Impact of Alzheimer's Disease in Nine Asian Countries.

BACKGROUND: Asia will soon have the majority of demented patients in the world. OBJECTIVE: To assess dementia using a uniform data system to update the current status of dementia in Asia. METHODS: A uniformed data set was administered in Taiwan, China, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, and Indonesia to gather data with regard to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its related issues for these countries. RESULTS: In total, 2,370 AD patients and their caregivers were recruited from 2011 to 2014. The demographic characteristics of these patients and the relationships between patients and caregivers were different among individuals in these countries (p < 0.001). Of note, the family history for having dementia was 8.2% for females in contrast to 3.2% for males. CONCLUSION: Our study highlighted the differences in dementia assessment and care in developing versus developed countries. Greater effort with regard to studying dementia, especially in developing countries, is necessary.

Attitudes Toward Advance Directives Among Patients and Their Family Members in China.

OBJECTIVES: Chinese people are generally unfamiliar with the concept of advance care planning or advance directives (ACP/ADs), which raises dilemmas in life-support choice and can even affect clinical decision making. To understand and address the issues involved better, we investigated the awareness of ACP/ADs in China, as well as people's attitudes toward medical autonomy and end-of-life care. DESIGN: A multicenter cross-sectional survey, conducted from August 1 to December 31, 2016. SETTING: Twenty-five hospitals located in 15 different provinces throughout mainland China. PARTICIPANTS: Pairs of adult patients without dementia or malignancies, and a family member. MEASUREMENTS: Participants self-filled anonymous questionnaires, and the data collected were analyzed to relate patients' sociodemographic characteristics to their awareness of ACP/ADs and attitudes to health care autonomy and end-of-life care. RESULTS: Among 1084 patients who completed the questionnaire, 415 (38.3%) had heard about ACP/ADs. Having been informed about ACP/ADs, 995 (91.8%) were willing to find out their true health status and decide for themselves; 549 (50.6%) wanted to institute ACP/ADs. Regarding end-of-life care, 473 (43.6%) chose Do Not Resuscitate, and 435 (40.1%) wished to forgo life-support treatment if irreversibly moribund. Patients predominantly (481, 44.4%) chose general hospital as their preferred place to spend their last days of life; only 114 (10.5%) favored a special hospice facility. Patients' main concerns during end-of-life care were symptom control (35.1%), followed by functional maintenance and quality of life (29.8%), and prolonging life (18.9%). More highly educated patients had significantly greater awareness of ACP/ADs than less well educated ones (χ2 = 59.22, P < .001) and were more willing to find out the truth for themselves (χ2 = 58.30, P ≤ .001) and make medical decisions in advance (χ2 = 55.92, P < .001). Younger patients were also more willing than older ones to know the truth (χ2 = 38.23, P = .001) and make medical decisions in advance (χ2 = 18.42, P = .018), and were also more likely to wish to die at home (χ2 = 96.25, P < .001). Only 212 patients' family members (19.6%) wanted life-support treatment for themselves if irreversibly moribund, whereas 592 (54.6%) would want their relative to receive such procedures in the same circumstances; a similar discrepancy was evident for end-of-life invasive treatment (18.3% vs 42.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Awareness about ACP/ADs in China is still low. Providing culturally sensitive knowledge, education, and communication regarding ACP/ADs is a feasible first step to promoting this sociomedical practice.

Optimal cutoff scores for dementia and mild cognitive impairment of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment among elderly and oldest-old Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: All versions of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) lack population-based data of 80-plus individuals. The norms and cut-off scores for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia of the MoCA are different among five Chinese versions. OBJECTIVE: To provide the cut-off scores in detecting MCI and dementia of the Peking Medical Union College Hospital version of the MoCA (MoCA-P). METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, Chinese veterans aged ≥60 years completed the MoCA-P and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: Among 7,445 elderly veterans, 5,085 (68.30%) were aged ≥80 years old, 2,621 (35.20%) had 6 years of education or less, 6,847 (91.97%) were male, and 2,311 (31.04%) and 984 (13.22%) veterans were diagnosed as having MCI and dementia, respectively. Adding two points and one point to the MoCA scores for the primary and middle school groups, respectively, can fully adjust for the notable impact of education but cannot compensate for the effect of age. In the three age groups (60-79, 80-89, and ≥90 years old), the optimal MoCA-P cut-off scores for detecting MCI were ≤25, ≤24, and ≤23, respectively, and for detecting dementia were ≤24, ≤21, and ≤19, respectively, which demonstrated relatively high sensitivities and specificities. The areas under the curves for the MoCA-P for detecting MCI and dementia (0.937 and 0.908, respectively) were greater than those for the MMSE (0.848 and 0.892, respectively). CONCLUSION: Compared with the MMSE, the MoCA-P is significantly better for detecting MCI in the elderly, particularly in the oldest old population, and it also displays more effectiveness in detecting dementia.