Aerenchyma, gas diffusion, and catalase activity in Typha domingensis: a complementary model for radial oxygen loss.

Radial oxygen loss is a physical phenomenon that occurs naturally in aquatic plants. Typha domingensis was chosen as a model plant because it possesses basic morphological characteristics, such as a stem (rhizome) that produces leaves and adventitious roots, which are present in many aquatic plants. This study aimed to evaluate the following: the relevance of the anatomy of T. domingensis on gas diffusion among organs; the influence of plant parts on radial oxygen loss; the role of catalase in radial oxygen loss; and the proposition of a novel explanation for the downward diffusion of oxygen through the organs of this aquatic macrophyte and into the environment. Typha domingensis plants were cultivated in a greenhouse under different conditions: plants with intact leaves, plants with leaves cut in half, and plants without leaves. Furthermore, we evaluated the percentage of aerenchyma in different vegetative organs, the minimum pressure required for radial oxygen loss, the daily variations of dissolved oxygen, and the roots' catalase activity. The results demonstrated that certain cellular features contributed to decreased oxygen diffusion among the organs, specifically, those found in the leaf-rhizome and root-rhizome interfaces as well as the suberin and lignin layers in these regions. Additionally, our experiments with a catalase activator and inhibitor validated that a significant amount of the oxygen released in radial oxygen loss could not, in fact, be exclusively supplied by the atmosphere. Thus, a complementary model is proposed in which catalase activity is an important component of radial oxygen loss.

Innate Immunity.

The innate immune response system forms an important line of defense by deploying a limited number of receptors specific for conserved microbial components. This deployment generates a rapid inflammatory response, while activating the adaptive immune system. Improvements in our understanding of the innate immune system have allowed us to explore various therapeutic strategies via modulation of the immune response.

Innate Immunity.

The innate immune response system forms an important line of defense by deploying a limited number of receptors specific for conserved microbial components. This deployment generates a rapid inflammatory response, while activating the adaptive immune system. Improvements in our understanding of the innate immune system have allowed us to explore various therapeutic strategies via modulation of the immune response.