Transcriptome sequencing analysis of primary fibroblasts: a new insight into postoperative abdominal adhesion.

PURPOSE: The specific genes or pathways in fibroblasts responsible for the pathogenesis of postoperative abdominal adhesion (PAA) remain to be elucidated. We aim to provide a new insight into disease mechanisms at the transcriptome level. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to establish a PAA model. Primary fibroblasts were separated from normal peritoneal tissue (NF) and postoperative adhesion tissue (PF). RNA sequencing was used to analyze the transcriptome in NF and PF. RESULTS: One thousand two hundred thirty-five upregulated and 625 downregulated DEGs were identified through RNA-Seq. A pathway enrichment analysis identified distinct enriched biological processes, among which the most prominent was related to immune and inflammatory response and fibrosis. HE staining and Masson's trichrome staining histologically validated the RNA-Seq results. Six hub genes, ITGAM, IL-1ß, TNF, IGF1, CSF1R and EGFR were further verified by RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed the roles of the immune and inflammatory responses and fibrosis in the process of PAA. We also found six hub genes that may be potential therapeutic targets for PPA.

Effect of ligustrazine nanoparticles on Th1/Th2 balance by TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in rats with postoperative peritoneal adhesion.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative peritoneal adhesion (PPA) is regarded as fibrous bands connecting both injured abdominal wall and organs or adjacent tissues. It is associated with T helper (Th)1 and Th2 differentiation. However, the critical role of the immunopathogenesis of adhesion formation was precisely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a new agent polylactic acid (PLA) nanoparticles loaded with ligustrazine, that is, ligustrazine nanoparticles (LN) on PPA and identify the potential mechanism. METHODS: Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham, model, LN, and sodium hyaluronate (SH) groups. The structure of LN, including entrapment efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC), and in vitro drug release were calculated. Adhesions were scored and the Masson's trichrome staining was used to determine the collagen deposition. The expressions of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB were measured by qRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and western blot assay. Moreover, Th1-related cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12), Th2-related cytokines (IL-4, IL-6) in the cecum tissue and serum were conducted by ELISA. RESULTS: LN had good EE, LC, and control-release delivery characters with fairly uniform diameter and spherical morphology. It could effectively prevent adhesion formation after surgery. Besides, it could reduce collagen fibers accumulation, downregulate the expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB, and maintain Th1/Th2 balance. CONCLUSIONS: Ligustrazine nanoparticles had effective effects on Th1/Th2 balance by regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in PPA rats. It may be served as a promising therapy on postoperative adhesion formation.

Regulation of Peritoneal Inflammatory Response to Implant Material Using an Ex Vivo Model System.

BACKGROUND: Implants used in abdominal wall reconstruction are associated with intra-abdominal inflammation that can cause complications such as adhesions, fistulae, or failure of the implant. This study analyzed the inflammatory response of human peritoneum explants when exposed to different implant materials including synthetic and biological (cross-linked and non-cross-linked). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human peritoneum explants (parietal and visceral) were incubated in culture with implants used for abdominal wall reconstruction. Implants included Permacol (biological implant with chemical cross-linking); Biodesign and Strattice (biological implants without chemical cross-linking); Prolene (synthetic nonabsorbable); and Vicryl (synthetic absorbable). Control peritoneum samples were incubated without implant. Cytokine concentrations and corresponding gene expression were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Further evaluation included assessment of tissue viability and implant-cytokine adsorption. RESULTS: Incubation of human peritoneal explants with Biodesign or Strattice was associated with a significant reduction in interleukin-6, interleukin-1ß, and tumour necrosis factor alpha protein and gene expression compared with control. These could not be explained by reduced cell viability or implant-cytokine adsorption. Incubation of explants in Biodesign-conditioned media displayed a similar effect to incubation of explants with Biodesign itself. CONCLUSIONS: Human peritoneal explants cultured with different mesh implant materials show an altered inflammatory cytokine response suggesting a tissue-specific response. Downregulation of key inflammatory cytokines by the peritoneum exposed to non-cross-linked biological implants may be mediated by the release of soluble factors from these implants inhibiting cytokine gene expression. This ex vivo human peritoneal system provides a novel preclinical model to investigate peritoneum-implant interactions.

Regulation and function of IL-22 in peritoneal adhesion formation after abdominal surgery.

Peritoneal adhesion occurs frequently after gastrointestinal/gynecological surgery. Tissue repair and regeneration are very important during this process. IL-22 is an important cytokine that is secreted from immune cells but functions on mesenchymal cells, such as mesothelial cells. The objective of this study was to investigate the roles of IL-22 and its regulators during adhesion formation. Postsurgical peritoneal drainage fluid from patients and rodent models was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. It was observed that IL-22 expression in the abdominal cavity was rapidly induced 12 hours after surgery and then slowly decreased to a lower, steady level for up to 7 days after surgery. However, neutralizing IL-22 at the time point at which the highest level of expression was observed failed to reduce adhesion, but neutralizing IL-22 at a later time point, i.e., 3 days after surgery, prevented adhesion significantly. The IL-22 receptor was induced on the mesothelial membrane, and IL-22BP, an inhibitor of IL-22, was reduced 3 days after surgery. Furthermore, IFN-γ was identified to have the ability to induce IL-22R, and IL-18, which was induced by the infiltrating macrophages, was found to inhibit IL-22BP expression both in vivo and in vitro. Together, these data suggest that IL-22 may promote adhesion formation and that the regulation of IL-22, IL-22R, and IL-22BP may have therapeutic potential to prevent adhesion formation after surgery without disturbing the normal immune process.

The role of pegaptanib sodium in the suppression of epidural fibrosis in a postlaminectomy rat model.

OBJECTIVE: Spinal epidural fibrosis is a clinical condition that develops after laminectomy and can compress the spine. Many agents have been tried for the treatment, but none has entered clinical use at present. Pegaptanib sodium is an antiangiogenetic drug that prevents the development of new vessels and thus adhesion by inhibiting the effect of VEGF. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 20 Wistar rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into 2 different groups as the control and pegaptanib sodium group. Three levels of laminectomy were performed. Only laminectomy was performed in the control group. A cotton ball soaked with 3 mg/kg Pegaptanib sodium diluted 1: 10 with 0.9 % NaCl was topically applied to the dura in the surgical field for 5 minutes in the pegaptanib sodium group. The rats were sacrificed 3 weeks later and histopathologically examined. The epidural fibrosis was graded. RESULTS: The epidural fibrosis grade in the pegaptanib sodium was significantly lower than in the control group c2 = 11,65; (p = 0.004)CONCLUSION: Pegaptanib sodium blocked the VEGF through its anti-VEGF effect and decreased spinal epidural fibrosis in rats that had undergone laminectomy (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 53).

Berberine hydrochloride prevents postsurgery intestinal adhesion and inflammation in rats.

Intestinal adhesion, characterized by connection of the loops of the intestine with other abdominal organs by fibrous tissue bands, remains an inevitable event of abdominal operations and can cause a number of complications. Berberine hydrochloride (berberine), a natural plant alkaloid derived from Chinese herbal medicine, is characterized by diverse pharmacological effects, such as anticancer and lower elevated blood glucose. This study is designed to investigate the effects of berberine on adhesion and inflammation after abdominal surgeries and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Adhesion severity grades and collagen deposition were assessed 14 days after surgery. We evaluated the levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and examined transforming growth factor-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and TAK1/nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. The surgery group experienced the most severe adhesions, and berberine strikingly reduced the density and severity of adhesion. Results showed significant lower expression of IL-1ß, IL-6, TGF-ß, TNF-α, and ICAM-1, in berberine groups compared with the operation group. Activities of phosphorylated JNK and phosphorylated NF-κB were inhibited in the berberine groups compared with the surgery group. Our novel findings identified berberine hydrochloride as a promising strategy to prevent adhesion by downregulating ICAM-1 and reduce inflammation by inhibiting the TAK1/JNK and TAK1/NF-κB signaling after abdominal surgery, which brought out a good therapeutic approach for the development of clinical application for postoperative abdominal adhesion and inflammation.

Role of IL-17 and TGF-ß in peritoneal adhesion formation after surgical trauma.

Peritoneal adhesions are fibrous tissues formed after surgery. Both cytokines and transforming growth factors (TGFs) are involved in this process. The objective of this study was to investigate the cross talk between these entities. Peritoneal drainage fluid after surgery from patients and rodent models was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Data showed that the concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-17 reached their peaks 6-12 hours after surgery, whereas TGF-ß1 concentrations showed two postoperative peak time points at 2 and 72-96 hours. By neutralizing IFN-γ, IL-17 6-12 hours, and TGF-ß1 72-96 hours after surgery, the degree of adhesion reduced significantly. However, neutralizing TGF-ß1 2 hours after surgery did not affect adhesion formation. Furthermore, in vitro studies showed that compared with the fibroblasts that were directly stimulated with TGF-ß1, the prestimulation of IL-17 promoted plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production while inhibiting tissue-type plasminogen activator production. Moreover, additional stimulation with IFN-γ enhanced this effect. Together, these data indicate that IL-17 may promote adhesion formation by increasing the reaction of fibroblasts against TGF-ß1. Blocking IL-17 might have a therapeutic potential in preventing adhesion formation after surgery.

Reaction of the rat tissues to implantation of polyhydroxyalkanoate films and ultrafine fibers.

The reaction of various tissues of rats to implantation of polyhydroxyalkanoate films and ultrafine fibers was studied by optic microscopy. Implantation of polyhydroxyalkanoate films into the abdominal cavity caused a peritoneal reaction, leading after 1 month to the formation of fibrous adhesions between polyhydroxyalkanoate and intestinal loops. Under the skin and in the muscle tissue polyhydroxyalkanoate films were encapsulated in a thick fibrous capsule. Implantation of polyhydroxyalkanoate ultrathin fibers led to formation of foreign body granulomas in all tissues with perifocal inflammation and sclerosis of the adjacent tissues. The polymer was fragmented in these granulomas and phagocytosed by macrophages with the formation of giant foreign body cells. Hence, polyhydroxyalkanoate materials implanted in vivo caused chronic granulomatous inflammatory reaction and were very slowly destroyed by macrophages.

Sterile Injury Repair and Adhesion Formation at Serosal Surfaces.

Most multicellular organisms have a major body cavity containing vital organs. This cavity is lined by a mucosa-like serosal surface and filled with serous fluid which suspends many immune cells. Injuries affecting the major body cavity are potentially life-threatening. Here we summarize evidence that unique damage detection and repair mechanisms have evolved to ensure immediate and swift repair of injuries at serosal surfaces. Furthermore, thousands of patients undergo surgery within the abdominal and thoracic cavities each day. While these surgeries are potentially lifesaving, some patients will suffer complications due to inappropriate scar formation when wound healing at serosal surfaces defects. These scars called adhesions cause profound challenges for health care systems and patients. Therefore, reviewing the mechanisms of wound repair at serosal surfaces is of clinical importance. Serosal surfaces will be introduced with a short embryological and microanatomical perspective followed by a discussion of the mechanisms of damage recognition and initiation of sterile inflammation at serosal surfaces. Distinct immune cells populations are free floating within the coelomic (peritoneal) cavity and contribute towards damage recognition and initiation of wound repair. We will highlight the emerging role of resident cavity GATA6+ macrophages in repairing serosal injuries and compare serosal (mesothelial) injuries with injuries to the blood vessel walls. This allows to draw some parallels such as the critical role of the mesothelium in regulating fibrin deposition and how peritoneal macrophages can aggregate in a platelet-like fashion in response to sterile injury. Then, we discuss how serosal wound healing can go wrong, causing adhesions. The current pathogenetic understanding of and potential future therapeutic avenues against adhesions are discussed.

Primordial GATA6 macrophages function as extravascular platelets in sterile injury.

Most multicellular organisms have a major body cavity that harbors immune cells. In primordial species such as purple sea urchins, these cells perform phagocytic functions but are also crucial in repairing injuries. In mammals, the peritoneal cavity contains large numbers of resident GATA6+ macrophages, which may function similarly. However, it is unclear how cavity macrophages suspended in the fluid phase (peritoneal fluid) identify and migrate toward injuries. In this study, we used intravital microscopy to show that cavity macrophages in fluid rapidly form thrombus-like structures in response to injury by means of primordial scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domains. Aggregates of cavity macrophages physically sealed injuries and promoted rapid repair of focal lesions. In iatrogenic surgical situations, these cavity macrophages formed extensive aggregates that promoted the growth of intra-abdominal scar tissue known as peritoneal adhesions.

The Latest Developments in Immunomodulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Intrauterine Adhesions, Both Allogeneic and Autologous.

Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is an endometrial fibrosis disease caused by repeated operations of the uterus and is a common cause of female infertility. In recent years, treatment using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been proposed by many researchers and is now widely used in clinics because of the low immunogenicity of MSCs. It is believed that allogeneic MSCs can be used to treat IUA because MSCs express only low levels of MHC class I molecules and no MHC class II or co-stimulatory molecules. However, many scholars still believe that the use of allogeneic MSCs to treat IUA may lead to immune rejection. Compared with allogeneic MSCs, autologous MSCs are safer, more ethical, and can better adapt to the body. Here, we review recently published articles on the immunomodulation of allogeneic and autologous MSCs in IUA therapy, with the aim of proving that the use of autologous MSCs can reduce the possibility of immune rejection in the treatment of IUAs.

Cell barrier function of resident peritoneal macrophages in post-operative adhesions.

Post-operative adhesions are a leading cause of abdominal surgery-associated morbidity. Exposed fibrin clots on the damaged peritoneum, in which the mesothelial barrier is disrupted, readily adhere to surrounding tissues, resulting in adhesion formation. Here we show that resident F4/80HighCD206- peritoneal macrophages promptly accumulate on the lesion and form a 'macrophage barrier' to shield fibrin clots in place of the lost mesothelium in mice. Depletion of this macrophage subset or blockage of CD11b impairs the macrophage barrier and exacerbates adhesions. The macrophage barrier is usually insufficient to fully preclude the adhesion formation; however, it could be augmented by IL-4-based treatment or adoptive transfer of this macrophage subset, resulting in robust prevention of adhesions. By contrast, monocyte-derived recruited peritoneal macrophages are not involved in the macrophage barrier. These results highlight a previously unidentified cell barrier function of a specific macrophage subset, also proposing an innovative approach to prevent post-operative adhesions.

Elevated peritoneal soluble endoglin and GDF-15 in infertile women with severe endometriosis and pelvic adhesion.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic inflammation and pelvic adhesion play a critical role in endometriosis-related infertility. Research studies suggest that TGF-ß superfamily members, such as soluble endoglin (sEng), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-ß1) contribute to the regulation of inflammation, angiogenesis and cell adhesion. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between the concentrations of these TGF-ß-related members and the clinical parameters of infertile women with endometriosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-five infertile women who underwent laparoscopy were divided into two groups in this study: those who had endometriosis (n = 33) and control subjects with benign gynecologic disorders (n = 32). The levels of TGF-ß- related members in peritoneal fluid and serum were evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical and hematological parameters were documented and analyzed. RESULTS: Endometriosis cases had significantly higher levels of sEng, GDF-15 and TGF-ß1 in peritoneal fluid (p<0.0005) compared to control subjects, but not in serum. Moreover, serum GDF-15 level was significantly elevated in the late-stage endometriosis compared to the early-stage group. The levels of three TGF-ß related molecules in peritoneal fluid showed positive correlations with rASRM score. Blood neutrophil counts have correlation with the peritoneal sEng concentration. CONCLUSION: Our novel evidence on the elevated concentration of peritoneal sEng and GDF-15 in endometriosis, specifically in the late-stage, may indicate the essential role of TGF-ß-dependent signaling in endometriosis. Serum GDF-15 might serve as a candidate biomarker for endometriosis severity. Further studies are warranted to investigate the role and regulation of these molecules in endometriosis.

CD4+ T cells regulate surgical and postinfectious adhesion formation.

The development of adhesions in the peritoneal and pelvic cavities, which commonly form after surgery or infection, cause significant morbidity and mortality. However, the pathogenesis of adhesion formation is still poorly understood. Because T cells are important in orchestrating fibrinogenic tissue disorders, we hypothesized that they play a critical role in the pathogenesis of peritoneal adhesion formation. Using a cecal abrasion surgical model in rodents, T cell depletion and adoptive transfer experiments demonstrated that this host response is dependent on CD4+ alphabeta T cells. These cells were also critical to adhesion formation associated with experimental intraabdominal sepsis. T cell transfer studies with mice deficient in signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)4 and Stat6 revealed that adhesion formation was dependent on a T helper 1 response. Activated T cells homed to the peritoneal cavity 6 hours after cecal abrasion surgery and predominated at this site during adhesiogenesis. Increased levels of the T cell-derived proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 and of neutrophil chemoattractant CXC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-2/CXCL8 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant/CXCL1 were associated with adhesion formation. The production of these chemokines was dependent on T cells. Furthermore, the administration of neutralizing antibodies specific for IL-17 or the receptor that binds these CXC chemokines, CXC chemokine receptor 2, significantly reduced the degree of adhesion formation. These results demonstrate for the first time that the immunopathogenesis of adhesion formation is under the control of T cells and that T cell-derived cytokines and chemokines play important roles in the development of this deleterious host response.

[The immune system disorders by the adhesive abdominal disease].

State of the immune system was analyzed in 30 patients with the adhesive abdominal disease in long postoperative terms out of the attack of the disease. Survey had demonstrated certain disorders in both cell and humoral immune systems. Strong decrease of immunoglobulins G and A, T-lymphocytes and neutrophilic phagocytic activity were registered. Thus, the use of agents, activising T- and B-cell immunity should be considered in patients with the adhesive abdominal disease.

Effect of Reteplase and PAI-1 antibodies on postoperative adhesion formation in a laparoscopic mouse model.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative adhesions remain an important clinical problem, accounting for infertility, chronic pain and bowel obstruction. Its prevention is still inadequate and overall poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Reteplase (a recombinant plasminogen activator, r-PA) and of PAI-1 antibodies upon adhesion formation in a laparoscopic model. METHODS: Pneumoperitoneum-enhanced adhesions were induced by performing a bipolar lesion in female BALB/c mice and by using pure and humidified CO(2) as insufflation gas for 60 min. In experiment 1, four doses of 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/0.5 ml r-PA and one and two doses of 1 mg r-PA were administrated i.p. Two control groups were included, one without any treatment and the second one receiving four times 0.5 ml of saline. In experiment 2, four doses of 0, 1, 10 and 100 microg/0.5 ml r-PA were administrated i.p. In experiment 3, PAI-1 neutralising and non-neutralising antibodies were injected i.p. after performing the lesion on day 0 and days 2 and 4. Adhesions were scored after 7 days. RESULTS: Adhesion formation was less with the administration of four doses of 1 microg r-PA (proportion, p < 0.04, Wilcoxon). An increase in adhesion formation was observed when higher number of doses and amounts of r-PA were used (Proc GLM, eight groups, two variables, p = 0.05 for the amount of r-PA and p < 0.02 for the number of doses administrated). No effect was observed with the PAI-1 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose i.p. administration of rPA is effective in the prevention of adhesions in a laparoscopic mouse model.

Transplantation of human amnion prevents recurring adhesions and ameliorates fibrosis in a rat model of sciatic nerve scarring.

Peripheral nerve fibrosis and painful adhesions are common, recurring pathological sequelae following injury. In this study, vital human amnion (hAM), an increasingly interesting biomaterial for regenerative medicine, was investigated as a novel therapy. hAM was first analyzed in vitro regarding its anti-adhesive characteristics. Then, the reflected region of hAM which was identified as more suitable, was transplanted into female Sprague Dawley rats with recurring sciatic nerve scarring (n = 24) and compared with untreated controls (n = 30) at one, four and twelve weeks. Immune response and fibrosis were investigated by (immuno)histochemical analysis. Nerve structure was examined and function determined using electrophysiology and gait analysis. Here we identified strongly reduced adhesions in the hAM-treated rats, displaying a significant difference at four weeks post transplantation compared to untreated controls (p = .0052). This correlated with the in vitro cell attachment test on hAM explants, which demonstrated a distinctly limited ability of fibroblasts to adhere to amniotic epithelial cells. Upon hAM transplantation, significantly less intraneural fibrosis was identified at the later time points. Moreover, hAM-treated rats exhibited a significantly higher sciatic functional index (SFI) after four weeks compared to controls (p < .05), which indicated a potentially pro-regenerative effect of hAM. As a possible explanation, an impact of hAM on the endogenous immune response, including T cell and macrophage subsets, was indicated. We conclude that hAM is strongly effective against recurring nerve scarring and induces an anti-fibrotic and pro-regenerative effect, making it highly promising for treating adhesion-related disorders. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Abnormal fibrotic bonding of tissues, frequently involving peripheral nerves, affects millions of people worldwide. These so-called adhesions usually cause severe pain and drastically reduce quality of life. To date, no adequate treatment exists and none is routinely used in the clinical practice. In this study, vital human amnion, the innermost of the fetal membranes, was transplanted in a rat model of peripheral nerve scarring and recurring adhesions as novel therapeutic approach. Amniotic cells have already demonstrated to feature stem-cell like properties and produce pro-regenerative factors, which makes the amnion an increasingly promising biomaterial for regenerative medicine. We identified that its transplantation was very effective against peripheral nerve scarring and distinctly reduced recurring adhesions. Moreover, we identified a pro-regenerative effect. This study showed that the amnion is a highly promising novel therapeutic approach for adhesion-related disorders.

Enteric bacteria and their antigens may stimulate postoperative peritoneal adhesion formation.

BACKGROUND: Intraabdominal sepsis causes exuberant inflammation, which results in dense adhesions. Translocation of enteric bacteria and/or their antigens after laparotomy may therefore also affect peritoneal healing by promoting local release of proinflammatory cytokines. Our hypothesis was that targeted counter therapy could be beneficial if such contamination was to augment postoperative adhesion formation. METHODS: Two endotoxin-hyposensitive mouse strains (C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr) and their syngeneic counterparts (C3H/HeN and C57BL10/ScSn, respectively) underwent reproducible adhesion-inducing operation (AIO) (n=10/group) with sacrifice and blinded adhesion grading 14 days later. In addition, CD-1 mice were gavaged with fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled-lipopolysaccharide (FITC-LPS) prior to either AIO or sham laparotomy and had both peritoneal macrophages and circulating monocytes assessed by flow cytometry afterward. The cytokine-release response of resident peritoneal cells to LPS stimulation was assessed in vitro (murine peritoneal mast cell cultures) and in vivo (unoperated CD-1 mice administered LPS intraperitoneally [10 & 50 microg/mouse]). Finally, CD-1 mice (n=10/group) had AIO and received either bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (rBPI, 2 mg/mouse) or vehicle solution in the early postoperative period with assessment of adhesion formation 2 weeks later. RESULTS: Both HeJ and ScCr mice had less adhesions than their controls (P=.0015 and .0001, respectively, Mann Whitney U test). FITC-LPS uptake by peritoneal macrophages was striking after AIO. Intraperitoneal LPS provoked significant local vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release as did the process of AIO. In vitro, LPS induced significant interleukin-(IL)-6 release from isolated mast cells. Intraperitoneal administration of rBPI to CD-1 mice early after AIO markedly attenuated subsequent adhesion formation (P=.0003). CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal adhesion formation is exacerbated by peritoneal contamination due to translocation after laparotomy and may be attenuated by therapeutic antagonism.

Adhesion formation with open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy: an immunologic and histologic study.

BACKGROUND: This randomized study aimed to compare the reaction of the immune system to the process of postoperative adhesion formation after open and laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: In this study, 20 mongrel dogs were used: 10 each in the laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy groups. Blood and peritoneal lavage samples were taken up to postoperative day 14, followed by second-look laparoscopy and reoperation to detect the rate of adhesion formation. Also, specimens were obtained from the liver bed for histology. RESULTS: In the open cholecystectomy group, the white blood cell count was higher in blood samples and lower in lavage specimens. Adhesion formation was extensive, and the histologic immune reaction was more intensive in the open cholecystectomy group. CONCLUSION: This randomized study proved that laparoscopic cholecystectomy was associated with less immune suppression, less inflammatory reaction, and therefore less adhesion formation than open cholecystectomy.

[Prognostic possibilities of immunogenetic markers application in adhesive disease of abdominal cavity].

Modern knowledge concerning adhesive disease of abdominal cavity is imperfect, that's why it is necessary to discover new and effective methods of investigation of the disease to improve prophylactic and treatment measures. There was studied up the distribution of the HLA system antigens in adhesive disease, markers of predisposition to the disease occurrence were revealed. The HLA typing results in 52 patients of Georgian nationality, suffering adhesive disease of abdominal cavity, are presented. Trustworthy increase of frequency of the HLA antigens Al, B15, B21 revealing was noted in patients in comparison with such in control group. According to the relative risk criterion, maximal possibility of the adhesive illness occurrence was connected with HLA-B15 antigen. It may be concluded that in Georgian population antigen HLA-B15 constitutes a genetic marker of the adhesive illness occurrence.