Violence on social networks related to the body image of young women and its repercussions on health.

INTRODUCTION: Social networking sites perpetuate gender stereotypes, inequalities, and gender violence, generating adverse health effects. METHODS: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between Instagram, alcohol consumption and effects on health, through interviews and discussion groups involving adolescents (high school or university students and workers), during the period from the third to the sixth wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: A total of 118 individuals participated in the study. Three coding clusters were identified: (1) Inequality in the representation of men and women on SNSs; (2) Violence towards women's bodies and sexual violence on SNSs; and (3) Health problems derived from violence against women's body image on SNSs. The main focus of our analysis was the exhibition of the female body, in which eroticization of the body prevails and gender roles are perpetuated. Violence is generated towards women in the form of misogynistic attacks for daring to challenge conventional stereotypes. Many interviewees coincide that the main health effects include low self-esteem, anxiety and eating disorders. CONCLUSIONS: The institutional response to the abuses and violence committed on SNSs against women is weak, and public policies are needed to protect women in these environments where they are especially vulnerable.

The Spiritual Aspect of Pain: An Integrative Review.

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that affects individuals in various ways involving biological, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects. There is currently no comprehensive treatment that effectively addresses all aspects of pain. This integrative review aimed to analyze the spiritual aspect of pain relief. Following the specified methodological criteria, a total of 20 articles were selected. There evidenced a lack of spiritual care provided by healthcare professionals, even though its correlation with pain and its potential benefits have been widely demonstrated in the literature. Fortunately, some patients put into practice existential and religious tools to self-control and cope with their pain, although not always with a successful response.

Ecospirituality and Health: A Systematic Review.

Environmental changes are affecting human health. A renewal of the way we understand and relate to the planet is needed. Ecospirituality brings together the terms spirituality and environment and is born as a means of solution to this dilemma. This systematic review aimed to find out the influence of ecospirituality on global health. A search of scientific literature was carried out in the main health science databases. A review was conducted to critically evaluate the studies that identified relevant ecospiritual aspects regarding health care for communities. After a systematic search and screening, and following specified methodological criteria, a total of 14 articles were selected in the review. The findings of the review suggest that a new perspective in our worldview such as ecospirituality will provide us with the necessary keys to improve health. To understand ecospirituality, we must keep in mind the indigenous way of life, which is the clear example to follow to achieve environmental health and global health. Ecospirituality leads to a healthier environment, and as this is directly related to health, there is also an improvement in global health.

Dosage of Physical Activity to Avoid Impairment of Activities Due to Pain: Analysis of Population-based Conditional Processes.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity's established health benefits include pain control, yet there is no consensus on the required dosage according to the literature. AIM: To test the influence of exercise on perceived health in patients whose daily activities are limited due to pain. Besides, analyze the possible moderating effect of age and find a formula for exercise dosage based on the perceived level of health. METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on the 2017 Spanish National Health Survey with 4,123 participants reporting activity limitations in their daily activities due to pain. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (short version) was used to calculate energy expenditure. Data included age, sex, leisure-time physical activity, sitting time, pain-related impairments, pain medication, and perceived health. Mediation regression analysis was conducted using the SPSS PROCESS 4.0 macro. RESULTS: Results indicate a decline in perceived health with age. The relationship between exercise (energy expenditure) and perceived health was highly significant (d=-0.224, p<0.001). Age moderated the association between pain and energy expenditure up to 75.61 years (0.1568, p=0.05) and between energy expenditure and perceived health up to 75.74 years (-0.289, p=0.05), but this effect diminished afterwards. A formula was developed to estimate energy expenditure based on the desired level of health. CONCLUSIONS: The perception of health in people who are limited in their daily activities due to pain (moderate to very much) is mediated by the amount of physical activity they perform. Besides, this perception is moderated by age, up to 76 years.

Instagram, risky drinking and main health effects in Spanish adolescents in the COVID-19 pandemic. A qualitative study.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between Instagram, alcohol consumption and the impact on adolescent health during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: A qualitative study was carried out with 13 focus groups, involving 38 interviews. The fieldwork was conducted between January and December 2021 using a semi-structured script with three main categories. The research was carried out by a team specialized in adolescent risks and qualitative research. RESULTS: Three main categories were established: (1) The COVID-19 pandemic, Instagram and Risky Drinking, (2) Risk prevention and control strategies and (3) Effects on health. The participants (n = 118) reported greater alcohol consumption among Instagram users, either because this social media platform was used to spread the practice of alcohol consumption, or because they were affected by the content posted by digital marketers, Instagrammers, and/or contacts on Instagram. More than half of the sample (67.8%) had health problems (loss of control, headaches, difficulty in breathing, trembling, anxiety attacks, vomiting, tiredness, blackouts, and absence seizures), of whom 35% required urgent attention from their parents and/or the health services. CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to prevent risky drinking related to the use of social networking sites (SNSs) and its main health effects.

Spiritual Dimension in Neurological and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Mapping Review.

Previous studies have shown the benefits of spirituality/religiosity with regard to health and quality of life for people. The high prevalence of neurological disorders, which are the main diseases that cause disability and dependency around the world, makes neurological disorders especially relevant. This systematic mapping review aimed to map the knowledge of spirituality experienced by people with neurological/neurodegenerative disorders and its influence on outcomes and the ability to cope with the disease. Following specified methodological criteria, a total of 13 articles were selected. The spiritual dimension should be considered a fundamental component of the quality of life and well-being of neurological patients as it can significantly influence their ability to cope with their disease.

"The COVID 19 pandemic worsened my living and working conditions". A qualitative research study of female Brazilian immigrants in Oporto.

Immigrant women face a double vulnerability, being a woman and an immigrant, a situation that hinders their entry into the labor market and worsens their working conditions and occupational health with respect to the native population. The objective of these women is to seek employment or educational opportunities and improving their own lives and those of their families. All this is affected by the axes of gender, ethnicity, migration and socioeconomic level, as well as being confronted with the patriarchal structure of exercise of power and domination. These situations of inequality have aggravated due to the COVID-19 pandemic, worsening working conditions and their occupational health. This study aims to explore the working conditions of the female Brazilian immigrant population living in Porto (Portugal) and how these conditions may affect their health. Qualitative research through semi-structured interviews conducted during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic was used. The results show of them had work overload, manifesting anxiety and stress. Physical affectations related to poor work ergonomics and the lack of occupational health examinations in working immigrant women is highlighted. The importance of strengthening migration policies related to occupational health is highlighted. In pandemic situations, the vulnerability of these women increases, worsening their overall health.

The efficacy of religious and spiritual interventions in nursing care to promote mental, physical and spiritual health: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Spiritual interventions have proved to alleviate suffering, help the patient to prepare for end of life issues, improve quality of life, and well-being. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the efficacy of religious and spiritual interventions in nursing care to promote mental, physical and spiritual health as compared to control groups not receiving such care. METHODS: This is a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials from SCOPUS, PUBMED, Web of Science and CINAHL databases. The searches were carried out between May and July 2020 without restrictions concerning the date of publication. Peer-reviewed articles published in English, Portuguese or Spanish, focusing on nurses were included. This study followed the PRISMA guidelines. In addition, the CONSORT and The Cochrane Collaborations tool for assessing risk of bias were followed. RESULTS: The search process identified 1308 publications, 18 randomized controlled trials were included for the systematic review and 9 for the meta-analysis. The meta-analyses revealed that spiritual interventions were associated with lower mental health symptoms (SMD = -6.91 [-9.83,-3.98], p < 0.001, I2 = 99 %), greater well-being (SMD = 1.26 [0.58, 1.93], p < 0.001, I2 = 94 %) and higher levels of spirituality (SMD = 0.48 [0.29, 0.67], p < 0.001, I2 = 31 %) as compared to individuals in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Spiritual interventions seem to be effective to promote health, as seen for mental health, spirituality, well-being and physical outcomes. Nevertheless, more than half of the studies have a high risk of bias in any of the dimensions evaluated and there is an important heterogeneity among interventions and outcomes. This is particularly important to nurses and nurse managers who want to provide a holistic care to their patients.

Spiritual care in critically ill patients during COVID-19 pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Spiritual care has a positive influence when patients are subjected to serious illnesses, and critically ill situations such as the case of the COVID-19 pandemic. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the perceptions and attitudes of nurses working at critical care units and emergency services in Spain concerning the spiritual care providing to patients and families during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A qualitative investigation was carried out using in-depth interviews with 19 ICU nursing professionals. FINDINGS: During the pandemic, nurses provided spiritual care for their patients. Although they believed that spirituality was important to help patients to cope with the disease, they do not had a consensual definition of spirituality. Work overload, insufficient time and lack of training were perceived as barriers for providing spiritual healthcare. DISCUSSION: These results support the role of spirituality in moments of crisis and should be considered by health professionals working in critical care settings.

The influence of spirituality and religion on critical care nursing: An integrative review.

BACKGROUND: Spiritual care could help family members and critically ill patients to cope with anxiety, stress and depression. However, health care professionals are poorly prepared and health managers are not allocating all the resources needed. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To critically review the empirical evidence concerning the influence of spirituality and religion (S-R) on critical care nursing. METHODS: An integrative review of the literature published in the last 10 years (2010-2019) was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, CINHAL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane and LILACS. In addition, searches were performed in the System for Information on Grey Literature in Europe and the Grey Literature Report. Quantitative and/or qualitative studies, assessing S-R and including health care professionals caring for critically ill patients (i.e. adults or children), were included. RESULTS: Forty articles were included in the final analysis (20 qualitative, 19 quantitative and 1 with a mixed methodology). The studies embraced the following themes: S-R importance and the use of coping among critical care patients and families; spiritual needs of patients and families; health care professionals' awareness of spiritual needs; ways to address spiritual care in the intensive care unit (ICU); definition of S-R by health care professionals; perceptions and barriers of addressing spiritual needs; and influence of S-R on health care professionals' outcomes and decisions. Our results indicate that patients and their families use S-R coping strategies to alleviate stressful situations in the ICU and that respecting patients' spiritual beliefs is an essential component of critical care. Although nurses consider spiritual care to be very important, they do not feel prepared to address S-R and report lack of time as the main barrier. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Critical care professionals should be aware about the needs of their patients and should be trained to handle S-R in clinical practice. Nurses are encouraged to increase their knowledge and awareness towards spiritual issues.

The Use of Spiritual and Religious Interventions for the Treatment for Insomnia: A Scoping Review.

Insomnia is a common problem, affecting individuals' health and quality of life. Among several therapies used to treat this condition, spiritual interventions are suggested to have beneficial outcomes on sleep disturbances. Nevertheless, a systematic compilation of the evidence available is still needed in the literature in order to scientifically investigate the topic. To examine the most common spiritual interventions proposed to treat sleep disorders and to assess the scientific evidence of these interventions. This is a scoping literature review conducted by independent researchers on the following databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and OpenGrey. A boolean expression was used, and all studies published in the last 5 years investigating the role of spiritual or religious interventions on insomnia were included. From a total of 3257 articles retrieved in our search, ten studies were included in the final analysis. There is a wide array of techniques used to treat insomnia or the mental disorders associated with insomnia, such as mantra, yoga, mindfulness, praying/meditation, daily spiritual experiences, psycho-religious training and intervention. The included studies showed a positive influence of spiritual/religious interventions on insomnia directly and indirectly. However, there is a scarcity of clinical trials and most studies have small sample sizes and used only subjective measures, resulting in a low evidence. The results of the present review point to a promising role of spirituality and religion on better sleep outcomes, particularly in the improvement in insomnia. However, the heterogeneity and the quality of these studies suggest caution while interpreting these findings. More clinical trials are needed in this area to provide a recommendation of these methods in clinical practice.

How Does Confucianism Influence Health Behaviors, Health Outcomes and Medical Decisions? A Scoping Review.

The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of Confucianism on health behaviors, health outcomes and medical decisions. The research was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, CINHAL, PsycINFO and Web of Science, without restrictions of language and year of publication. The search process identified 833 publications matching the search criteria, and after the review process, 40 articles were included. Family is a central aspect of Confucianism, and it seems to affect participation in medical decisions, taking care of relatives, ethical dilemmas and mental health problems. Although most Confucianist influence seems to be positive, some ways of thinking could increase suffering, burnout and a delay in healthcare seeking. Understanding these values could help health professionals to deal with the growing contingent of patients with different cultures and religious beliefs.

The Role of Spirituality and Religiosity in Healthcare During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Review of the Scientific Literature.

The pandemic caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has been affecting populations globally since the end of 2019. Previous studies have indicated that spirituality in these times of crisis serves as a source of hope and well-being that helps people get through the day. This study investigated the role of spirituality and religiosity in healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic. An integrative review of the scientific literature available on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases and a review of the gray literature in the Information System on Gray Literature in Europe (OpenGrey) were carried out. From a total of 1,338 articles searched; 25 articles were included in this review (22 quantitative observational, 2 qualitative and one randomized controlled trial). Our findings revealed the importance of including spirituality in clinical practice for both health professionals and patients. On the one hand, spirituality can be considered a good coping strategy used by healthcare professionals to promote mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting in greater patient satisfaction with the care given. On the other hand, addressing spiritual needs of individuals leads to a reduction in stress, anxiety, depression, and an increase in resilience and hope among patients.

Economic evaluation of workplace health promotion interventions focused on Lifestyle: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: To identify and evaluate randomized clinical trials focusing on economic evaluation of workplace health promotion (WHP) interventions based on healthy lifestyles, physical activity and nutrition. DESIGN: A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out between March and May 2019, following the PRISMA statement. DATA SOURCES: The literature search was conducted on Cochrane Library, Scopus, WOS and Medline databases. REVIEW METHODS: The quality appraisal included the overall risk of bias (Cochrane Collaboration tool), the quality of the evidence (GRADEpro) and the quality of the health economic analysis (QHES instrument). RESULTS: Of the 15 studies selected, 3 were interventions based on nutrition, 11 were focused on lifestyle and only one on physical activity. Given the heterogeneity of included studies, it was decided to do a subgroup analysis. For the weight loss (n = 5 studies), a general increase of 0.56 Kg (95% CI = 0.76, 0.84) I2  = 99.41%, and for the Quality-adjusted Life Years achieved (n = 5 studies) a very small increase of 0.003 (95% CI = 0.002, 0.004) I2  = 99.25%, were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of lifestyle interventions in the workplace has proven to be cost-effective for both employers and society. IMPACT: What problem did the study address? There are few studies aimed at evaluating the efficiency of WHP interventions. However, those that identify and assessing interventions related to lifestyle are particularly scarce, despite the evidence showing that these researchers improve the quality of care of occupational health. What were the main findings? This systematic review demonstrates the effectiveness of the WHP interventions, and in some cases, the efficiency of these interventions for both employers and society. Additional research in this area is necessary as well as the assessment of the cost-effectiveness of such interventions. Where and on whom will the research have an impact? To know the cost-benefit of different WHP interventions allows more efficient management of resources, which helps to make political and business decisions, becoming healthier and safer workplaces.

'A picture is worth a thousand words'-A photovoice study exploring health professionals' experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic.

AIM: To elicit the experiences and perspectives of health professionals working on the frontline in the COVID-19 pandemic. BACKGROUND: Although some qualitative studies have been carried out in health professionals during COVID-19 pandemic, to our knowledge, no study has used the Photovoice method. DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive study using Photovoice was carried out between March and June 2020. METHODS: A total of 20 health professionals were recruited from public and private healthcare services. The participants were invited to share photographs about their experiences while working during COVID-19 pandemic. Following the Photovoice method, audio-recorded interviews were conducted. The data were analysed using the 'SHOWED' mnemonic, with five questions answered about each photograph. The EQUATOR checklist has been used. RESULTS/FINDINGS: Three themes emerged: (1) Personal attitudes of health professionals; (2) Support from the community; and (3) Management of institutional resources. Despite the fact that health professionals in this study were exposed to major risks while caring for patients with COVID-19' they felt a strong sense of responsibility towards the community. In order to handle these stressful situations, they used coping mechanisms, good humour and leisure, but also received support from the population, who saw them as highly skilled health professionals. CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the essential role of health professionals in the COVID-19 pandemic and the tireless work they are carrying out to provided highly skilled care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: These findings could contribute to raise awareness on the needs of health professionals during the pandemic, allowing managers to plan strategies to ensure the safety, and well-being of these professionals, as well as adopting similar strategies in their practice to create a space for critical reflection through participatory approaches.

The effectiveness of spiritual interventions in the workplace for work-related health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of spiritual interventions in the workplace for different health outcomes through the use of a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BACKGROUND: Most studies including spirituality in the workplace investigated it at the organisational/business level, while giving a secondary value to the well-being and quality of life of the workers. METHODS: Systematic review and meta-analysis carried out on the following databases: SCOPUS, PubMed and Web of Science. Spiritual interventions investigating work-related health outcomes were included. Then, meta-analyses were conducted. RESULTS: From a total of 2,832 studies, 7 articles were included in the systematic review and 6 in the meta-analysis. Spiritual interventions, as compared to controls, improved the health outcomes of the workers (standard mean difference (SMD), -1.42; 95% CI, -1.98, -0.86; p < .001; I2  = 96%). Subanalyses revealed that yoga was an effective intervention and that stress was reduced by these interventions. CONCLUSION: Spiritual interventions in the workplace seem to be effective in improving workers' health. Nevertheless, the high heterogeneity and limited number of studies may hinder more robust conclusions at the moment. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: The use of spiritual interventions should be considered in workplaces in order to reduce the stress and other negative outcomes.

"A Temple of God": A Qualitative Analysis of the connection Between Spiritual/Religious Beliefs and Health Among Mormons.

In the last decades, studies have increasingly shown an association between religious/spiritual beliefs (R/S) and several health outcomes. In this context, Mormons provide an intriguing case for such investigation because Mormonism stands out for its commitment to the "Word of Wisdom" with several restrictions and recommendations. Despite the consolidated wide array of evidence, showing that the relationship between "Word of Wisdom" and health may usually have a protective effect in North-American studies, little is know about this community in other countries and, to our knowledge, no health studies have ever been carried out in European and Spanish Mormons. The present qualitative study aims to fill this gap, exploring the discourses, opinions, and attitudes of the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints about the recommendations of the Health Law and the "Word of Wisdom" on their health. In the analysis, six themes appeared during the coding process and were converted in the following categories: Theme 1 Body as a Temple, Theme 2 Promises of blessing, Theme 3 Healthy lifestyle, Theme 4 Stigma, Theme 5 Damage to the family, and Theme 6 Spiritual Performance. We found that fulfilling the "Law of Wisdom" may lead Mormons to take care of their health, and to have a network of support from church leaders, who may act as health promoters. Religiosity tends to insert values and behaviours that seem to benefit individual's health and protect their families, such as the non-use of substances and the preservation of a "healthy body" (i.e. "body as a temple"). However, some stigma and isolation may appear in contact with other groups due to these restrictions and limitations.

Correction to: "A Temple of God": A Qualitative Analysis of the connection Between Spiritual/Religious Beliefs and Health Among Mormons.

The original version of the article was inadvertently published with textual error.

Opinions, Knowledge and Attitudes Concerning "Spirituality, Religiosity and Health" Among Health Graduates in a Spanish University.

This study aims to investigate the opinions, knowledge and attitudes concerning spirituality, religiosity and health among 75 health MSc graduates from a Spanish university. The questionnaire "Religion and Spirituality in Medicine, Perspectives of Physicians" was used. Most students had low levels of religious activities, agreeing that S/R could have a high influence on the health professional-patient relationship (62.6%). Nevertheless, they felt little prepared to address these issues (90.6%) and believed that universities were not providing enough information on this topic (91.9%). The most common barriers for addressing R/S were insufficient time (34.7%) and fear of offending the patients (31.9%). Nurse students tended to believe more on the influence of R/S on patients' health and on the appropriateness of addressing R/S issues. However, religious beliefs were not associated with students' R/S opinions. The incorporation of such topic could potentially promote the spiritual sensitivity of health professionals, improving the holistic care.

Interventions to improve working conditions of nursing staff in acute care hospitals: Scoping review.

AIM: To conduct a scoping review to examine and map the interventions proposed for the improvement of the working conditions of nursing staff in acute care hospitals. BACKGROUND: The Registered Nurse Forecasting (RN4CAST) project and other studies have determined the impact that the nursing staff has on the quality of care. The nursing staff's higher levels of burnout, job dissatisfaction and negative perception of the quality of care provided caused worse health outcomes. METHODS: A scoping review was carried out. By searching in SCOPUS, PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Dialnet and in the grey literature, 705 potentially relevant papers were identified. The final analysis included 21 papers and three grey documents. RESULTS: The studies analysed proposed interventions at the macro-management, meso-management and micro-management levels, although the interventions at the macro- and meso-levels produce better staff outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this review can be applied to management at different levels: measures to improve the patient-nurse ratio at the macro-management level, the horizontal hierarchies at the meso-management level, the mind-body techniques at the micro-management level. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT: Nurse managers and leaders should implement interventions at different organisational levels to improve the working conditions of the nursing staff and other health outcomes.