Assessing the Effectiveness of STAPP@Work, a Self-Management Mobile App, in Reducing Work Stress and Preventing Burnout: Single-Case Experimental Design Study.

BACKGROUND: Work-related stress and burnout remain common problems among employees, leading to impaired health and higher absenteeism. The use of mobile health apps to promote well-being has grown substantially; however, the impact of such apps on reducing stress and preventing burnout is limited. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of STAPP@Work, a mobile-based stress management intervention, on perceived stress, coping self-efficacy, and the level of burnout among mental health employees. METHODS: The study used a single-case experimental design to examine the use of STAPP@Work among mental health employees without a known diagnosis of burnout (N=63). Participants used the app for 1 week per month repeatedly for a period of 6 months. Using a reversal design, the participants used the app 6 times to assess replicated immediate (1 week after use) and lasting (3 weeks after use) effects. The Perceived Stress Scale, the Coping Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Burnout Assessment Tool were used to measure the outcomes. Linear mixed models were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: After 6 months of app use for 1 week per month, the participants showed a statistically significant decrease in perceived stress (b=-0.38, 95% CI -0.67 to -0.09; P=.01; Cohen d=0.50) and burnout symptoms (b=-0.31, 95% CI -0.51 to -0.12; P=.002; Cohen d=0.63) as well as a statistically significant improvement in problem-focused coping self-efficacy (b=0.42, 95% CI 0-0.85; P=.049; Cohen d=0.42). Long-term use of the app provided consistent reductions in burnout symptoms over time, including in the level of exhaustion and emotional impairment. CONCLUSIONS: The use of an app-based stress management intervention has been shown to reduce burnout symptoms and enhance coping self-efficacy among mental health workers. Prevention of burnout and minimization of work-related stress are of utmost importance to protect employee health and reduce absenteeism.

Efficacy and safety of amantadine as a treatment for apathy after brain injury: Two single-case experimental design studies.

Studies on the efficacy of amantadine as a treatment for apathy after brain injury are scarce and of low quality. We examined the efficacy and safety of amantadine for treatment of apathy in two individuals with brain injury.Two double-blind, randomized, single-case experimental (baseline-amantadine-placebo-withdrawal) design (SCED) studies. Apathy measures included a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) apathy subscale and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function for Adults "Initiate" subscale. Safety measures included a rating scale of possible side effects of amantadine and physical examinations.No difference in apathy symptoms (VAS) between baseline and amantadine phase was found in case 1 (NAP = 0.55). Surprisingly, in case 2, apathy symptoms deteriorated from baseline to amantadine phase (NAP = 0.28, 90% CI = -0.69 to -0.20) and improved from amantadine to placebo phase (NAP = 0.92, 90% CI = 0.60-1.00). This improvement was also found on the NPI apathy subscale. Side effects of amantadine were observed in case 2.In this SCED study, amantadine did not improve apathy symptoms in two individuals with brain injury. However, this study shows that side effects of amantadine can occur which lead to a significant decrease in well-being. More high quality studies are required.

The genetics of drug-related movement disorders, an umbrella review of meta-analyses.

This umbrella review investigates which genetic factors are associated with drug-related movement disorders (DRMD), in an attempt to provide a synthesis of published evidence of candidate-gene studies. To identify all relevant meta-analyses, a literature search was performed. Titles and abstracts were screened by two authors and the methodological quality of included meta-analyses was assessed using 'the assessment of multiple systematic reviews' (AMSTAR) critical appraisal checklist. The search yielded 15 meta-analytic studies reporting on genetic variations in 10 genes. DRD3, DRD2, CYP2D6, HTR2A, COMT, HSPG2 and SOD2 genes have variants that may increase the odds of TD. However, these findings do not concur with early genome-wide association studies. Low-power samples are susceptible to 'winner's curse', which was supported by diminishing meta-analytic effects of several genetic variants over time. Furthermore, analyses pertaining to the same genetic variant were difficult to compare due to differences in patient populations, methods used and the choice of studies included in meta-analyses. In conclusion, DRMD is a complex phenotype with multiple genes that impact the probability of onset. More studies with larger samples using other methods than by candidate genes, are essential to developing methods that may predict the probability of DRMD. To achieve this, multiple research groups need to collaborate and a DRMD genetic database needs to be established in order to overcome winner's curse and publication bias, and to allow for stratification by patient characteristics. These endeavours may help the development of a test with clinical value in the prevention and treatment of DRMD.

Age-Related Parkinsonian Signs in Microdeletion 22q11.2.

BACKGROUND: The recurrent hemizygous 22q11.2 deletion associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome has been identified as a genetic risk factor for early-onset PD. However, little is known about early motor signs in this condition. OBJECTIVES: We examined the presence, severity and possible factors associated with parkinsonism in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and without PD. METHODS: We compared motor signs between 82 adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome and 25 healthy controls, using the MDS-UPDRS part III, and three-dimensional motion-tracker technology to quantify components of bradykinesia. RESULTS: Median MDS-UPDRS part III total and bradykinesia subscores were significantly higher in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (median age: 26 years; range, 17-65) than in controls (P = 0.000; P = 0.000, respectively). Age was a significant contributor to bradykinesia subscore (B = 0.06; P = 0.01) and to the electronic bradykinesia component, velocity (B = -0.02; P = 0.000); psychotic illness did not significantly impact these analyses. In 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, MDS-UPDRS-defined bradykinesia was present in 18.3%, rigidity in 14.6%, and rest tremor in 12.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Parkinsonian motor signs appear to be common and age related in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate possible symptom progression to PD. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Implementation barriers and facilitators of an integrated multidisciplinary lifestyle enhancing treatment for inpatients with severe mental illness: the MULTI study IV.

BACKGROUND: Despite an increase in studies showing the efficacy of lifestyle interventions in improving the poor health outcomes for people with severe mental illness (SMI), routine implementation remains ad hoc. Recently, a multidisciplinary lifestyle enhancing treatment for inpatients with SMI (MULTI) was implemented as part of routine care at a long-term inpatient facility in the Netherlands, resulting in significant health improvements after 18 months. The current study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators of its implementation. METHODS: Determinants associated with the implementation of MULTI, related to the innovation, the users (patients, the healthcare professionals (HCPs)), and the organisational context, were assessed at the three wards that delivered MULTI. The evidence-based Measurement Instrument for Determinants of Innovations was used to assess determinants (29 items), each measured through a 5-point Likert scale and additional open-ended questions. We considered determinants to which ≥20% of the HCPs or patients responded negatively ("totally disagree/disagree", score < 3) as barriers and to which ≥80% of HCPs or patients responded positively ("agree/totally agree", score > 3) as facilitators. We included responses to open-ended questions if the topic was mentioned by ≥2 HCPs or patients. In total 50 HCPs (online questionnaire) and 46 patients (semi-structured interview) were invited to participate in the study. RESULTS: Participating HCPs (n = 42) mentioned organisational factors as the strongest barriers (e.g. organisational changes and financial resources). Patients (n = 33) mentioned the complexity of participating in MULTI as the main barrier, which could partly be due to organisational factors (e.g. lack of time for nurses to improve tailoring). The implementation was facilitated by positive attitudes of HCPs and patients towards MULTI, including their own role in it. Open responses of HCPs and patients showed strong commitment, collaboration and ownership towards MULTI. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study analysing the implementation of a pragmatic lifestyle intervention targeting SMI inpatients in routine clinical care. Positive attitudes of both HCPs and patients towards such an approach facilitated the implementation of MULTI. We suggest that strategies addressing organisational implementation barriers are needed to further improve and maintain MULTI, to succeed in achieving positive health-related outcomes in inpatients with SMI.

High Incidence and Prevalence of Drug-Related Movement Disorders in Young Patients With Psychotic Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Drug-related movement disorders (DRMDs) reduce quality of life and contribute to medication noncompliance of patients with psychotic disorders. Little is known about the epidemiology of DRMDs in relatively young patients a few years after onset of psychosis. This is an important period to study, as the impact of the antipsychotic treatment on the long-term potentiation of the neural pathways associated with psychotic disorders and DRMDs is still minimal. This study investigated the prevalence, incidence, persistence, and clinical correlates of DRMDs in patients during their first years after disease onset. METHODS: The Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis study is a longitudinal study of 1120 relatively young patients with nonaffective psychosis and a mean age and illness duration of 27 and 4 years, respectively. The following drug-related movement disorders were assessed at baseline and at the 3-year follow-up: parkinsonism, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia, and tardive dystonia. We determined prevalence, incidence, and persistence and investigated clinical correlates at and over the baseline and follow-up assessment. RESULTS: Patients' mean age and illness duration at baseline were 27.1 and 4.3 years, respectively. In 4 patients, 1 developed a DRMD over the 3-year study period. Prevalence, incidence, and persistence rates were highest for parkinsonism (32%, 21%, and 53%) followed by akathisia (9%, 5%, and 17%) and tardive dyskinesia (4%, 3%, and 20%). Significant associations were found between DRMDs and the patients' age, IQ, and psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence, persistence, and incidence of DRMDs in this sample were high despite the relatively young age, recent onset of the disorder, and treatment primarily with second-generation antipsychotics. These findings emphasize that screening, diagnosis, and treatment of DRMDs are still important.

Physical activity and quality of life in long-term hospitalized patients with severe mental illness: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Increasing physical activity in patients with severe mental illness is believed to have positive effects on physical health, psychiatric symptoms and as well quality of life. Till now, little is known about the relationship between physical activity and quality of life in long-term hospitalized patients with severe mental illness and knowledge of the determinants of behavioural change is lacking. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and quality of life, and explore modifiable psychological determinants of change in physical activity in long-term hospitalized patients with severe mental illness. METHODS: In 184 inpatients, physical activity was measured using an accelerometer (ActiGraph GTX+). Quality of life was assessed by EuroQol-5D and WHOQol-Bref. Attitude and perceived self-efficacy towards physical activity were collected using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale and the Multidimensional Self Efficacy Questionnaire, respectively. Patient and disease characteristics were derived retrospectively from electronic patient records. Associations and potential predictors were analysed using hierarchical regression. RESULTS: Physical activity was positively related with and a predictor of all quality of life outcomes except on the environmental domain, independent of patient and disease characteristics. However, non-linear relationships showed that most improvement in quality of life lies in the change from sedentary to light activity. Attitude and self-efficacy were not related to physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity is positively associated with quality of life, especially for patients in the lower spectrum of physical activity. An association between attitude and self-efficacy and physical activity was absent. Therefore, results suggest the need of alternative, more integrated and (peer-)supported interventions to structurally improve physical activity in this inpatient population. Slight changes from sedentary behaviour to physical activity may be enough to improve quality of life.

Blink rate is associated with drug-induced parkinsonism in patients with severe mental illness, but does not meet requirements to serve as a clinical test: the Curacao extrapyramidal syndromes study XIII.

BACKGROUND: Drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) has a high prevalence and is associated with poorer quality of life. To find a practical clinical tool to assess DIP in patients with severe mental illness (SMI), the association between blink rate and drug-induced parkinsonism (DIP) was assessed. METHODS: In a cohort of 204 SMI patients receiving care from the only mental health service of the previous Dutch Antilles, blink rate per minute during conversation was assessed by an additional trained movement disorder specialist. DIP was rated on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) in 878 assessments over a period of 18 years. Diagnostic values of blink rate were calculated. RESULTS: DIP prevalence was 36%, average blink rate was 14 (standard deviation (SD) 11) for patients with DIP, and 19 (SD 14) for patients without. There was a significant association between blink rate and DIP (p < 0.001). With a blink rate cut-off of 20 blinks per minute, sensitivity was 77% and specificity was 38%. A 10% percentile cut-off model resulted in an area under the ROC curve of 0.61. A logistic prediction model between dichotomous DIP and continuous blink rate per minute an area under the ROC curve of 0.70. CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant association between blink rate and DIP as diagnosed on the UPDRS. However, blink rate sensitivity and specificity with regard to DIP are too low to replace clinical rating scales in routine psychiatric practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was started over 20 years ago in 1992, at the time registering a trial was not common practice, therefore the study was never registered.

The effect of the stress autism mate app on perceived stress, coping, and resilience in adults with autism: a single-case experimental design.

Introduction: The mobile health application "Stress Autism Mate" (SAM) was designed to support adults with autism in identifying and managing daily stress. SAM measures stress four times daily, provides a daily and weekly stress overview, and provides personalised stress reduction advice. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of SAM over four weeks in reducing perceived stress and internalised stigma, and enhancing coping self-efficacy, quality of life, and resilience among adults with autism. Methods: Using an A1-B-A2 single-case experimental design, the effect of using SAM on adults with autism was assessed. The phases consisted of A1; treatment as usual (TAU), B; introducing SAM, and finally A2; follow-up with TAU and without the use of SAM. Each phase lasted four weeks, and data were collected via questionnaires before and after each phase. Linear mixed models were used for data analysis. Results: Results show significant reductions in perceived stress levels, increased coping self-efficacy, and improved perceived health and psychological well-being after using SAM. Furthermore, increased resilience, and decreased internalised stigma were reported after follow-up. Discussion: In conclusion, this study highlights SAM as a valuable tool for empowering adults with autism to reduce stress and internalised stigmaand to improve coping self-efficacy, psychological well-being, and resilience.

A Network Model of Health-Related Changes after a Lifestyle-Enhancing Treatment in Patients with Severe Mental Illness: the MULTI Study VI.

Background/Objective: The effects of lifestyle interventions on physical and mental health in people with severe mental illness (SMI) are promising, but its underlying mechanisms remain unsolved. This study aims to examine changes in health-related outcomes after a lifestyle intervention, distinguishing between direct and indirect effects. Method: We applied network intervention analysis on data from the 18-month cohort Multidisciplinary Lifestyle enhancing Treatment for Inpatients with SMI (MULTI) study in 106 subjects (62% male, mean age=54.7 (SD=10.8)) that evaluated changes in actigraphy-measured physical activity, metabolic health, psychopathology, psychosocial functioning, quality of life and medication use after MULTI (n=65) compared to treatment as usual (n=41). Results: MULTI is directly connected to decreased negative symptoms and psychotropic medication dosage, and improved physical activity and psychosocial functioning, suggesting a unique and direct association between MULTI and the different outcome domains. Secondly, we identified associations between outcomes within the same domain (e.g., metabolic health) and between the domains (e.g., metabolic health and social functioning), suggesting potential indirect effects of MULTI. Conclusions: This novel network approach shows that MULTI has direct and indirect associations with various health-related outcomes. These insights contribute to the development of effective treatment strategies in people with severe mental illness.

The association between alterations in motor and cognitive dimensions of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders: A systematic review.

Motor and cognitive alterations in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD) share common neural underpinnings, highlighting the necessity for a thorough exploration of the connections between these areas. This relationship is crucial, as it holds potential significance in unraveling the underlying mechanisms of SSD pathophysiology, ultimately leading to advancements in clinical staging and treatment strategies. The purpose of this review was to characterize the relationship between different hyper and hypokinetic domains of motor alterations and cognition in SSD. We systematically searched the literature (PROSPERO protocol CRD42019145964) and selected 66 original scientific contributions for review, published between 1987 and 2022. A narrative synthesis of the results was conducted. Hyper and hypokinetic motor alterations showed weak to moderate negative correlations with cognitive function across different SSD stages, including before antipsychotic treatment. The literature to date shows a diverse set of methodologies and composite cognitive scores hampering a strong conclusion about which specific cognitive domains were more linked to each group of motor alterations. However, executive functions seemed the domain more consistently associated with parkinsonism with the results regarding dyskinesia being less clear. Akathisia and catatonia were scarcely discussed in the reviewed literature. The present review reinforces the intimate relationship between specific motor alterations and cognition. Identified gaps in the literature challenge the formulation of definitive conclusions. Nevertheless, a discussion of putative underlying mechanisms is included, prompting guidance for future research endeavors.

The effect of the Taq1A variant in the dopamine D2 receptor gene and common CYP2D6 alleles on prolactin levels in risperidone-treated boys.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of the Taq1A variant in the Dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) and common functional genetic variants in the cytochrome P450 2D6 gene (CYP2D6) on prolactin levels in risperidone-treated boys with autism spectrum disorders and disruptive behavior disorders. METHODS: Forty-seven physically healthy 10-year-old to 19-year-old boys with autism spectrum disorders and/or disruptive behavior disorders, chronically treated (mean 52 months, range 16-126 months) with an antipsychotic, were recruited into this observational study. Prolactin levels, hyperprolactinemia, risperidone levels, and 9-hydroxyrisperidone levels were assessed and the participants were genotyped for common CYP2D6 polymorphisms and the Taq1A allele of the dopamine D2 receptor gene. Group differences were tested using Student's t-test, χ², and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Prolactin levels were associated positively and significantly with risperidone levels (P=0.05), 9-hydroxyrisperidone levels (P≤0.0001), and with the oral risperidone dose in milligrams per kilogram (P≤0.0001). Furthermore, multiple regression analysis showed no correlations between prolactin level and the presence of at least one Taq1A A1 allele of the DRD2 gene (P=0.12). CONCLUSION: Although CYP2D6 might have an effect, the presence of at least one Taq1A A1 allele of the D2DR gene did not contribute toward susceptibility to risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia, and as a result, toward prolactin-related adverse events such as amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and sexual dysfunctioning.

Combining actigraphy and experience sampling to assess physical activity and sleep in patients with psychosis: A feasibility study.

Background: Sleep disorders and reduced physical activity are common in patients with psychosis and can be related to health-related outcomes such as symptomatology and functioning. Mobile health technologies and wearable sensor methods enable continuous and simultaneous monitoring of physical activity, sleep, and symptoms in one's day-to-day environment. Only a few studies have applied simultaneous assessment of these parameters. Therefore, we aimed to examine the feasibility of the simultaneous monitoring of physical activity, sleep, and symptoms and functioning in psychosis. Methods: Thirty three outpatients diagnosed with a schizophrenia or other psychotic disorder used an actigraphy watch and experience sampling method (ESM) smartphone app for 7 consecutive days to monitor physical activity, sleep, symptoms, and functioning. Participants wore the actigraphy watch during day and night and completed multiple short questionnaires (eight daily, one morning, and one evening) on their phone. Hereafter they completed evaluation questionnaires. Results: Of the 33 patients (25 male), 32 (97.0%) used the ESM and actigraphy during the instructed timeframe. ESM response was good: 64.0% for the daily, 90.6% for morning, and 82.6% for evening questionnaire(s). Participants were positive about the use of actigraphy and ESM. Conclusion: The combination of wrist-worn actigraphy and smartphone-based ESM is feasible and acceptable in outpatients with psychosis. These novel methods can help both clinical practice and future research to gain more valid insight into physical activity and sleep as biobehavioral markers linked to psychopathological symptoms and functioning in psychosis. This can be used to investigate relationships between these outcomes and thereby improve individualized treatment and prediction.

A systematic review of the prognostic value of motor abnormalities on clinical outcome in psychosis.

Schizophrenia spectrum disorders have heterogeneous outcomes and currently no marker predicts the course of illness. Motor abnormalities (MAs) are inherent to psychosis, the risk of psychosis, symptom severity, and brain alterations. However, the prognostic value of MAs is still unresolved. Here, we provide a systematic review of longitudinal studies on the prognostic role of MAs spanning individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR), patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP), and chronic schizophrenia. We included 68 studies for a total of 23,630 subjects that assessed neurological soft signs (NSS), hypo- or hyperkinetic movement disorders and/or catatonia as a prognostic factor on clinical and functional outcomes. We found increased levels of MAs, in particular NSS, parkinsonism, and dyskinesia, were related to deteriorating symptomatic and poor functional outcome over time. Collectively, the findings emphasize the clinical, prognostic and scientific relevance of MA assessment and detection in individuals with or at risk of psychosis. In the future, instrumental measures of MA are expected to further augment detection, early intervention and treatment strategies in psychosis.

The effect on relapse rate and psychiatric symptomatology: Switching a combination of first- and second-generation antipsychotic polypharmacy to antipsychotic monotherapy in long-term inpatients with schizophrenia and related disorders. A pragmatic randomized open-label trial (SwAP trial).

BACKGROUND: There is little evidence to support the use of antipsychotic polypharmacy, and there are concerns about safety and side effects. Nonetheless, it is commonly used in the treatment of long-term inpatients with schizophrenia. This study investigated the effects of switching from a combination of first- and second-generation antipsychotics (FGA and SGA) to monotherapy (FGA or SGA) on relapse rates and psychiatric symptomatology. METHODS: Institutionalized patients with chronic psychotic disorders using a combination of SGA and FGA (n = 136) participated in a randomized open-label trial. The SWITCH group discontinued either FGA or SGA, the STAY group continued combination treatment. Relapse and psychotic symptoms were measured at baseline and during follow-up at 3, 6, and 9 months. Psychiatric symptomatology was measured using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Relapse was defined as (i) an increase in BPRS score of at least 2 points on any item, or (ii) an increase of at least 4 points in total BPRS score and an adjustment of antipsychotics. RESULTS: A logistic regression model, corrected for sex, showed that the probability of relapse was significantly lower in the SWITCH group: 0.29 (95% CI 0.13-0.62). The protective effect of switching to monotherapy was attributable to patients continuing clozapine as monotherapy. For patients who did not experience a relapse nor dropped out, BPRS total scores decreased significantly more in the SWITCH group (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Switching from a combination of FGA and SGA to monotherapy in long-term inpatients does not increase the relapse rate and may even reduce it.

Movement Disorders and Mortality in Severely Mentally Ill Patients: The Curacao Extrapyramidal Syndromes Study XIV.

BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS: There is a substantial gap in life expectancy between patients with severe mental illness (SMI) and the general population and it is important to understand which factors contribute to this difference. Research suggests an association between tardive dyskinesia (TD) and mortality; however, results are inconclusive. In addition, studies investigating associations between parkinsonism or akathisia and mortality are rare. We hypothesized that TD would be a risk factor for mortality in patients with SMI. STUDY DESIGN: We studied a cohort of 157 patients diagnosed predominantly with schizophrenia on the former Netherlands Antilles. TD, parkinsonism, and akathisia were assessed with rating scales on eight occasions over a period of 18 years. Twenty-four years after baseline, survival status and if applicable date of death were determined. Associations between movement disorders and survival were analyzed using Cox regression. Sex, age, antipsychotics, antidepressants and benzodiazepines at each measurement occasion were tested as covariates. STUDY RESULTS: Parkinsonism was a significant risk factor with an HR of 1.02 per point on the motor subscale of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (range 0-56). TD and akathisia were not significantly associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Parkinsonism may be an important risk factor for mortality in SMI patients. This finding calls for more follow-up and intervention studies to confirm this finding and to explore whether treatment or prevention of parkinsonism can reduce excess mortality.

Cost-Effectiveness of a Multidisciplinary Lifestyle-Enhancing Treatment for Inpatients With Severe Mental Illness: The MULTI Study V.

Economic evaluations of lifestyle interventions for people with mental illness are needed to inform policymakers and managers about implementing such interventions and corresponding reforms in routine mental healthcare. We aimed to evaluate changes in healthcare costs 18 months after the implementation of a multidisciplinary lifestyle-enhancing treatment for inpatients with severe mental illness (MULTI) versus treatment as usual (TAU). In a cohort study (n = 114; 65 MULTI, 49 TAU), we retrospectively retrieved cost data in Euros on all patient sessions, ward stay, medication use, and hospital referrals in the quarter year at the start of MULTI (Q1 2014) and after its evaluation (Q3 2015). We used linear regression analyses correcting for baseline values and differences between groups, calculated deterministic incremental cost-effectiveness ratios for previously shown changes in physical activity, metabolic health, psychosocial functioning, and additionally quality of life, and performed probabilistic sensitivity analyses including cost-effectiveness planes. Adjusted regression showed reduced total costs per patient per quarter year in favor of MULTI (B = -736.30, 95%CI: -2145.2 to 672.6). Corresponding probabilistic sensitivity analyses accounting for uncertainty surrounding the parameters showed statistically non-significant cost savings against health improvements for all health-related outcomes in MULTI compared to TAU. It is concluded that MULTI did not increase healthcare costs while improving health outcomes. This indicates that starting lifestyle interventions does not need to be hampered by costs. Potential societal and economic value may justify investment to support implementation and maintenance. Further research is needed to study this hypothesis.

The polysemous concepts of psychomotricity and catatonia: A European multi-consensus perspective.

Current classification systems use the terms "catatonia" and "psychomotor phenomena" as mere a-theoretical descriptors, forgetting about their theoretical embedment. This was the source of misunderstandings among clinicians and researchers of the European collaboration on movement and sensorimotor/psychomotor functioning in schizophrenia and other psychoses or ECSP. Here, we review the different perspectives, their historical roots and highlight discrepancies. In 1844, Wilhelm Griesinger coined the term "psychic-motor" to name the physiological process accounting for volition. While deriving from this idea, the term "psychomotor" actually refers to systems that receive miscellaneous intrapsychic inputs, convert them into coherent behavioral outputs send to the motor systems. More recently, the sensorimotor approach has drawn on neuroscience to redefine the motor signs and symptoms observed in psychoses. In 1874, Karl Kahlbaum conceived catatonia as a brain disease emphasizing its somatic - particularly motor - features. In conceptualizing dementia praecox Emil Kraepelin rephrased catatonic phenomena in purely mental terms, putting aside motor signs which could not be explained in this way. Conversely, the Wernicke-Kleist-Leonhard school pursued Kahlbaum's neuropsychiatric approach and described many new psychomotor signs, e.g. parakinesias, Gegenhalten. They distinguished 8 psychomotor phenotypes of which only 7 are catatonias. These barely overlap with consensus classifications, raising the risk of misunderstanding. Although coming from different traditions, the authors agreed that their differences could be a source of mutual enrichment, but that an important effort of conceptual clarification remained to be made. This narrative review is a first step in this direction.

Movement disorders in nonpsychotic siblings of patients with nonaffective psychosis.

Movement disorders such as dyskinesia and Parkinsonism have frequently been reported in (drug-naïve) patients with nonaffective psychosis. Therefore movement disorders may be related to schizophrenia. Siblings of patients with nonaffective psychosis also appear to have subtle forms of movement disorders. This suggests that motor abnormalities may also be related to the risk of developing the disease. Subtle forms are not always detected with the use of the standard observation-based clinical rating scales, which are less sensitive than mechanical instrument measurement. This study compared the presence and severity of dyskinesia and Parkinsonism in 42 non-psychotic siblings of patients with nonaffective psychosis and in 38 controls as measured by mechanical instruments and clinical rating scales. There were no significant differences in movement disorders between siblings and controls on the basis of clinical assessments. However, mechanical measurements indicated that siblings compared to controls displayed significantly more dyskinesia and Parkinsonism signs. These results suggest that motor signs could be markers of vulnerability for psychosis or schizophrenia. In addition this study shows that mechanical instrument measurement of movement disorders is more sensitive than assessment with clinical rating scales. Therefore, it may be used in screening programs for populations at risk for psychosis.