Ionizing radiation potentiates the induction of nitric oxide synthase by interferon-gamma (Ifn-gamma) or Ifn-gamma and lipopolysaccharide in bnl cl.2 murine embryonic liver cells: role of hydrogen peroxide.

The effects of ionizing irradiation on the nitric oxide (NO) production in murine embryonic liver cell line, BNL CL.2 cells, were investigated. Various doses (5-40 Gy) of radiation made BNL CL.2 cells responsive to interferon-gamma alone for the production of NO in a dose-dependent manner. Small amounts of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) synergized with IFN-gamma in the production of NO from irradiated BNL CL.2 cells, even though LPS or TNF-alpha alone did not induce NO production from the same cells. Immunoblots showed parallel induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). NO production in irradiated BNL CL.2 cells by IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma plus LPS was decreased by the addition of catalase, suggesting that H(2)O(2) produced by ionizing irradiation primed the cells to trigger NO production in response to IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma plus LPS. Furthermore, the treatment of nongamma-irradiated BNL CL.2 cells with H(2)O(2) made the cells responsive to IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma plus LPS for the production of NO. This study shows that ionizing irradiation has the ability to induce iNOS gene expression in responsive to IFN-gamma via the formation of H(2)O(2) in BNL CL.2 murine embryonic liver cells.

Susceptibility of avian hosts to experimental Gymnophalloides seoi infection.

To determine whether avian species are susceptible to infection with Gymnophalloides seoi (a human-infecting intestinal trematode), we exposed 7 species of birds with metacercariae obtained from oysters. The birds were necropsied at days 2, 4, and 6 postinfection (PI). The highest worm recovery at day 6 PI was obtained from the Kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus; mean = 56.0%), followed by the Mongolian plover (C. mongolus; 49.3%), and the grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola; 32.3%). In contrast, no mature worms were recovered from the great knot (Calidris tenuirostris), dunlin (C. alpina), black-tailed gull (Larus crassirostris), and mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). Among the plovers, the worms attained the greatest size at day 6 PI (254.1 x 190.4 microm) in the Kentish plover, with a significantly higher number of eggs in the uterus. The 3 species of plovers are highly susceptible to experimental G. seoi infection, suggesting that they could play a role as definitive hosts for these worms in nature.

The palearctic oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus, a natural definitive host for Gymnophalloides seoi.

In order to verify the role of migrating birds as natural definitive hosts for Gymnophalloides seoi (Gymnophallidae), Palearctic oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus, were caught from several western coastal areas in the Republic of Korea and examined for intestinal flukes. Five (71.4%) of 7 oystercatchers were infected with 302-1,660 (mean 892) adult G. seoi. In intestinal sections of the host, worms were found in the intervillous space of the mucosal layer. We conclude that the oystercatcher is a natural definitive host for G. seoi.

Antiproliferative effects of alkaloids from Sedum sarmentosum on murine and human hepatoma cell lines.

The whole plant of Sedum sarmentosum (SS) has been traditionally used for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis in China and South Korea. Certain hepatitis virus causes acute and chronic hepatitis and induces hepatocellular carcinoma (HC). In the present study, we examined whether the crude alkaloid fraction (CAF) of SS had any anticancer effects on hepatoma cell lines. Murine hepatoma (BNL CL. 2) and human hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines were cultured in the presence of CAF of SS at various doses (50-150 microg/ml) for 24 or 48 h. CAF caused a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation without necrosis or apoptosis. Antiproliferative effects of CAF of SS were associated with an increase in the number of cells in the G1 phase of cell cycle. This study suggests that SS may improve survival of hepatoma patients via the inhibition of excessive growth of tumor cells.

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by butanol fraction of the methanol extract of Ulmus davidiana in murine macrophages.

Since there is increasing evidence that nitric oxide (NO) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, this study was undertaken to address whether the methanol (MeOH) extract and its fractions of the bark of Ulmus davidiana Planch (Ulmaceae) could modulate the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in thioglycollate-elicited murine peritoneal macrophages and murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7 cells. Stimulation of the peritoneal macrophages and RAW264.7 cells with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in increased production of NO in the medium. However, the butanol (BuOH) fraction of the MeOH extract of U. davidiana barks showed marked inhibition of NO synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibition of NO synthesis was reflected in the decreased amount of iNOS protein, as determined by Western blotting. The BuOH fraction did not affect the viability of RAW264.7 cells, as assessed by methylthiazol-2-yl-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; rather, it reduced endogenous NO-induced apoptotic cell death via inhibition of NO synthesis in RAW264.7 cells. On the other hand, the BuOH fraction showed no inhibitory effect on the synthesis of NO by RAW264.7 cells, when iNOS was already expressed by the stimulation with IFN-gamma and LPS. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the BuOH fraction inhibits NO synthesis by inhibition of the induction of iNOS in murine macrophages.

Purification and characterization of GTP cyclohydrolase I from Streptomyces tubercidicus, a producer of tubercidin.

GTP cyclohydrolase I catalyzing the first reaction in the biosynthesis of pterin moiety of folic acid in bacteria, was purified from Streptomyces tubercidicus by at least 203-fold with a yield of 32% to apparent homogeneity, using ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose, Sepharose CL-6B, and hydroxylapatite column chromatography. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be 230,000 daltons by gel permeation chromatography. The purified enzyme gave a single band on sodium dodesyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its molecular weight was apparently 58,000 daltons. These results indicate that the enzyme consists of four subunits with the same molecular weight. The K(m) and Vmax values for GTP of the purified enzyme were determined to be 80 microM and 90 nmol/min (mg protein), respectively. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme reaction were pH 7.5-8.5 and 40-42 degrees C, respectively. Coenzyme or metal ion was not required for the enzyme activity. The enzyme activity was inhibited by most divalent cations, while it was slightly activated by potassium ion. In case of nucleotides, CTP, GMP, GDP, and UTP inhibited enzyme activity, among which GDP exhibited the strongest inhibitory effect.

The effect of aspirin and prostaglandin E(1) on the patency of microvascular anastomosis in the rats.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral prostaglandin E(1)(PGE(1)) on the patency of the microvascular anastomosis of the carotid artery in rat. A total of 48 rats were used, and divided into three groups. The first group (A) was used as a control with no medical agent being used after anastomosis, the second group (B) was medicated with aspirin, and the third group (C) was medicated with oral PGE(1). In each group, four rats were sacrificed serially on every post-operative 3, 5, 10 and 15 days after arterial anastomosis. Patency and histologic evaluations at the anastomotic site were observed. The results revealed that the PGE(1) therapied group showed highest patency rate (100%), lesser formation of mural thrombosis, and also minimal changes in the intimal hyperplasia and medial fibrosis. From these findings, we could conclude that PGE(1) has superior effect on maintaining the patency after microvascular surgery.

Cloning of a SH3 domain-containing proline-rich protein, p85SPR, and its localization in focal adhesion.

A mouse thymus cDNA expression library was screened with monoclonal antibody (mAb), B16-5 which binds to common epitope in SH3 domains of phospholipase C-gamma 1 (PLC-gamma 1) and Nck. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of one of several positive clones. The 4,172 bp cDNA clone (GenBank Accession No. U96634) encodes a SH3 domain-containing protein of 646 amino acids. Besides the SH3 domain, the predicted protein has a proline-rich region, nuclear localization signals, and leucine zipper motifs. The expressed protein in Sf9 insect cell exhibits a polypeptide of 85 kDa on SDS-PAGE. The protein is widely distributed in rat tissue with an especially high level of expression in brain and testis. Interestingly, the specific antibodies detected four related proteins of different size (75, 85, 90 and 105 kDa) in brain. In A431 cell, p85SPR is enriched at focal adhesion points indicating that the protein may interact with protein(s) in focal complexes.

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate inhibits nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in human leukemic HL-60 cells.

Previously we reported that phorbol ester, a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, exhibits a unique pattern of potentiation of nitric oxide (NO)-related apoptosis in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells. Here we show that elevation of intracellular cAMP could protect HL-60 cells from NO- or NO plus PMA-induced DNA damage. Exposure of cells to sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0.5 to 4 mM), a NO-generating agent, induced apoptotic cell death as monitored by morphological means, gel electrophoresis, and in situ TdT-apoptosis assay. However, concomitant incubation of the cells with DB-cAMP markedly inhibited SNP-induced apoptotic cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained with other commonly used cAMP analogs such as CPT-cAMP and 8-C1-cAMP and the intracellular cAMP-elevating agent such as forskolin. In contrast, pretreatment of HL-60 cells with H89 or KT5720, which are known to inhibit cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), abolished the protective effect of cAMP analogs and forskolin on SNP-induced apoptosis. Synergism between SNP and phorbol ester to induce apoptosis was also inhibited by prior treatment of HL-60 cells with DB-cAMP or forskolin. The effect of DB-cAMP in maintaining cell viability was not associated with the onset of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. In addition, neither dimethyl sulfoxide nor retinoic acid (which produce granulocyte differentiation) could produce cAMP effect. Under the same conditions, DB-cAMP also inhibited NO- or NO plus phorbol ester-induced apoptosis in another transformed cell line, U-937 cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that exposure of HL-60 cells to cAMP analogs renders them more resistant to NO-induced DNA damage and further suggest the existence of specific down-modulatory mechanisms related to NO-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation.

Protective effects of glucocorticoids on taxol-induced cytotoxicity in human leukemia HL-60 cells.

Although the therapeutic actions of glucocorticoids are largely attributed to anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, they have been implicated in enhancing tissue and cellular protections. In this study, we examined whether glucocorticoids including dexamethasone (Dex) and hydroxycortisone could diminish the cytotoxic effects of anti-microtubule agents including taxol (paclitaxel), microtubule stabilizing agent, and colchicine, microtubule disrupting agent, on human leukemia HL-60 cells. Taxol or colchicine decreased the viability of HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, micromolar concentrations of glucocorticoids rendered HL-60 cells resistant against the cytotoxic activity of anti-microtubule agents. Pretreatments of the glucocorticoids were more effective than simultaneous treatments with antimicrotuble agents. The fact that actinomycin D or cycloheximide reversed the cytoprotective effects of glucocorticoids on cytotoxicities in HL-60 cells induced by antimicrotuble agents suggests glucocorticoids cytoprotection might be mediated via newly synthesized protein. Collectively, these data showed that micromolar concentrations of dexamethasone or hydrocortisone could attenuate the cytotoxic effects of taxol or colchicine on human leukemia HL-60 cells via protein synthesis.

12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate, protein kinase C (PKC) activator, protects human leukemia HL-60 cells from taxol-induced apoptosis: possible role for extracellular signal-regulated kinase.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) signaling pathway contributes to 12-O-tertadecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate (TPA)-mediated protection from taxol-induced apoptosis of human leukemia HL-60 cells. Treatment of cells with taxol for 12 h resulted in apoptosis of HL-60 cells. TPA was protective against taxol-induced apoptosis and this anti-apoptotic effect was reversible when TPA was used in conjunction with staurosporine and H-7, PKC inhibitors, suggesting that TPA may protect HL-60 cells against taxol-induced apoptosis via the PKC-dependent pathway. Since TPA stimulates MEK signal transduction pathway in HL-60 cells, we postulated that MEK pathway may be playing a role in the ability of TPA to inhibit taxol-induced apoptosis. PD098059, a specific MEK kinase inhibitor, abolished the ability of TPA to inhibit taxol-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that activation of PKC in HL-60 cells confers protection against taxol-induced apoptosis and that MEK mediates anti-apoptotic signaling of PKC.

Chloroquine inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in murine peritoneal macrophages.

Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in vivo or in vitro in response to stimuli is only temporary. However, chronic localized expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in certain organs has been associated with the development of autoimmune diseases or chronic inflammatory diseases. Chloroquine is being used as an antiinflammatory drug, and its inhibitory effect on the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma, has been reported. In this study, we examined whether chloroquine could inhibit nitric oxide synthesis in murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide. Although prolonged incubation of cells with high concentrations of chloroquine showed some cytotoxicity, the drug itself was not cytotoxic when macrophages were preincubated with chloroquine for 2 hr, washed and stimulated with interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide in the absence of chloroquine for another 48 hr. The nitric oxide production from stimulated macrophages was markedly reduced by chloroquine in a dose-dependent manner and induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA was also suppressed by chloroquine pretreatment. These results show that chloroquine inhibits the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase from interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages, thereby reducing nitric oxide synthesis.

Apoptotic cell death induced by taxol is inhibited by nitric oxide in human leukemia HL-60 cells.

Taxol, an antineoplastic drug, increases the fraction of cells in G2/M phases of cell cycle, induces apoptosis of leukemic cells, and activates macrophages to produce nitric oxide (NO) in response to interferon-gamma. NO has been found to play roles as pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic effector molecules. In this study, we investigate effects of NO on taxol-induced apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cell, HL-60. Incubation of the cells with taxol for 24 hr induced marked DNA fragmentation of HL-60 cells. Treatment of the cells with S-nitrosogluthathione (GSNO), a NO-generating agent, protected the cells against taxol-induced apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis showed that treatment of the cells with 100 nM taxol for 12 hr rendered the cells to be accumulated in G2/M phase, but the cotreatment of the cells with taxol and 0.1 mM GSNO decreased the accumulation of the cell in G2/M phases, suggesting that NO might interfere entering of taxol-treated cells into G2/M phases. Deferoxamine or mimosine, which can arrest cells mainly at G1/S phases, also decreased taxol-induced apoptosis and reduced the number of the taxol-treated cells arresting in G2/M phases. Thus, we conclude that a protective effect of NO on taxol-treated cells from apoptosis may be partially caused by interfering entering of the taxol-treated cells into G2/M phases.

44-Homooligomycin E, a new cytotoxic macrolide antibiotic from Streptomyces ostreogriseus.

Homooligomycin E (1) was isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces ostreogriseus and its structure was analyzed on the basis of physicochemical and spectroscopic data. It showed strong cytotoxicity against several human tumor cell lines.

Enhancing and priming of macrophages for superoxide anion production by taxol.

Taxol, an anticancer drug, has been known not only to block cell division by stabilizing microtubules but also to activate murine macrophages to express TNF-alpha, interleukin-1, and to produce nitric oxide (NO). We therefore reasoned that taxol could activate murine macrophages to generate reactive oxygen intermediates, such as superoxide anion (O2-), which are responsible for intracellular killing of pathogenic microbes. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells, murine macrophage cell line, with taxol increased phorbol ester-induced O2- production in a dose dependent manner (approximately 2 fold). In addition, taxol rapidly (< 1 hr) primed RAW264.7 cells to enhance O2- release stimulated with PMA. Taxol also enhanced stimulation of O2- production by FMLP, but not by Con A. This effect was abolished by prior treatment with both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and N-acetyl-L-cystein, a free radical scavenger. To investigate the mechanism of taxol-induced macrophage stimulation, we evaluated the ability of colchicine, a drug that inhibit tubulin polymerization, and cAMP analogues, which is known to depolymerize microtubule. Taxol-induced O2- production was inhibited by the treatment with both colchicine and DB-cAMP. Taken together, these results demonstrated that taxol provides two signals, "priming" and "enhancing", to generate superoxide anion via the stabilization of microtubules in murine RAW264.7 cells

Increased intracellular cAMP renders HL-60 cells resistant to cytotoxicity of taxol.

The treatment of advanced cancers with paclitaxel (taxol) is hindered by the development of drug resistance. Resistance to taxol is known to be associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) and a mutation affecting either the alpha- or beta-subunit of tubulin. In this study, we demonstrated that an intracellular cAMP level may also play an important role in resistance to taxol in HL-60, acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Exposure of HL-60 cells to various doses of taxol for 18 hr resulted in cell death. However, pretreatment of the cells with cAMP analogs such as N6:O2-dibutyl cAMP (Db-cAMP), 8-(4-chlorophenylthio) cAMP (CPT-cAMP) and 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP) or an intracellular cAMP elevating agent such as forskolin apparently rendered HL-60 cells more resistant to taxol, but not with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or retinoic acid (RA), well known differentiating agents. To investigate whether protein kinase A (PKA) activated by an increase in intracellular cAMP level could be involved in increased taxol resistance of the cells, we examined the effects of PKA inhibitors, including H-89 and KT5720, on taxol resistance induced by Db-cAMP. The PKA inhibitors significantly abolished Db-cAMP-induced taxol resistance. These results suggest that cAMP analogs may render tumor cells more resistant to taxol via PKA activation.

Cytopathic changes in rat microglial cells induced by pathogenic Acanthamoeba culbertsoni: morphology and cytokine release.

To determine whether pathogenic Acanthamoeba culbertsoni trophozoites and lysate can induce cytopathic changes in primary-culture microglial cells, morphological changes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the secretion of two kinds of cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), from microglial cells was observed. Trophozoites of pathogenic A. culbertsoni made contact with microglial cells and produced digipodia. TEM revealed that microglial cells cocultured with amoebic trophozoites underwent a necrotic process, accompanied by lysis of the cell membrane. TEM of microglial cells cocultured with amoebic lysate showed that the membranes of the small cytoplasmic vacuoles as well as the cell membrane were lysed. The amounts of TNF-alpha secreted from microglial cells cocultured with A. culbertsoni trophozoites or lysate increased at 6 h of incubation. The amounts of IL-1beta secreted from microglial cells cocultured with A. culbertsoni trophozoites at 6 h of incubation was similar to those secreted from the control group, but the amounts decreased during cultivation with A. culbertsoni lysate. These results suggest that pathogenic A. culbertsoni induces the cytopathic effects in primary-culture rat microglial cells, with the effects characterized by necrosis of microglial cells and changes in levels of secretion of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta from microglial cells.

Interferon-gamma alone triggers the production of nitric oxide from serum-starved BNL CL.2, murine embryonic liver cells.

A previous study has demonstrated that both interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were needed to induce the production of nitric oxide (NO) in BNL CL.2 cells, murine embryonic liver cells. We here demonstrate that when BNL CL.2 cells were cultured with serum-free medium, they were induced to produce NO by the stimulation of IFN-gamma alone. BNL CL.2 cells were cultured with serum-free or serum-containing medium for 1-3 days and then stimulated to synthesize NO by IFN-gamma. Surprisingly, only serum-starved cells showed significant amount of nitrite accumulation and iNOS protein expression in response to IFN-gamma in dose- and time-dependent manners, but serum-supplied cells did not. When the cells were stimulated with IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), or LPS in combinations, only the combination of IFN-gamma and LPS produced more NO than that produced by IFN-gamma alone. The production of NO by the cells stimulated with IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma plus LPS was blocked by the addition of N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (N(G)MMA), a NO synthesis inhibitor. To address the intracellular signal pathway responsible for the production of NO by the cells stimulated with IFN-gamma aloneor IFN-gamma plus LPS, we examined the effects of several protein kinase inhibitors on the production of NO from the cells. The production of NO was significantly inhibited by protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors, genistein and herbimycin A, but not by protein kinase A or C inhibitors. These results suggest that the deprivation of serum from BNL CL.2 cell culture medium might prime the cells to induce NO synthesis when the cells are triggered by IFN-gamma and the involvement of PTK signal transduction pathway in the expression of inducible NO synthase gene in murine hepatoma cells.

The role of inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein in cell cycle control, differentiation, and apoptotic cell death of the human myeloid leukemic HL-60 cells.

Several studies have suggested a role for heat shock proteins (hsps) during development and differentiation. However, relatively little is known about the role of hsp70 in controlling human hematopoietic cell differentiation and death. Here, we show that constitutive expression of human inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein (hsp70) promotes differentiation of HL-60 cells and prevents apoptosis that occurred after terminal differentiation or directly by apoptotic agents. After treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), hsp70-overexpressing cells (HL-60/hsp70) underwent rapid growth arrest and plastic adherence and expressed more CD14 than parental HL-60 or empty vector-transformed cells (HL-60/puro). HL-60/hsp70 cells also rapidly differentiated into granulocytes by addition of all-trans-retinoic acid, as assessed by phenotypic changes after staining with Wright-Giemsa. After differentiation into monocyte/macrophage-like cells or granulocytes, hsp70-overexpressing cells showed little evidence for apoptosis and had a prolonged survival, indicating that the survival-enhancing properties of hsp70 counteract programmed cell death that accompanies terminal differentiation. HL-60/hsp70 cells also showed more resistance than parental cells against apoptotic agents such as sodium nitroprusside, a NO-generating agent, or Taxol, a microtubule stabilizing agent. Further, heat shock of parental HL-60 cells at 42 degrees C for 3 h increased hsp70 levels, promoted plastic adherence (< 6 h) of the cells in respond to PMA, and protected cells from SNP or Taxol. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that hsp70 plays a crucial role in the differentiation of myeloid cells, participating in cell cycle controls and phenotypic changes, with protecting effects on apoptosis induced by different pathways.