RESUMO
Precise regulation of mitochondrial fusion and fission is essential for cellular activity and animal development. Imbalances between these processes can lead to fragmentation and loss of normal membrane potential in individual mitochondria. In this study, we show that MIRO-1 is stochastically elevated in individual fragmented mitochondria and is required for maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential. We further observe a higher level of membrane potential in fragmented mitochondria in fzo-1 mutants and wounded animals. Moreover, MIRO-1 interacts with VDAC-1, a crucial mitochondrial ion channel located in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and this interaction depends on the residues E473 of MIRO-1 and K163 of VDAC-1. The E473G point mutation disrupts their interaction, resulting in a reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Our findings suggest that MIRO-1 regulates membrane potential and maintains mitochondrial activity and animal health by interacting with VDAC-1. This study provides insight into the mechanisms underlying the stochastic maintenance of membrane potential in fragmented mitochondria.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans , Caenorhabditis elegans , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial , Mitocôndrias/genética , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Membranas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Canal de Ânion 1 Dependente de Voltagem/genética , Canal de Ânion 1 Dependente de Voltagem/metabolismoRESUMO
Mitochondria are the central hub for many metabolic processes, including the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation. Recent studies have identified a new mitochondrial protein family, Fam210, that regulates bone metabolism and red cell development in vertebrates. The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans has a Fam210 gene, y56a3a.22, but it lacks both bones and red blood cells. In this study, we report that Y56A3A.22 plays a crucial role in regulating mitochondrial protein homeostasis and reproduction. The nematode y56a3a.22 is expressed in various tissues, including the intestine, muscle, hypodermis, and germline, and its encoded protein is predominantly localized in mitochondria. y56a3a.22 deletion mutants are sterile owing to impaired oogenesis. Loss of Y56A3A.22 induced mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), which is mediated through the ATFS-1-dependent pathway, in tissues such as the intestine, germline, hypodermis, and vulval muscle. We further show that infertility and UPRmt induces by Y56A3A.22 deficiency are not attributed to systemic iron deficiency. Together, our study reveals an important role of Y56A3A.22 in regulating mitochondrial protein homeostasis and oogenesis and provides a new genetic tool for exploring the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial metabolism and reproduction as well as the fundamental role of the Fam210 family.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Mitocôndrias/genética , Oogênese/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas/genética , Animais , Osso e Ossos/metabolismo , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Caenorhabditis elegans/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Feminino , Células Germinativas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Células Germinativas/metabolismo , Humanos , Intestinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Reprodução/genética , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Vulva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Vulva/metabolismoRESUMO
Organisms respond to tissue damage through the upregulation of protective responses which restore tissue structure and metabolic function. Mitochondria are key sources of intracellular oxidative metabolic signals that maintain cellular homeostasis. Here we report that tissue and cellular wounding triggers rapid and reversible mitochondrial fragmentation. Elevated mitochondrial fragmentation either in fzo-1 fusion-defective mutants or after acute drug treatment accelerates actin-based wound closure. Wounding triggered mitochondrial fragmentation is independent of the GTPase DRP-1 but acts via the mitochondrial Rho GTPase MIRO-1 and cytosolic Ca2+. The fragmented mitochondria and accelerated wound closure of fzo-1 mutants are dependent on MIRO-1 function. Genetic and transcriptomic analyzes show that enhanced mitochondrial fragmentation accelerates wound closure via the upregulation of mtROS and Cytochrome P450. Our results reveal how mitochondrial dynamics respond to cellular and tissue injury and promote tissue repair.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolismo , Caenorhabditis elegans/fisiologia , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Cicatrização/fisiologia , Proteínas rho de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Geneticamente Modificados , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Cálcio/metabolismo , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , GTP Fosfo-Hidrolases/genética , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/genética , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Proteínas rho de Ligação ao GTP/genéticaRESUMO
The development of genome editing techniques based on CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas9 system has revolutionized biomedical researches. It can be utilized to edit genome sequence in almost any organisms including Caenorhabditis elegans, one of the most convenient and classic genetic model animals. The application of CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing in C. elegans promotes the functional analysis of gene and proteins under many physiological conditions. In this mini-review, we summarized the development of CRISPR-Cas9-based genome editing in C. elegans.