Heterozygous Truncating Variants in POMP Escape Nonsense-Mediated Decay and Cause a Unique Immune Dysregulatory Syndrome.

The proteasome processes proteins to facilitate immune recognition and host defense. When inherently defective, it can lead to aberrant immunity resulting in a dysregulated response that can cause autoimmunity and/or autoinflammation. Biallelic or digenic loss-of-function variants in some of the proteasome subunits have been described as causing a primary immunodeficiency disease that manifests as a severe dysregulatory syndrome: chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature (CANDLE). Proteasome maturation protein (POMP) is a chaperone for proteasome assembly and is critical for the incorporation of catalytic subunits into the proteasome. Here, we characterize and describe POMP-related autoinflammation and immune dysregulation disease (PRAID) discovered in two unrelated individuals with a unique constellation of early-onset combined immunodeficiency, inflammatory neutrophilic dermatosis, and autoimmunity. We also begin to delineate a complex genetic mechanism whereby de novo heterozygous frameshift variants in the penultimate exon of POMP escape nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) and result in a truncated protein that perturbs proteasome assembly by a dominant-negative mechanism. To our knowledge, this mechanism has not been reported in any primary immunodeficiencies, autoinflammatory syndromes, or autoimmune diseases. Here, we define a unique hypo- and hyper-immune phenotype and report an immune dysregulation syndrome caused by frameshift mutations that escape NMD.

Successful treatment of chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature (CANDLE) syndrome with tofacitinib.

Chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperature (CANDLE) syndrome is a rare autoinflammatory disorder. Cutaneous manifestations of CANDLE syndrome include characteristic recurring violaceous annular plaques comprised of an immature dermal mononuclear cell infiltrate. In CANDLE syndrome, deleterious genetic mutations inhibit proteasome-immunoproteasome function, resulting in cellular accumulation of ubiquitinated waste proteins that activate type I interferon signaling to drive inflammation. We describe a report of successful treatment of a 12-year-old girl with CANDLE syndrome with tofacitinib.

Rapid infusion of rituximab is well tolerated in children with hematologic, oncologic, and rheumatologic disorders.

Traditional administration of rituximab requires careful titration and may involve many hours to minimize the risk of reactions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of rapid infusions of rituximab in a pilot group of children with hematologic, oncologic, and rheumatologic disorders, and to determine the incidence of rate-related infusion reactions. Twenty patients enrolled in the study. All patients tolerated the rapid infusion of rituximab and no patient had an infusion-related reaction. We conclude that rapid infusions of rituximab are well tolerated and safe in our pilot group of patients.

Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance Biologic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drug Consensus Treatment Plans for Refractory Moderately Severe Juvenile Dermatomyositis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to develop consensus treatment plans (CTPs) for patients with refractory moderately severe juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) treated with biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs). METHODS: The Biologics Workgroup of the Childhood Arthritis and Rheumatology Research Alliance JDM Research Committee used case-based surveys, consensus framework, and nominal group technique to produce bDMARD CTPs for patients with refractory moderately severe JDM. RESULTS: Four bDMARD CTPs were proposed: tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) inhibitor (adalimumab or infliximab), abatacept, rituximab, and tocilizumab. Each CTP has different options for dosing and/or route. Among 76 respondents, consensus was achieved for the proposed CTPs (93% [67 of 72]) as well as for patient characteristics, assessments, outcome measures, and follow-up. By weighted average, respondents indicated that they would most likely administer rituximab, followed by abatacept, TNFα inhibitor, and tocilizumab. CONCLUSION: CTPs for the administration of bDMARDs in refractory moderately severe JDM were developed using consensus methodology. The implementation of the bDMARD CTPs will lay the groundwork for registry-based prospective comparative effectiveness studies.

Identification of eight novel proteasome variants in five unrelated cases of proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes (PRAAS).

Mutations in genes coding for proteasome subunits and/or proteasome assembly helpers typically cause recurring autoinflammation referred to as chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatosis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperatures (CANDLE) or proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome (PRAAS). Patients with CANDLE/PRAAS present with mostly chronically elevated type I interferon scores that emerge as a consequence of increased proteotoxic stress by mechanisms that are not fully understood. Here, we report on five unrelated patients with CANDLE/PRAAS carrying novel inherited proteasome missense and/or nonsense variants. Four patients were compound heterozygous for novel pathogenic variants in the known CANDLE/PRAAS associated genes, PSMB8 and PSMB10, whereas one patient showed additive loss-of-function mutations in PSMB8. Variants in two previously not associated proteasome genes, PSMA5 and PSMC5, were found in a patient who also carried the PSMB8 founder mutation, p.T75M. All newly identified mutations substantially impact the steady-state expression of the affected proteasome subunits and/or their incorporation into mature 26S proteasomes. Our observations expand the spectrum of PRAAS-associated genetic variants and improve a molecular diagnosis and genetic counseling of patients with sterile autoinflammation.

The Utility of Self-Determination Theory in Predicting Transition Readiness in Adolescents With Special Healthcare Needs.

PURPOSE: Adolescents and young adults with chronic health conditions must learn skills to successfully manage their health as they prepare to transition into adult-based care. Self-determination theory (SDT), an empirically based theory of human motivation, posits that competence (feeling effective), autonomy (volition to perform behaviors), and relatedness (support for autonomy from others) influence behavioral change. This study evaluates the utility of SDT constructs in predicting transition readiness among adolescents and young adults recruited into an intervention to promote successful healthcare transition. METHODS: Baseline assessments were completed by 137 patients aged 17-23 years recruited from pediatric renal, gastroenterology, or rheumatology clinical services. Surveys measured transition readiness (Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire) as well as SDT constructs, including competence (Patient Activation Measure); provider relatedness and parent autonomy support (Health Care Climate Questionnaire); and health care-related autonomy (Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire). Relationships between SDT constructs and transition readiness were evaluated using linear regression. RESULTS: Between 44 and 48 participants were recruited from each service. Bivariate correlation coefficients between transition readiness and SDT constructs were competence (r = .44), autonomous autonomy (r = .34), controlled autonomy (r = .27), provider relatedness (r = .46), and parental autonomy support (r = .35) (p < .01). Age positively correlated with transition readiness (r = .47, p < .001). After controlling for age, gender, and clinical service, competence (p < .001) and provider relatedness (p = .008) successfully predicted transition readiness (R2 = .423; F change; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this cross-sectional study support the utility of SDT constructs in promoting transition readiness among adolescents and young adults with chronic conditions, underscoring the importance of building competence and provider support for autonomy during this critical period.

MR imaging findings suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial damage, hypertension and cytotoxic medications may serve as risk factors for the posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in systemic lupus erythematosus. There have been few case reports of these findings in pediatric lupus patients. OBJECTIVE: We describe clinical and neuroimaging findings in children and adolescents with lupus and a PRES diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We identified all clinically acquired brain MRIs of lupus patients at a tertiary care pediatric hospital (2002-2008). We reviewed clinical features, conventional MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) findings of patients with gray- and white-matter changes suggestive of vasogenic edema and PRES. RESULTS: Six pediatric lupus patients presenting with seizures and altered mental status had MRI findings suggestive of PRES. In five children clinical and imaging changes were seen in conjunction with hypertension and active renal disease. MRI abnormalities were diffuse and involved frontal regions in five children. DWI changes reflected increased apparent diffusivity coefficient (unrestricted diffusion in all patients). Clinical and imaging changes significantly improved with antihypertensive and fluid management. CONCLUSION: MRI changes suggestive of vasogenic edema and PRES may be seen in children with active lupus and hypertension. The differential diagnosis of seizures and altered mental status should include PRES in children, as it does in adults.

Cerebral and cerebellar volume loss in children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus: a review of clinically acquired brain magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: Cerebral atrophy is a prominent feature in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We assessed cerebral and cerebellar volume loss on clinically acquired brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of children and adolescents with SLE. METHODS: We abstracted information on disease course for patients who underwent clinical brain MRI during the period 2002-2008. We completed qualitative assessments of volume loss and measured corpus callosum thickness and ventricular enlargement for patients with lupus and controls. RESULTS: Forty-nine children underwent brain MRI during the review period due to clinical indications. The lupus cohort was predominantly female and ethnically diverse. Mean age at imaging was 15.3 +/- 2.6 years and mean disease duration was 30.6 +/- 33.3 months. Findings suggestive of cerebral and cerebellar volume loss were seen respectively in 89.8% and 91.8% of lupus patients. Cerebral volume loss was moderate or severe in 26.5% of children. Cerebellar volume loss was moderate in 20.4% of these patients. Linear measurement means reflected corpus callosum thinning and ventricular enlargement in lupus patients. Volume loss was observed in newly diagnosed patients prior to corticosteroid use. Disease duration and corticosteroid use did not predict the severity of volume loss. There were statistically significant differences in linear imaging measurements comparing lupus patients to 14 similar-age controls. CONCLUSION: Regional volume loss was observed in most adolescents with lupus undergoing clinical brain MRI scans. As in other pediatric conditions with inflammatory or vascular etiologies, these findings may be reflecting disease-associated neuronal loss and not solely the effects of corticosteroid.