RESUMO
Prognostically relevant RNA expression states exist in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), but our understanding of their drivers, stability, and relationship to therapeutic response is limited. To examine these attributes systematically, we profiled metastatic biopsies and matched organoid models at single-cell resolution. In vivo, we identify a new intermediate PDAC transcriptional cell state and uncover distinct site- and state-specific tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Benchmarking models against this reference map, we reveal strong culture-specific biases in cancer cell transcriptional state representation driven by altered TME signals. We restore expression state heterogeneity by adding back in vivo-relevant factors and show plasticity in culture models. Further, we prove that non-genetic modulation of cell state can strongly influence drug responses, uncovering state-specific vulnerabilities. This work provides a broadly applicable framework for aligning cell states across in vivo and ex vivo settings, identifying drivers of transcriptional plasticity and manipulating cell state to target associated vulnerabilities.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Adulto , Idoso , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise de Célula ÚnicaRESUMO
Obesity is a major modifiable risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), yet how and when obesity contributes to PDAC progression is not well understood. Leveraging an autochthonous mouse model, we demonstrate a causal and reversible role for obesity in early PDAC progression, showing that obesity markedly enhances tumorigenesis, while genetic or dietary induction of weight loss intercepts cancer development. Molecular analyses of human and murine samples define microenvironmental consequences of obesity that foster tumorigenesis rather than new driver gene mutations, including significant pancreatic islet cell adaptation in obesity-associated tumors. Specifically, we identify aberrant beta cell expression of the peptide hormone cholecystokinin (Cck) in response to obesity and show that islet Cck promotes oncogenic Kras-driven pancreatic ductal tumorigenesis. Our studies argue that PDAC progression is driven by local obesity-associated changes in the tumor microenvironment and implicate endocrine-exocrine signaling beyond insulin in PDAC development.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/etiologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Obesidade/metabolismo , Animais , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Linhagem Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Células Endócrinas/metabolismo , Glândulas Exócrinas/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mutação/genética , Obesidade/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/fisiologia , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMO
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tumors have a nutrient-poor, desmoplastic, and highly innervated tumor microenvironment. Although neurons can release stimulatory factors to accelerate PDAC tumorigenesis, the metabolic contribution of peripheral axons has not been explored. We found that peripheral axons release serine (Ser) to support the growth of exogenous Ser (exSer)-dependent PDAC cells during Ser/Gly (glycine) deprivation. Ser deprivation resulted in ribosomal stalling on two of the six Ser codons, TCC and TCT, and allowed the selective translation and secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) by PDAC cells to promote tumor innervation. Consistent with this, exSer-dependent PDAC tumors grew slower and displayed enhanced innervation in mice on a Ser/Gly-free diet. Blockade of compensatory neuronal innervation using LOXO-101, a Trk-NGF inhibitor, further decreased PDAC tumor growth. Our data indicate that axonal-cancer metabolic crosstalk is a critical adaptation to support PDAC growth in nutrient poor environments.
Assuntos
Neurônios/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Serina/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/genética , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Idoso , Animais , Axônios/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Códon/genética , Feminino , Glicina/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Tecido Nervoso/patologia , Consumo de Oxigênio , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Pirazóis , Pirimidinas , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , RNA de Transferência/genética , RatosRESUMO
Single-cell technologies have described heterogeneity across tissues, but the spatial distribution and forces that drive single-cell phenotypes have not been well defined. Combining single-cell RNA and protein analytics in studying the role of stromal cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in modulating heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma [PDAC]) model systems, we have identified significant single-cell population shifts toward invasive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and proliferative (PRO) phenotypes linked with mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling. Using high-content digital imaging of RNA in situ hybridization in 195 PDAC tumors, we quantified these EMT and PRO subpopulations in 319,626 individual cancer cells that can be classified within the context of distinct tumor gland "units." Tumor gland typing provided an additional layer of intratumoral heterogeneity that was associated with differences in stromal abundance and clinical outcomes. This demonstrates the impact of the stroma in shaping tumor architecture by altering inherent patterns of tumor glands in human PDAC.
Assuntos
Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Microambiente Tumoral , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Técnicas de Cocultura , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos SCID , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , RNA-Seq , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Células Estromais/metabolismo , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Tumors weakly infiltrated by T lymphocytes poorly respond to immunotherapy. We aimed to unveil malignancy-associated programs regulating T cell entrance, arrest, and activation in the tumor environment. Differential expression of cell adhesion and tissue architecture programs, particularly the presence of the membrane tetraspanin claudin (CLDN)18 as a signature gene, demarcated immune-infiltrated from immune-depleted mouse pancreatic tumors. In human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and non-small cell lung cancer, CLDN18 expression positively correlated with more differentiated histology and favorable prognosis. CLDN18 on the cell surface promoted accrual of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), facilitating direct CTL contacts with tumor cells by driving the mobilization of the adhesion protein ALCAM to the lipid rafts of the tumor cell membrane through actin. This process favored the formation of robust immunological synapses (ISs) between CTLs and CLDN18-positive cancer cells, resulting in increased T cell activation. Our data reveal an immune role for CLDN18 in orchestrating T cell infiltration and shaping the tumor immune contexture.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Claudinas , Ativação Linfocitária , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/imunologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/imunologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Claudinas/metabolismo , Claudinas/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Sinapses Imunológicas/metabolismo , Sinapses Imunológicas/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Microdomínios da Membrana/metabolismo , Microdomínios da Membrana/imunologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/imunologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologiaRESUMO
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal human malignancies, owing in part to its propensity for metastasis. Here, we used an organoid culture system to investigate how transcription and the enhancer landscape become altered during discrete stages of disease progression in a PDA mouse model. This approach revealed that the metastatic transition is accompanied by massive and recurrent alterations in enhancer activity. We implicate the pioneer factor FOXA1 as a driver of enhancer activation in this system, a mechanism that renders PDA cells more invasive and less anchorage-dependent for growth in vitro, as well as more metastatic in vivo. In this context, FOXA1-dependent enhancer reprogramming activates a transcriptional program of embryonic foregut endoderm. Collectively, our study implicates enhancer reprogramming, FOXA1 upregulation, and a retrograde developmental transition in PDA metastasis.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Fator 3-alfa Nuclear de Hepatócito/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Animais , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Epigenômica , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Metástase Neoplásica , Organoides/metabolismo , Pâncreas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologiaRESUMO
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a sensor of products of tryptophan metabolism and a potent modulator of immunity. Here, we examined the impact of AhR in tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) function in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). TAMs exhibited high AhR activity and Ahr-deficient macrophages developed an inflammatory phenotype. Deletion of Ahr in myeloid cells or pharmacologic inhibition of AhR reduced PDAC growth, improved efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade, and increased intra-tumoral frequencies of IFNγ+CD8+ T cells. Macrophage tryptophan metabolism was not required for this effect. Rather, macrophage AhR activity was dependent on Lactobacillus metabolization of dietary tryptophan to indoles. Removal of dietary tryptophan reduced TAM AhR activity and promoted intra-tumoral accumulation of TNFα+IFNγ+CD8+ T cells; provision of dietary indoles blocked this effect. In patients with PDAC, high AHR expression associated with rapid disease progression and mortality, as well as with an immune-suppressive TAM phenotype, suggesting conservation of this regulatory axis in human disease.
Assuntos
Tolerância Imunológica/imunologia , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/imunologia , Triptofano/imunologia , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor/imunologia , Animais , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/imunologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/mortalidade , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Humanos , Indóis/imunologia , Indóis/metabolismo , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Camundongos , Microbiota/imunologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/imunologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Prognóstico , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/genética , Receptores de Hidrocarboneto Arílico/metabolismo , Triptofano/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor/metabolismoRESUMO
Oncogenic mutations regulate signaling within both tumor cells and adjacent stromal cells. Here, we show that oncogenic KRAS (KRAS(G12D)) also regulates tumor cell signaling via stromal cells. By combining cell-specific proteome labeling with multivariate phosphoproteomics, we analyzed heterocellular KRAS(G12D) signaling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cells. Tumor cell KRAS(G12D) engages heterotypic fibroblasts, which subsequently instigate reciprocal signaling in the tumor cells. Reciprocal signaling employs additional kinases and doubles the number of regulated signaling nodes from cell-autonomous KRAS(G12D). Consequently, reciprocal KRAS(G12D) produces a tumor cell phosphoproteome and total proteome that is distinct from cell-autonomous KRAS(G12D) alone. Reciprocal signaling regulates tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis and increases mitochondrial capacity via an IGF1R/AXL-AKT axis. These results demonstrate that oncogene signaling should be viewed as a heterocellular process and that our existing cell-autonomous perspective underrepresents the extent of oncogene signaling in cancer. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Comunicação Celular , Humanos , Camundongos , Fosfoproteínas/análise , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Proteoma/análise , Proteoma/metabolismo , Células Estromais/metabolismoRESUMO
DPC4/SMAD4 mutations are associated with aggressive pancreatic cancer. In this issue of Cell, Whittle et al. demonstrate that Runx3 expression combined with Dpc4/Smad4 status can predict the metastatic propensity of pancreatic tumors, providing valuable guidance for personalized therapy for patients with pancreatic cancer.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Subunidade alfa 3 de Fator de Ligação ao Core/metabolismo , Metástase Neoplásica/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Animais , HumanosRESUMO
For the majority of patients with pancreas cancer, the high metastatic proclivity is life limiting. Some patients, however, present with and succumb to locally destructive disease. A molecular understanding of these distinct disease manifestations can critically inform patient management. Using genetically engineered mouse models, we show that heterozygous mutation of Dpc4/Smad4 attenuates the metastatic potential of Kras(G12D/+);Trp53(R172H/+) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas while increasing their proliferation. Subsequent loss of heterozygosity of Dpc4 restores metastatic competency while further unleashing proliferation, creating a highly lethal combination. Expression levels of Runx3 respond to and combine with Dpc4 status to coordinately regulate the balance between cancer cell division and dissemination. Thus, Runx3 serves as both a tumor suppressor and promoter in slowing proliferation while orchestrating a metastatic program to stimulate cell migration, invasion, and secretion of proteins that favor distant colonization. These findings suggest a model to anticipate likely disease behaviors in patients and tailor treatment strategies accordingly.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Subunidade alfa 3 de Fator de Ligação ao Core/metabolismo , Metástase Neoplásica/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Animais , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Genes p53 , Humanos , Camundongos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteína Smad4/genéticaRESUMO
Broad-spectrum RAS inhibition has the potential to benefit roughly a quarter of human patients with cancer whose tumours are driven by RAS mutations1,2. RMC-7977 is a highly selective inhibitor of the active GTP-bound forms of KRAS, HRAS and NRAS, with affinity for both mutant and wild-type variants3. More than 90% of cases of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are driven by activating mutations in KRAS4. Here we assessed the therapeutic potential of RMC-7977 in a comprehensive range of PDAC models. We observed broad and pronounced anti-tumour activity across models following direct RAS inhibition at exposures that were well-tolerated in vivo. Pharmacological analyses revealed divergent responses to RMC-7977 in tumour versus normal tissues. Treated tumours exhibited waves of apoptosis along with sustained proliferative arrest, whereas normal tissues underwent only transient decreases in proliferation, with no evidence of apoptosis. In the autochthonous KPC mouse model, RMC-7977 treatment resulted in a profound extension of survival followed by on-treatment relapse. Analysis of relapsed tumours identified Myc copy number gain as a prevalent candidate resistance mechanism, which could be overcome by combinatorial TEAD inhibition in vitro. Together, these data establish a strong preclinical rationale for the use of broad-spectrum RAS-GTP inhibition in the setting of PDAC and identify a promising candidate combination therapeutic regimen to overcome monotherapy resistance.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Guanosina Trifosfato , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras) , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Genes myc , Guanosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/tratamento farmacológico , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/antagonistas & inibidores , Resultado do Tratamento , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , MutaçãoRESUMO
Missense mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor inactivate its antiproliferative properties but can also promote metastasis through a gain-of-function activity. We show that sustained expression of mutant p53 is required to maintain the prometastatic phenotype of a murine model of pancreatic cancer, a highly metastatic disease that frequently displays p53 mutations. Transcriptional profiling and functional screening identified the platelet-derived growth factor receptor b (PDGFRb) as both necessary and sufficient to mediate these effects. Mutant p53 induced PDGFRb through a cell-autonomous mechanism involving inhibition of a p73/NF-Y complex that represses PDGFRb expression in p53-deficient, noninvasive cells. Blocking PDGFRb signaling by RNA interference or by small molecule inhibitors prevented pancreatic cancer cell invasion in vitro and metastasis formation in vivo. Finally, high PDGFRb expression correlates with poor disease-free survival in pancreatic, colon, and ovarian cancer patients, implicating PDGFRb as a prognostic marker and possible target for attenuating metastasis in p53 mutant tumors.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Metástase Neoplásica , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Receptor beta de Fator de Crescimento Derivado de Plaquetas/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Animais , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Camundongos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genéticaRESUMO
It is of great therapeutic importance to understand why tumors relapse after the failure of therapies targeting oncogenes to which cancer cells are addicted. In this issue, Kapoor et al. and Shao et al. identify the transcriptional coactivator YAP1 as a central driver of compensation for the loss of K-Ras signaling in K-Ras-dependent cancers.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular , Neoplasias do Colo/tratamento farmacológico , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteínas ras/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Humanos , Fatores de Transcrição , Proteínas de Sinalização YAPRESUMO
Activating mutations in KRAS are among the most frequent events in diverse human carcinomas and are particularly prominent in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). An inducible Kras(G12D)-driven mouse model of PDAC has established a critical role for sustained Kras(G12D) expression in tumor maintenance, providing a model to determine the potential for and the underlying mechanisms of Kras(G12D)-independent PDAC recurrence. Here, we show that some tumors undergo spontaneous relapse and are devoid of Kras(G12D) expression and downstream canonical MAPK signaling and instead acquire amplification and overexpression of the transcriptional coactivator Yap1. Functional studies established the role of Yap1 and the transcriptional factor Tead2 in driving Kras(G12D)-independent tumor maintenance. The Yap1/Tead2 complex acts cooperatively with E2F transcription factors to activate a cell cycle and DNA replication program. Our studies, along with corroborating evidence from human PDAC models, portend a novel mechanism of escape from oncogenic Kras addiction in PDAC.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Animais , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Ciclo Celular , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Replicação do DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Fatores de Transcrição E2F/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição de Domínio TEA , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Proteínas de Sinalização YAP , Proteínas ras/metabolismoRESUMO
There is a need to develop effective therapies for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), a highly lethal malignancy with increasing incidence1 and poor prognosis2. Although targeting tumour metabolism has been the focus of intense investigation for more than a decade, tumour metabolic plasticity and high risk of toxicity have limited this anticancer strategy3,4. Here we use genetic and pharmacological approaches in human and mouse in vitro and in vivo models to show that PDA has a distinct dependence on de novo ornithine synthesis from glutamine. We find that this process, which is mediated through ornithine aminotransferase (OAT), supports polyamine synthesis and is required for tumour growth. This directional OAT activity is usually largely restricted to infancy and contrasts with the reliance of most adult normal tissues and other cancer types on arginine-derived ornithine for polyamine synthesis5,6. This dependency associates with arginine depletion in the PDA tumour microenvironment and is driven by mutant KRAS. Activated KRAS induces the expression of OAT and polyamine synthesis enzymes, leading to alterations in the transcriptome and open chromatin landscape in PDA tumour cells. The distinct dependence of PDA, but not normal tissue, on OAT-mediated de novo ornithine synthesis provides an attractive therapeutic window for treating patients with pancreatic cancer with minimal toxicity.
Assuntos
Ornitina-Oxo-Ácido Transaminase , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Poliaminas , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Arginina/deficiência , Arginina/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Ornitina/biossíntese , Ornitina/metabolismo , Ornitina-Oxo-Ácido Transaminase/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Poliaminas/metabolismo , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a lethal disease notoriously resistant to therapy1,2. This is mediated in part by a complex tumour microenvironment3, low vascularity4, and metabolic aberrations5,6. Although altered metabolism drives tumour progression, the spectrum of metabolites used as nutrients by PDA remains largely unknown. Here we identified uridine as a fuel for PDA in glucose-deprived conditions by assessing how more than 175 metabolites impacted metabolic activity in 21 pancreatic cell lines under nutrient restriction. Uridine utilization strongly correlated with the expression of uridine phosphorylase 1 (UPP1), which we demonstrate liberates uridine-derived ribose to fuel central carbon metabolism and thereby support redox balance, survival and proliferation in glucose-restricted PDA cells. In PDA, UPP1 is regulated by KRAS-MAPK signalling and is augmented by nutrient restriction. Consistently, tumours expressed high UPP1 compared with non-tumoural tissues, and UPP1 expression correlated with poor survival in cohorts of patients with PDA. Uridine is available in the tumour microenvironment, and we demonstrated that uridine-derived ribose is actively catabolized in tumours. Finally, UPP1 deletion restricted the ability of PDA cells to use uridine and blunted tumour growth in immunocompetent mouse models. Our data identify uridine utilization as an important compensatory metabolic process in nutrient-deprived PDA cells, suggesting a novel metabolic axis for PDA therapy.
Assuntos
Glucose , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Ribose , Microambiente Tumoral , Uridina , Animais , Camundongos , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Ribose/metabolismo , Uridina/química , Glucose/deficiência , Divisão Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Uridina Fosforilase/deficiência , Uridina Fosforilase/genética , Uridina Fosforilase/metabolismo , HumanosRESUMO
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is expected to be the second most deadly cancer by 2040, owing to the high incidence of metastatic disease and limited responses to treatment1,2. Less than half of all patients respond to the primary treatment for PDAC, chemotherapy3,4, and genetic alterations alone cannot explain this5. Diet is an environmental factor that can influence the response to therapies, but its role in PDAC is unclear. Here, using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and metabolomic screening, we show that the microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolite indole-3-acetic acid (3-IAA) is enriched in patients who respond to treatment. Faecal microbiota transplantation, short-term dietary manipulation of tryptophan and oral 3-IAA administration increase the efficacy of chemotherapy in humanized gnotobiotic mouse models of PDAC. Using a combination of loss- and gain-of-function experiments, we show that the efficacy of 3-IAA and chemotherapy is licensed by neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase. Myeloperoxidase oxidizes 3-IAA, which in combination with chemotherapy induces a downregulation of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-degrading enzymes glutathione peroxidase 3 and glutathione peroxidase 7. All of this results in the accumulation of ROS and the downregulation of autophagy in cancer cells, which compromises their metabolic fitness and, ultimately, their proliferation. In humans, we observed a significant correlation between the levels of 3-IAA and the efficacy of therapy in two independent PDAC cohorts. In summary, we identify a microbiota-derived metabolite that has clinical implications in the treatment of PDAC, and provide a motivation for considering nutritional interventions during the treatment of patients with cancer.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Microbiota , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/dietoterapia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/microbiologia , Glutationa Peroxidase/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/dietoterapia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/microbiologia , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Triptofano/metabolismo , Triptofano/farmacologia , Triptofano/uso terapêutico , Neutrófilos/enzimologia , Autofagia , Metagenoma , Metabolômica , Transplante de Microbiota Fecal , Ácidos Indolacéticos/farmacologia , Ácidos Indolacéticos/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Vida Livre de Germes , Neoplasias PancreáticasRESUMO
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly desmoplastic, aggressive cancer that frequently progresses and spreads by metastasis to the liver1. Cancer-associated fibroblasts, the extracellular matrix and type I collagen (Col I) support2,3 or restrain the progression of PDAC and may impede blood supply and nutrient availability4. The dichotomous role of the stroma in PDAC, and the mechanisms through which it influences patient survival and enables desmoplastic cancers to escape nutrient limitation, remain poorly understood. Here we show that matrix-metalloprotease-cleaved Col I (cCol I) and intact Col I (iCol I) exert opposing effects on PDAC bioenergetics, macropinocytosis, tumour growth and metastasis. Whereas cCol I activates discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1)-NF-κB-p62-NRF2 signalling to promote the growth of PDAC, iCol I triggers the degradation of DDR1 and restrains the growth of PDAC. Patients whose tumours are enriched for iCol I and express low levels of DDR1 and NRF2 have improved median survival compared to those whose tumours have high levels of cCol I, DDR1 and NRF2. Inhibition of the DDR1-stimulated expression of NF-κB or mitochondrial biogenesis blocks tumorigenesis in wild-type mice, but not in mice that express MMP-resistant Col I. The diverse effects of the tumour stroma on the growth and metastasis of PDAC and on the survival of patients are mediated through the Col I-DDR1-NF-κB-NRF2 mitochondrial biogenesis pathway, and targeting components of this pathway could provide therapeutic opportunities.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Colágeno Tipo I , Receptor com Domínio Discoidina 1 , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Colágeno Tipo I/metabolismo , Receptor com Domínio Discoidina 1/metabolismo , Metaloproteinases da Matriz/metabolismo , Camundongos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Fator 2 Relacionado a NF-E2/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) poses a significant threat due to its tendency to evade early detection, frequent metastasis, and the subsequent challenges in devising effective treatments. Processes that govern epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PDAC hold promise for advancing novel therapeutic strategies. SAMD1 (SAM domain-containing protein 1) is a CpG island-binding protein that plays a pivotal role in the repression of its target genes. Here, we revealed that SAMD1 acts as a repressor of genes associated with EMT. Upon deletion of SAMD1 in PDAC cells, we observed significantly increased migration rates. SAMD1 exerts its effects by binding to specific genomic targets, including CDH2, encoding N-cadherin, which emerged as a driver of enhanced migration upon SAMD1 knockout. Furthermore, we discovered the FBXO11-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase complex as an interactor and negative regulator of SAMD1, which inhibits SAMD1 chromatin-binding genome-wide. High FBXO11 expression in PDAC is associated with poor prognosis and increased expression of EMT-related genes, underlining an antagonistic relationship between SAMD1 and FBXO11. In summary, our findings provide insights into the regulation of EMT-related genes in PDAC, shedding light on the intricate role of SAMD1 and its interplay with FBXO11 in this cancer type.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Proteínas F-Box , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Receptores de LDL , Animais , Humanos , Caderinas/metabolismo , Caderinas/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/genética , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/genética , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/genética , Proteínas F-Box/metabolismo , Proteínas F-Box/genética , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/metabolismo , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Prognóstico , Receptores de LDL/genética , Receptores de LDL/metabolismoRESUMO
Dietary interventions can change metabolite levels in the tumour microenvironment, which might then affect cancer cell metabolism to alter tumour growth1-5. Although caloric restriction (CR) and a ketogenic diet (KD) are often thought to limit tumour progression by lowering blood glucose and insulin levels6-8, we found that only CR inhibits the growth of select tumour allografts in mice, suggesting that other mechanisms contribute to tumour growth inhibition. A change in nutrient availability observed with CR, but not with KD, is lower lipid levels in the plasma and tumours. Upregulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), which synthesises monounsaturated fatty acids, is required for cancer cells to proliferate in a lipid-depleted environment, and CR also impairs tumour SCD activity to cause an imbalance between unsaturated and saturated fatty acids to slow tumour growth. Enforcing cancer cell SCD expression or raising circulating lipid levels through a higher-fat CR diet confers resistance to the effects of CR. By contrast, although KD also impairs tumour SCD activity, KD-driven increases in lipid availability maintain the unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios in tumours, and changing the KD fat composition to increase tumour saturated fatty acid levels cooperates with decreased tumour SCD activity to slow tumour growth. These data suggest that diet-induced mismatches between tumour fatty acid desaturation activity and the availability of specific fatty acid species determine whether low glycaemic diets impair tumour growth.