A novel RRGW derived peptide is a promising inhibitor of BoNT/A.

Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT/A) is one of the most potent biotoxins ever known. Its entry into neurons could block vesicle exocytosis to abolish the release of neurotransmitters from nerve terminals, thus leading to muscle paralysis. Although there are so many peptides, antibodies and chemical compounds claimed to have anti-toxin activity, no drug is available in the clinical application except equine antitoxin serum. In the present work, a short peptide inhibitor RRGW of BoNT/A was firstly identified by computer-aided ligand-receptor binding simulation, then an RRGW derived peptide was rational designed based on the fragment of SNAP-25 (141-206 aa). Proteolytic assay showed that the anti-toxin activity of the RRGW derived peptide was much higher than that of RRGW. Digit abduction score assay demonstrated that the derived peptide delayed BoNT/A-induced muscle paralysis at a lower concentration by 20-fold than RRGW. The results supported that RRGW derived peptide can be a potential BoNT/A inhibitor candidate for further treating botulism.

HSF-1 mediated combined ginsenosides ameliorating Alzheimer's disease like symptoms in Caernorhabditis elegans.

There are few effective medications to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been suggested that several ginsenosides possess mild or moderate anti-AD activity. In our present work, a preferred combined ginsenosides was shown to have a more significant benefit effect on AD-like symptoms of worm paralysis and hypersensitivity to exogenous 5-HT in C. elegans. The combined ginsenosides can suppress Aß deposits and Aß oligomers, alleviating the toxicity induced by Aß overexpression more effectively than used alone. Its anti-AD effect was partially abolished by hsf-1 RNAi knocked down or hsf-1 inactivation by point mutation, but not by daf-16 or skn-1 RNAi knocked down. Furthermore, it markedly activated hsp-16.2 gene expression downstream of HSF-1. Our results demonstrated that HSF-1 signaling pathway exerts an important role in mediating the therapeutic effect of combined ginsenosides on AD worms. These results provided powerful evidences and theoretical foundation for reshaping medicinal products of ginsenosides and ginseng on prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

Diterpenoid Caesalmin C Delays Aß-Induced Paralysis Symptoms via the DAF-16 Pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the world. However, there is no effective drug to cure it. Caesalmin C is a cassane-type diterpenoid abundant in Caesalpinia bonduc (Linn.) Roxb. In this study, we investigated the effect of caesalmin C on Aß-induced toxicity and possible mechanisms in the transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans AD model. Our results showed that caesalmin C significantly alleviated the Aß-induced paralysis phenotype in transgenic CL4176 strain C. elegans. Caesalmin C dramatically reduced the content of Aß monomers, oligomers, and deposited spots in AD C. elegans. In addition, mRNA levels of sod-3, gst-4, and rpt-3 were up-regulated, and mRNA levels of ace-1 were down-regulated in nematodes treated with caesalmin C. The results of the RNAi assay showed that the inhibitory effect of caesalmin C on the nematode paralysis phenotype required the DAF-16 signaling pathway, but not SKN-1 and HSF-1. Further evidence suggested that caesalmin C may also have the effect of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and upregulating proteasome activity. These findings suggest that caesalmin C delays the progression of AD in C. elegans via the DAF-16 signaling pathway and that it could be developed into a promising medication to treat AD.

Cryptotanshinone Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Reduces the Level of Abnormally Aggregated Protein in Caenorhabditis elegans AD Models.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the leading causes of dementia. As the first common neurodegenerative disease, there are no effective drugs that can reverse the progression. The present study is to report the anti-AD effect of cryptotanshinone (CTS), a natural product isolated from Salvia castanea. It is found that it can alleviate AD-like features associated with Aß1-42 toxicity in muscle cells as well as neuronal cells of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Further studies showed that CTS reduced the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nematodes, up-regulated the expression of sod-3, and enhanced superoxide dismutase activity. Cryptotanshinone reduced the level of Aß monomers and highly toxic oligomers in C. elegans while inhibiting the abnormal aggregation of polyglutamine protein. In addition, CTS upregulated the expression of hsp-16.2 and downregulated the expression of ace-2. These results suggested that CTS could alleviate oxidative stress and reduce the level of abnormally aggregated proteins and has the potential to be developed as an anti-AD drug candidate.

Isolation, Characterization, and Possible Anti-Alzheimer's Disease Activities of Bisabolane-Type Sesquiterpenoid Derivatives and Phenolics from the Rhizomes of Curcuma longa.

One new bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid, together with four known bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid derivatives and seven phenolics, was isolated from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic (IR, HR-ESI-MS, and NMR) data analysis. The possible anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) activities of the isolated compounds were also evaluated using Caenorhabditis elegans AD pathological model, and 1ß-hydroxybisabola-2,10-dien-4-one had the highest possible anti-AD activity.

Eupulcherol A, a triterpenoid with a new carbon skeleton from Euphorbia pulcherrima, and its anti-Alzheimer's disease bioactivity.

Eupulcherol A (1), a novel triterpenoid with an unprecedented carbon skeleton, was isolated from Euphorbia pulcherrima. Its structure was determined by comprehensive analysis of spectroscopic data, including HRESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR, and the absolute configuration was defined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Biological studies showed that compound 1 possessed anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) bioactivity, which could delay paralysis of transgenic AD Caenorhabditis elegans. A plausible biogenetic pathway for eupulcherol A (1) was also proposed.

A novel realgar-indigo naturalis formula more effectively induces apoptosis in NB4 cells.

Realgar as a kind of arsenic agent is currently used to treat APL in China. The effectiveness and low toxicity of realgar have been verified, lower than arsenic trioxide. Although the therapeutic efficacy of realgar is blocked severely by its poor insolubility in water. In our lab, we addressed this problem by obtaining realgar bioleaching solution (RBS) from microbiological leaching technique. To develop a tradition Chinese medicinal formula (TCMF) for clinical application realgar is usually used with other herbs. However, treated realgar with RBS has not been evaluated in TCMF contain realgar. In the present study we used NB4 to investigate the effects of novel Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula (FRBS) on cell proliferation and apoptosis. We used MTT assay to measure anti proliferative activity of FRBS. We further study the effects of FRBS on cell growth and apoptosis according flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation assay and Fluorescence microscopy and Western blot. The results revealed that FRBS significantly inhibited growth in a dose-dependent manner, and induced apoptosis in NB4 cells. NB4 cell inhibitory response to FRBS at 2µg ml-1 of arsenic concentration was twofold higher, dissimilar to RIF, and induced apoptosis more effectively. Further, a higher expression of caspase-3, caspase-9 and cytochrome C from increased from FRBS. RBS can substitute the traditional realgar powder in RIF in order to provide a novel and promising Realgar-Indigo naturalis formula to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Four novel sesquiterpenoids with their anti-Alzheimer's disease activity from Nardostachys chinensis.

Nardochinins A-D (1-4), four novel sesquiterpenoids, along with four known ones were isolated from the underground parts of Nardostachys chinensis Batal in ethanol. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic methods and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Nardochinin A (1) possessed a norsesquiterpene skeleton with an unusual 3/6/5/5 tetracyclic ring system, which had not appeared in natural products. Nardochinins B (2) and C (3) were the first time found naturally occurring sesquiterpenoids with a 4,5-seco-nardosinane skeleton. Besides, compound 3 represented an unprecedented 4,5-seco-nardosinane type norsesquiterpenoid with losing an isopropenyl at C-6 compared with 2 in the structural framework. Nardochinin D (4) was a novel, highly oxygenated valerenane-type sesquiterpenoid possessing a rare 3,12-epoxy group and an unusual 9,11-epoxy group. The anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) activities of 1-4 were also evaluated using the Caenorhabditis elegans AD pathological model, and nardochinin B (2) had the highest anti-AD activity.

Sporosarcina terrae sp. nov., isolated from orchard soil.

A Gram-stain-positive, motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain LZ2T, was isolated from a sample of orchard soil from Laizhou city, Shandong province, PR China. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain LZ2T was closely related to members of the genus Sporosarcina, sharing highest levels of sequence similarity with Sporosarcina pasteurii NCIMB 8841T (98.8 %), Sporosarcina soli I80T (95.9 %). The value for the DNA-DNA relatedness between strain LZ2T and Sporosarcina pasteurii NCIMB 8841T was 39.8±1.7 %. Growth occurred at 10-44 °C (optimum, 30-35 °C), pH 5.0-11.0 (optimum pH 9.0-10.0); NaCl concentrations of up to 7.0 % (w/v) were tolerated. The dominant respiratory quinone was MK-7 and the G+C content was 39.2 mol%. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0. The major polar lipids of strain LZ2T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospholipid. Based on phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, and phylogenetic data strain LZ2T represents a novel species of the genus Sporosarcina, for which the name Sporosarcina terrae sp. nov. (type strain LZ2T=KACC 18822T=MCCC 1K03174T) is proposed.

Novel thrombopoietin mimetic peptides bind c-Mpl receptor: Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling.

Thrombopoietin (TPO) acts in promoting the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and by initiating specific maturation events in megakaryocytes. Now, TPO-mimetic peptides with amino acid sequences unrelated to TPO are of considerable pharmaceutical interest. In the present paper, four new TPO mimetic peptides that bind and activate c-Mpl receptor have been identified, synthesized and tested by Dual-Luciferase reporter gene assay for biological activities. The molecular modeling research was also approached to understand key molecular mechanisms and structural features responsible for peptide binding with c-Mpl receptor. The results presented that three of four mimetic peptides showed significant activities. In addition, the molecular modeling approaches proved hydrophobic interactions were the driven positive forces for binding behavior between peptides and c-Mpl receptor. TPO peptide residues in P7, P13 and P7' positions were identified by the analysis of hydrogen bonds and energy decompositions as the key ones for benefiting better biological activities. Our data suggested the synthesized peptides have considerable potential for the future development of stable and highly active TPO mimetic peptides.

Shengmai Formula Ameliorates Pathological Characteristics in AD C. elegans.

Shengmai (SM) formula, a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula, is composed of Panax ginseng (Pg), Ophiopogon japonicus (Oj), and Schisandra Chinesis (Sc). SM has been clinically used to treat heart failure and ischemic heart disease. Although SM formula has been reported to be potential for fighting against Alzheimer's disease (AD) by previous works, there are many gaps in our knowledge on its usage in AD treatment on an organism level and will then need to be further clarified. In this study, transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans expressing human Aß1-42 are used to evaluate SM formula efficacy to treat AD phenotype and to investigate its underlying mechanism. The results showed that SM formula ameliorated AD pathological characteristics of paralysis behavior and chemotaxis defect in transgenic C. elegans. With SM treatment, the number of Aß deposits decreased, the levels of gene expressions of hsp16-2, hsp16-41, ace-1, ace-2, and TNFA1P1 homolog genes were down-regulated. Our results also showed that Oj exhibited more stronger effect on delaying paralysis in worms than Pg and Sc did, and synergistic action was observed between Pg and Oj, and Sc further enhanced the activity of Pg/Oj combination on delaying paralysis behavior. Further, SM with herbs of Pg, Oj, and Sc at a dose proportion of 9:9:6 exhibited superior therapeutic efficacy in comparison with herbs at other dose proportions. After SM formula extracted by ethanol, it delayed AD symptoms on a wider dose from 0.2 to 10.0 mg/mL with no toxic effect. These results provided more evidence for SM formula being potential to be used to treat AD.

TAT-HSA-α-MSH fusion protein with extended half-life inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α in brain inflammation of mice.

Neuroinflammation constitutes a principal process involved in the progression of various central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, ischemic stroke, and traumatic brain injury. The safety and efficacy of potential neuroprotective therapeutic agents is controversial and limited. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) as a tridecapeptide derived from pro-opiomelanocortin displays potent anti-inflammatory and protective effects with a wide therapeutic window in brain damage. However, it is difficult to deliver effective concentrations of α-MSH into brain tissue via nondirect application. Besides, the half-life of the tridecapeptide is only a few minutes. In the present study, we generated a novel TAT-HSA-α-MSH by genetically fusing α-MSH with N-terminus 11-amino acid protein transduction domain of the human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein (TAT) and human serum albumin (HSA), which showed favorable pharmacokinetic properties and can effectively cross the blood brain barrier (BBB). The findings showed that TAT-HSA-α-MSH significantly inhibits NF-κB activation in human glioma cells A172 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production in experimental brain inflammation. These results indicate that TAT-HSA-α-MSH may be a potential therapeutic agent for treating neuroinflammation which plays a fundamental role in CNS disorders.

Expression and bioactivity of recombinant human serum albumin and dTMP fusion proteins in CHO cells.

The 14-amino acid (IEGPTLRQWLAARA) thrombopoietin mimetic peptide (TMP) shares no sequence homology with native thrombopoietin (TPO). When dimerized, it displays a high-binding affinity for the TPO receptor and has equipotent bioactivity with recombinant human TPO (rhTPO) in stimulating proliferation and maturation of megakaryocytes in vitro. However, TMP is limited for clinical usage because of its short half-life in vivo. In this study, fusion proteins that composed of tandem dimer of TMP (dTMP) genetically fused at the C- or N-terminus of human serum albumin (HSA) were separately expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In vitro bioactivity assays showed that purified fusion proteins promoted the proliferation of megakaryocytes in a dose-dependent manner and activated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in TPO receptor-dependent manner. Following subcutaneous administration, both HSA-dTMP and dTMP-HSA significantly elevated peripheral platelet counts in normal mice in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, fusion with HSA successfully prolonged dTMP half-life in mice. However, when HSA was fused at the C-terminus of dTMP, the bioactivity of dTMP-HSA was about half of that of HSA-dTMP. In conclusion, these results suggested that HSA/dTMP fusion proteins might be potential drugs for thrombocytopenia and, when HSA was fused at the N-terminus of dTMP, the fusion protein had a higher activity.

Functional expression of human serum albumin-tandem thrombopoietin mimetic peptide fusion protein as a novel thrombopoietin analog in Pichia pastoris.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a novel thrombopoietin (TPO) analog by fusing the tandem TPO mimetic peptide (TMP-TMP) to human serum albumin (HSA) and performing functional expression of recombinant fusion protein HSA-TMP-TMP. RESULTS: After optimizing the fusion orientation in shake-flask culture, HSA-TMP-TMP was expressed at 0.4 g/l in Pichia pastoris grown in a 20 l bioreactor, during which pH was controlled at 5 by addition of NH4OH and citric acid. The fusion protein significantly activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-mediated transcription in TPO receptor-dependent manner, which was demonstrated by a luciferase reporter assay. Following subcutaneous administration, HSA-TMP-TMP effectively stimulated the platelet production in healthy mice in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Successful expression of HSA-TMP-TMP fusion protein in P. pastoris was achieved and the recombinant HSA-TMP-TMP is a promising TPO analog.

Molecular mechanisms of resistance to human pathogenic bacteria in Caenorhabditis elegans by MEV-1 mediated oxidative stress.

Both mutation and knockdown in mev-1 gene render Caenorhabditis elegans susceptibility to Enterococcus faecalis infection. However, the mechanisms by which of MEV-1 defects pathogen resistance remain unclear. Here we show that mev-1RNAi causes a dramatic decrease in oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme expressions, thereby leading to increased E. faecalis accumulation in nematode intestine. Mitochondrial superoxide change after infection induced these oxidative responses through DAF-16 activity. All together, this highlights MEV-1 as a key regulatory component for determining genetic responsiveness to oxidant/antioxidant imbalance that is associated with innate immunity.

Protective effects of the bioactive natural product N-trans-Caffeoyldopamine on hepatotoxicity induced by isoniazid and rifampicin.

In our searching for novel antioxidants from natural sources, N-trans-Caffeoyldopamine which was from natural product was found to be a potential compound for its remarkable antioxidant activity. Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampicin (RFP) is widely used for the treatment of Tuberculosis (TB) as the first line drugs, have been known to be potentially hepatotoxic and may lead to drug-induced liver injury. Oxidative stress has been regarded as the major mechanism of the hepatotoxicity. Therefore, in this study, the possible protective effects of N-trans-Caffeoyldopamine was investigated in the hepatotoxicity caused by INH and RFP in rats. Results showed that serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content were reduced dramatically, and hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and glutathione (GSH) content were restored remarkably by N-trans-Caffeoyldopamine co-administration, as compared to the INH-RFP treated rats (p<0.01). Moreover, the histopathological damage of liver and the number of apoptotic hepatocytes were also significantly ameliorated by the treatment. It is therefore suggested that N-trans-Caffeoyldopamine can provide a definite protective effect against acute hepatic injury caused by INH and RFP in rats, which may mainly be associated with its antioxidative effect. Mechanisms studies indicated that it inhibited the lipid peroxidation through the cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) downregulation.

Lifespan extension in Caenorhabiditis elegans by several traditional Chinese medicine formulas.

There is considerable interest in using traditional Chinese medicine formulas (TCMF) to delay aging or treat age-related diseases. Due to cost and duration, the beneficial effects of TCMF on prolongation are mainly extrapolated from vitro studies or physiological indexes. Little is known about whether TCMF are beneficial in whole level, particularly with respect to lifespan. To address this issue, we selected eight formulas with anti-oxidative activity and examined their effects on the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. The results showed that seven of the eight formulas could prolong lifespan of TK22 mutant significantly and five of the eight formulas could obviously extend lifespan of N2 wild-type. To further characterize the prolongation effects, oxidative stress, thermal stress and reproduction test were assayed. We found that the formulas that extended lifespan of TK22 could also protect it from oxidative stress, without reducing the reproductive capacity. Meanwhile, the formulas that prolonged lifespan of N2 wild-type could also enhance its resistance against thermal stress, with damaging the reproductive fitness. These observations indicate that TCMF used in our experiment could be potential therapeutics for anti-aging.

Shenqi formula delayed Alzheimer's disease-like symptoms by skn-1 pathway in Caernorhabditis elegans.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Shenqi formula is composed of Codonopsis pilosula (Cp) and Lycium barbarum (Lb), and it is traditionally used for promoting qi and nourishing the spleen, liver and kidney. Cp and Lb have been reported to improve cognitive performance in APP/PS1 mice, prevent the accumulation of Aß, and reduce the neurotoxicity of Aß to achieve the anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) effect. AIM OF THE STUDY: Shenqi formula was explored the therapeutic effect on Caenorhabditis elegans AD pathological model and the underlying mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Paralysis assay and serotonin sensitivity assay was used to detect whether Shenqi formula can alleviate AD paralysis phenotype, and then DPPH, ABTS, NBT and Fenton methods were applied to investigate the scavenging capacity to free radical, ROS, ·O2- and ·OH of Shenqi formula in vitro. H2DCF-DA and MitoSOX™ Red were employed to measure ROS and .O2- accumulation, respectively. RNAi was used to knock down the expression of skn-1 and daf-16 related to oxidative stress resistance signalling pathway. Fluorescence microscopy was used to record the expression of SOD-3::GFP, GST-4::GFP, SOD-1::YFP, and the nuclear translocation of SKN-1 and DAF-16. Western blot assay was carried out to test Aß monomers and oligomers. RESULTS: Shenqi formula delayed the AD-like pathological characteristics in C. elegans, and the complete Shenqi formula was more effective than Cp or Lb alone. The effect of Shenqi formula on delaying worm paralysis was partially eliminated by skn-1 RNAi, but not daf-16 RNAi. Shenqi formula significantly inhibited the abnormal deposition of Aß protein, decreased Aß protein monomers and oligomers. It increased the expressions of gst-4, sod-1, and sod-3 similar to paraquat, companied by rise then fall of ROS and .O2- in AD worms. CONCLUSIONS: Shenqi formula at least partially depended on SKN-1 signalling pathway to exert its anti-AD effect, and it is potential to be used as a kind of health food to prevent the progress of AD.

cep-1 mediated the mitohormesis effect of Shengmai formula in regulating Caenorhabditis elegans lifespan.

Ageing is one of the major causes of many diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. It has been found that mitochondrion acts as a crucial regulator of healthy lifespan. In this work, traditional Chinese medicine Shengmai formula (SMH) was used to treat mitochondrial mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans. The results showed that SMH shortened the lifespan of short-lived mev-1 mutant, but lengthened the lifespan of long-lived isp-1 mutant. Acute SMH treatment has benefit effect by increasing resistance capacity and motion activity in both ETC mutants and wild type N2. Compared with N2, the genome-wide transcriptome profile of ETC mutants showed on a similar pattern after SMH treatment. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis addressed that SMH-induced genes mainly enriched in metabolic process and oxidation-reduction process. The ROS levels in ETC mutants and N2 firstly rose then fell after SMH treatment, in company with the elevation of SOD-1, SOD-3 and GST-4, the increment of HSP-16.2 combined with heat shock. SMH increased oxygen consumption and ATP content, improved the restoration of mitochondrial homeostasis. SMH-induced opposed lifespan outcomes were markedly counteracted by cep-1 RNAi, together with the mitochondrial dynamics. Western blot assay also demonstrated a SMH-induced CEP-1 expression. Collectively, SMH acts as a prooxidant to regulate mitochondrial homeostasis and causes mitohormesis to exert therapeutic effect based on the redox background of the recipients, and cep-1 was required for the mitochondrial hormetic responses. The results shed a light on the rational clinical anti-ageing applications of SMH in the future.

Ursolic acid ameliorates amyloid ß-induced pathological symptoms in Caenorhabditis elegans by activating the proteasome.

BACKGROUND: Amyloid ß induces pathological symptoms in various neurodegenerative disorders. It is the hallmark of these neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, and is reported to induce neurotoxicity leading to neuronal impairment. The continuous development of neurodegenerative disease accompanies pathological changes in amyloid ß deposition in the brain. After amyloid ß accumulates, the inadequate clearance of amyloid ß further accelerates the development of events in the pathological cascade. In eukaryotes, the proteasome is responsible for the degradation of misfolded and damaged proteins to maintain proteostasis. Therefore, screening candidates that preserve proteasomal activity may promote amyloid ß homeostasis, which is expected to provide new therapeutic opportunities for these neurodegenerative diseases. Ursolic acid, a natural triterpenoid, has prominent pharmacological antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and nontoxic activities. Here, we explored the protective effects of ursolic acid on amyloid ß-induced pathological symptoms. METHODS: This study investigated the therapeutic potential of ursolic acid and its underlying molecular mechanisms using a Caenorhabditis elegans transgenic pathological model. RESULTS: In our study, ursolic acid successfully repressed amyloid ß-induced paralysis and hypersensitivity to serotonin in Caenorhabditis elegans. The levels of amyloid ß monomers, oligomers, and deposits were decreased after treatment with ursolic acid in transgenic nematodes overexpressing human amyloid ß; however, ursolic acid did not affect exogenous transgene transcription and expression levels. Ursolic acid transcriptionally enhanced the ubiquitin-proteasome system and augmented proteasome activity in vivo. However, the proteasome inhibitor MG132 abolished the therapeutic effect of ursolic acid on behavioral paralysis, and Parkinson's disease-related-1 was required for the therapeutic effect of ursolic acid. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that ursolic acid prevented amyloid ß-induced proteotoxic stress, specifically by reducing the amount of amyloid ß and increasing proteasome activity in vivo. Furthermore, the therapeutic effect of ursolic acid on transgenic nematodes expressing amyloid ß depended on the increased activity of the proteasome. This work provides an essential supplement to the information on the pharmacological mechanism of ursolic acid.