions AeF- (Ae=Be-Ba) have been carried out using ab initio methods at the CCSD(T)/def2-TZVPP level and density functional theory employing BP86 with various basis sets. The detailed bonding analyses using different charge- and energy partitioning methods show that the molecules possess three distinctively different dative bonds in the lighter species with Ae=Be, Mg and four dative bonds when Ae=Ca, Sr, Ba. The occupied 2p atomic orbitals (AOs) and to a lesser degree the occupied 2s AO of F- donate electronic charge into the vacant spx(σ) and p(π) orbitals of Be and Mg which leads to a triple bond Ae F-. The heavier Ae atoms Ca, Sr, Ba use their vacant (n-1)d AOs as acceptor orbitals which enables them to form a second σ donor bond with F- that leads to quadruply bonded Ae F- (Ae=Ca-Ba). The presentation of molecular orbitals or charge distribution using only one isodensity value may give misleading information about the overall nature of the orbital or charge distribution. Better insights are given by contour line diagrams. The ELF calculations provide monosynaptic and disynaptic basins of AeF- which nicely agree with the analysis of the occupied molecular orbitals and with the charge density difference maps. A particular feature of the covalent bonds in AeF- concerns the inductive interaction of F- with the soft valence electrons in the (n)s valence orbitals of Ae. The polarization of the (n)s2 electrons induces a (n)spx hybridized lone-pair orbital at atom Ae, which yields a large dipole moment with the negative end at Ae. The concomitant formation of a vacant (n)spx AO of atom Ae, which overlaps with the occupied 2p(σ) AO of F-, leads to a strong covalent σ bond.

Chiral Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of Sulfoximines for the Synthesis of Benzothiadiazine-1-Oxides.

Benzothiadiazine-1-oxide scaffolds with S-stereogenic centers are prevalent in bioactive and pharmaceutical molecules. Reported works mainly focused on the metal-catalyzed asymmetric C-H amination/cyclization reaction for the synthesis of benzothiadiazine-1-oxides. Here, we reported a chiral phosphoric acid-catalyzed kinetic resolution of sulfoximines, providing chiral benzothiadiazine-1-oxides and recovered chiral sulfoximines with moderate to good enantioselectivities (s factors up to 36.6).

Graphene nanoribbon woven fabric against the impact of a cylindrical projectile.

Graphene nanoribbon woven fabrics (GNWFs) with excellent mechanical properties are promising for ballistic armor materials. The dynamic response of single-layer and bilayer GNWFs under nano-projectile impact at high-speed (4-5 km s-1) is investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Results show that the woven structure is determined by the bandwidth and gap spacing, which influences the deformation/fracture and motion coupling effects of the crossed nanoribbons and the ballistic performance of GNWF. Owing to the perturbation of the van der Waals (vdW) interface between nanoribbons, the specific penetration energy of GNWFs reaches 16.02 MJ kg-1, which is much higher than that of single-layer graphene (10.80 MJ kg-1) and bilayer graphene (10.07 MJ kg-1). The peculiarities of woven structure minimize the damage of GNWFs, on the one hand, the reversibility of vdW interactions and the entanglement of nanoribbons provide GNWFs a certain self-healing ability. On the other hand, the porous nanostructure of twist-stacked bilayer GNWFs tends to be uniform and dense with the twist angle, which improves the impact resistance. This study provides more understanding of the ballistic properties of GNWFs and the design of nano-fabrics based on two-dimensional materials.

High-performance, large-area flexible SERS substrates prepared by reactive ion etching for molecular detection.

In the realm of molecular detection, the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique has garnered increasing attention due to its rapid detection, high sensitivity, and non-destructive characteristics. However, conventional rigid SERS substrates are either costly to fabricate and challenging to prepare over a large area, or they exhibit poor uniformity and repeatability, making them unsuitable for inspecting curved object surfaces. In this work, we present a flexible SERS substrate with high sensitivity as well as good uniformity and repeatability. First, the flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate is manually formulated and cured. SiO2/Ag layer on the substrate can be obtained in a single process by using ion beam sputtering. Then, reactive ion etching is used to etch the upper SiO2layer of the film, which directly leads to the desired densely packed nanostructure. Finally, a layer of precious metal is deposited on the densely packed nanostructure by thermal evaporation. In our proposed system, the densely packed nanostructure obtained by etching the SiO2layer directly determines the SERS ability of the substrate. The bottom layer of silver mirror can reflect the penetrative incident light, the spacer layer of SiO2and the top layer of silver thin film can further localize the light in the system, which can realize the excellent absorption of Raman laser light, thus enhancing SERS ability. In the tests, the prepared substrates show excellent SERS performance in detecting crystalline violet with a detection limit of 10-11M. The development of this SERS substrate is anticipated to offer a highly effective and convenient method for molecular substance detection.

Fatal swine acute diarrhoea syndrome caused by an HKU2-related coronavirus of bat origin.

Cross-species transmission of viruses from wildlife animal reservoirs poses a marked threat to human and animal health 1 . Bats have been recognized as one of the most important reservoirs for emerging viruses and the transmission of a coronavirus that originated in bats to humans via intermediate hosts was responsible for the high-impact emerging zoonosis, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 2-10 . Here we provide virological, epidemiological, evolutionary and experimental evidence that a novel HKU2-related bat coronavirus, swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), is the aetiological agent that was responsible for a large-scale outbreak of fatal disease in pigs in China that has caused the death of 24,693 piglets across four farms. Notably, the outbreak began in Guangdong province in the vicinity of the origin of the SARS pandemic. Furthermore, we identified SADS-related CoVs with 96-98% sequence identity in 9.8% (58 out of 591) of anal swabs collected from bats in Guangdong province during 2013-2016, predominantly in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus spp.) that are known reservoirs of SARS-related CoVs. We found that there were striking similarities between the SADS and SARS outbreaks in geographical, temporal, ecological and aetiological settings. This study highlights the importance of identifying coronavirus diversity and distribution in bats to mitigate future outbreaks that could threaten livestock, public health and economic growth.

Disease burden of mental disorders among children and adolescents considering both co-morbidities and suicide in Northeastern China.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have assessed the burden of mental disorders among children and adolescents considering the impact of co-morbidities and suicide on disability adjusted life years (DALYs). METHODS: This was a multicenter cross-sectional study. Our survey data in Liaoning Province (LN) were used to estimate the burden of six mental disorders, supplemented with data from other investigative studies conducted in China to assess four other disorders. DALYs were derived from the sum of years lived with a disability (YLDs) adjusted for co-morbidities, and the years of life lost (YLLs) adjusted for suicide. The changes in DALYs, YLDs, and YLLs were compared with and without adjustment for co-morbidities and suicide. RESULTS: The DALYs rate of mental disorders among children and adolescents in LN decreased from 1579.6/105 to 1391.4/105, after adjusting for both co-morbidities and suicide (-11.9%). The DALYs rate for major depression, anxiety disorder, and conduct disorder (-80.8/105, -75.0/105 and -30.2/105, respectively) were the top three contributors to the DALYs reduction (-188.2/105). The YLDs decreased from 72724.8 to 62478.5 after co-morbidity adjustment (-17.8%), mainly due to the reduction by major depression (-35.3%) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] (-34.2%). The YLLs increased from 130 to 1697.8 after adjusting for suicides (+ 56.9% of all suicide YLLs), mainly due to the contribution of major depression (+ 32.4%) and anxiety disorder (+ 10.4%). Compared to GBD 2010, the estimated DALY rate for mental disorders in LN was to be about 80%, with the proportion of DALYs and DALY rates explained by major depressive disorder accounted for only approximately one-third (14.6% vs. 41.9% and 202.6 vs. 759.9, respectively). But the proportion and absolute level of DALY rates explained by anxiety disorders were approximately 2-fold higher (39.7% vs. 19.6% and 552.2 vs. 323.3, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The DALYs of mental disorders among Chinese children and adolescents were approximately 80% of the global level, with anxiety disorders imposing about 2 times the global level. Co-morbidity and suicide must be adjusted when calculating DALYs.