Cross-State Border Nicotine Vaping Products Purchase-Early Evidence From State Emergency Sales Restrictions in 2019.

INTRODUCTION: While retail sales and retailer inspection studies generally indicate high compliance with state sales restrictions on Nicotine Vaping Products (NVPs) within the restricted area, studies using survey data generally indicate that most users could readily continue gaining access to restricted NVPs. Our study bridges a gap in the current literature and investigates the potential role of cross-state border purchases to evade state emergency NVP sales restrictions in 2019. AIMS AND METHODS: The study sample was restricted to NVP sales from the states neighboring Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Washington, three states that implemented all NVP or flavored NVP sales restrictions in 2019. Among these neighboring states, the 2019 weekly county-level NVP sales by flavors (tobacco, mint/menthol, and other flavors) were compiled using Nielsen Scanner data. A quasi-experimental, comparison group pre-post study design was used to study the impacts of NVP sales restrictions on cross-state border NVP purchases. RESULTS: Weekly NVP sales for border counties significantly increased in response to the MA, RI, and WA bans for tobacco flavored (56%, 45%, 14%, respectively), menthol/mint flavored (51%, 2%, 41%, respectively), and other flavored (79%, 3%, 4%, respectively) products, compared to sales for non-border counties (all p-values < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified significant cross-state border NVP purchases in all studied states to circumvent NVP emergency sales restrictions in response to the EVALI outbreak. Policymakers should factor in these purchasing behaviors to evade sales restrictions when evaluating any future potential policies at the state or local levels. IMPLICATIONS: While retail sales data and retailer inspections indicate high compliance with Nicotine Vaping Product (NVP) flavor sales restrictions from major retail outlets, survey data obtain mixed findings on the effects of sales restrictions on vaping behaviors. Our study identified a significant increase in cross-state border NVP purchases to circumvent NVP sales restrictions in 2019, consistent across all three settings of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Washington. Policymakers should factor in these cross-state border NVP purchases in response to sales restrictions when evaluating any future potential NVP sales restrictions.

The effects of nudging and pricing strategies on the availability and purchases of ultra-processed foods: A secondary analysis of the Supreme Nudge trial.

Regular consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality. UPF are widely available in supermarkets. Nudging and pricing strategies are promising strategies to promote healthier supermarket purchases and may reduce UPF purchases. We investigated whether supermarket nudging and pricing strategies targeting healthy foods, but not specifically discouraging UPF, would change UPF availability, price, promotion and placement (UPF-APPP) in supermarkets and customer UPF purchases. We used data from the Supreme Nudge parallel cluster-randomized controlled trial, testing the effect of a combined nudging and pricing intervention promoting healthy products. The Dutch Consumer Food Environment Score (D-CFES) was used to audit 12 participating supermarkets in terms of UPF-APPP. We used customer loyalty card data of the first twelve intervention weeks from 321 participants to calculate the proportion of UPF purchases. Descriptive statistics were used to assess differences in D-CFES between supermarkets. Mixed model analyses were used to assess the association between the D-CFES and UPF purchases and the effect of the intervention on UPF purchases. No difference in the D-CFES between intervention and control supermarkets were found. No statistically significant association between the D-CFES and UPF purchases (ß = -0.00, 95%CI: -0.02, 0.01) and no significant effect of the intervention on UPF purchases (ß = 0.02, 95%CI: -0.07, 0.12) was observed. Given the significant proportion of unhealthy and UPF products in Dutch supermarkets, nudging and pricing strategies aimed at promoting healthy food purchases are not sufficient for reducing UPF-APPP nor purchases, and nationwide regulation may be needed.Trial registration number: Dutch Trial Register ID NL7064, May 30, 2018, https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR7302.

How do e-commerce platforms and retailers implement discount pricing policies under consumers are strategic?

In the era of the rapid development of e-commerce, many retailers choose to launch promotional activities to become consumers' first choice for shopping. Since price discounts can greatly attract consumers, the e-commerce platforms have also begun to implement discount pricing. It is urgent for e-commerce platforms and retailers to formulate reasonable discount strategies to achieve sustainable business. In this paper, we construct a dynamic game model for implementing discount pricing on an e-commerce platform and two retailers, we study the market equilibrium between the two retailers and the e-commerce platform under various scenarios that considering consumers' strategic waiting behavior and competition between the two retailers, we further discuss the effectiveness of retailer discount pricing and the double discount pricing of the platform and retailers. We show that the optimal pricing decreases as the difference in product quality narrows under both pricing strategies. Low-quality retailers implementing a double discount pricing strategy are in relatively higher demand only when the difference in product quality is small. High-quality retailers implementing the retailer discount pricing strategy are in relatively higher demand only when the product quality difference is large. Double discount pricing is desirable for both e-commerce platforms and retailers and can be used to effectively achieve Pareto improvement in the market by increasing their expected profit. Our results emphasize the role of product quality and the value of the double discount pricing strategy. The double discount pricing strategy weakens the profit advantage that retailers and platforms gain from it as the rebate intensity and rebate redemption rates increase.

Allocation of the household food budget among shopping basket items: How is it influenced by promotions?

Retailers have been using promotion as a differentiation strategy that influences consumers' expenditures and their shopping basket budgetary allocation. This study assessed the effect of retail promotions on total shopping basket expenditure and determined whether promotions provoke a reallocation of the shopping budget. The analysis was performed on a chain of supermarkets in Catalonia, Spain using a consumer scanner data set from Kantar Worldpanel for 2017. The methodological approach had two steps: prediction of the effect of promotion on household expenditures using an expenditure regression model and estimation of the promotion own- and cross-effect using the censored Exact Affine Stone Index. Promotion had a positive own-effect and mostly a negative asymmetric cross-effect, implying a small but significant budget reallocation.

Long-term impact of unhealthy food tax on consumption and the drivers behind: A longitudinal study in Hungary.

Several countries have introduced public health product taxes with the objective of reducing the absolute amount of consumption of unhealthy food and tackling obesity. This study aims to estimate the long-term impact of the Hungarian public health product tax introduced in 2011. To achieve this, a unique consumer purchase dataset was analysed to examine daily fast-moving consumer goods purchases from a representative sample of 2,000 households from 2010 to 2018. The results indicate that the tax has been fully reflected in consumer prices. A decline in consumption was observed initially, consistent with previous experiences in Hungary and other countries. However, over time, the data suggests a recovery and even an increase in line with the growth of disposable income. The proportion of taxed products in total fast-moving consumer goods purchases increased from 5.9 % (95 % CI: 5.7 % to 6.0 %) in 2010 to 7.4 % (95 % CI: 7.3 % to 7.6 %) in 2018. Furthermore, the tax has contributed to increased inequality as low-income households spend a higher proportion of their total expenditure on it. Although taxes on unhealthy foods have proven effective in the short-term, they may not be adequate for reducing overall consumption in the long-term, particularly as disposable income increases. In conclusion, implementing complex interventions is necessary to achieve sustainable positive changes in dietary habits.

Using the Australian Dietary Guidelines 2&5 education message in supermarket shopping trolleys to nudge shoppers to purchase more fruit and vegetables: A feasibility study using an intervention design.

Fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption is associated with a reduced risk of developing chronic diseases; however, only one in 16 Australian adults consume F&Vs at the recommended two servings of fruit and five servings of vegetables per day. What and how much people eat is influenced by their social and physical environments. Supermarkets are a key setting influencing food purchases, and as such, they can shape consumption patterns of F&Vs. Implementing effective strategies to increase F&V intake is crucial. The objective of this research was to test the feasibility of modifying shopper purchasing behaviour to purchase more F&Vs using the Australian Dietary Guidelines 2&5 education message covering one-half of the base of shopping trolleys. Placards giving the message that eating 2 fruits and 5 vegetables every day for good health were placed at the base of shopping trolleys as an educational nudge. Applying an intervention research design, 30 out of ~100 trolleys were fitted with the placards and shopper purchases were measured by collecting paper sales receipts to measure the weight (kg), total spending and F&V-specific spending (Australian dollars) for intervention versus control trolleys for one Saturday. We also conducted a short intercept survey that was administered independently from the research study day on non-trial shoppers. Shoppers who selected trolleys with the 2&5 education nudge placards (n = 101) purchased 1.66 kg less weight of F&Vs (Intervention: mean = 3.89 kg, SD = 3.40 kg, 95% CI = 3.21 kg, 4.56 kg, vs. Control: mean 5.55 kg, SD = 4.16 kg, 95% CI = 4.73 kg, 6.37 kg, p = 0.002) and spent less on F&Vs compared to shoppers in the control group (n = 102; Intervention: mean = $26.00, SD = $21.60, 95% CI = $21.78, $30.32 vs. Control: mean $36.00, SD = $27.00, 95% CI = $30.72, $42.36, p = 0.004). Intervention group shoppers also spent less in total spending between groups (Intervention: mean = $115.40, SD = $68.30, 95% CI = $101.95, $128.95 vs. Control: mean $151.30, SD = $79.40, 95% CI = $135.73, $166.93, p = 0.001). The 2&5 education nudge placard had the opposite effect as intended on shoppers' purchases to buy more F&Vs, although there may have been other differences between the intervention and the control groups since they were not randomised. Larger studies are required to elucidate and confirm these findings over the longer term.

Effects of discounting fruits, vegetables, and noncaloric beverages in New York City supermarkets on purchasing, intake, and weight.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess purchasing, intake, and weight after discounting fruits and vegetables (F&V) and noncaloric beverages in New York City supermarkets. METHODS: A 16-week randomized controlled trial was conducted with a 4-week baseline, an 8-week intervention with 50% discounts on F&V and noncaloric beverages, and a 4-week follow-up. Purchasing was tracked via loyalty cards, and intake was tracked via 24-h dietary recalls. Weights were measured at five in-person visits. RESULTS: Data from 67 participants were analyzed (38 in the experimental group; 29 in the control group). F&V and noncaloric beverage weekly purchasing was greater in the experimental than the control group (mean difference [SD], $4.64 [$1.44], p < 0.0001; $0.53 [$0.39], p = 0.008) during intervention, with F&V purchasing remaining greater in the experimental versus control group during follow-up (p = 0.005). F&V intake was greater for the experimental than the control group during intervention (142 [105] g/day; p = 0.009) and follow-up (p = 0.001). Although no difference in noncaloric beverage consumption was observed between groups, there was lower alcohol intake in the experimental than the control group during follow-up (-85.8 [60.2] g/day; p = 0.004). The experimental group lost weight compared with the control group (-1.33 [0.92] kg; p = 0.006 intervention and p = 0.106 follow-up). No differences in nutrient composition or high energy-dense product consumption were found. CONCLUSIONS: A 50% discount on F&V and noncaloric beverages promoted increased purchasing and intake of F&V and induced weight loss.

Are Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Restrictions on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Effective in Reducing Purchase or Consumption? A Systematic Review.

The participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) consume greater amounts of sugar and sweetened beverages (SSBs) compared to non-eligible individuals, which could result in potential negative health outcomes. This can be attributed to the lack of restrictions on SSB purchases with SNAP benefits. In view of the increasing calls from advocates and policymakers to restrict the purchase of SSBs with SNAP benefits, we performed a systematic review to assess its impact towards SSB purchases and consumption. We searched articles from five databases-Cochrane, EBSCO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and PubMed-and selected seven studies, four of which were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and three were simulation modeling studies. All three simulation studies and one RCT reported outcomes in terms of consumption, while the other three RCTs reported outcomes in terms of purchases. All seven studies found that an SSB restriction led to a decrease in SSB consumption or purchases, with six studies reporting significant results. Nonetheless, limitations exist. These include limited studies on this subject, potential workarounds circumventing SSB restrictions, like making purchases using personal cash, potentially differed estimated effects when combined with incentives or other initiatives, and the limited geographical scope among the selected RCTs.

Promoting Healthier Purchases: Ultraprocessed Food Taxes and Minimally Processed Foods Subsidies for the Low Income.

INTRODUCTION: Fiscal policies can shift relative food prices to encourage the purchase and consumption of minimally processed foods while discouraging the purchase and consumption of unhealthy ultraprocessed foods, high in calories and nutrients of concern (sodium, sugar, and saturated fats), especially for low-income households. METHODS: The 2017-2018 packaged food purchase data among U.S. households were used to derive household income- and composition-specific demand elasticities across 22 food and beverage categories. Policy simulations, conducted in 2022-2023, assessed the impact of national taxes on unhealthy ultraprocessed food and beverage purchases, both separately and alongside subsidies for minimally processed foods and beverages targeted to low-income households. Resultant nutritional implications are reported on the basis of changes in purchased calories and nutrients of concern. In addition, financial implications for both households and the federal government are projected. RESULTS: A sugar-based tax on sugar-sweetened beverages would lower both volume and calories purchased with the largest impact on low-income households without children. Meanwhile, targeted subsidies would increase fruit, vegetable, and healthier drink purchases without substantially increasing calories. Under tax simulations, low-income households would make larger reductions in their absolute volume and calorie purchases of taxed foods and beverages than their higher-income counterparts, suggesting that these policies, if implemented, could help narrow nutritional disparities. CONCLUSIONS: Levying national taxes on unhealthy ultraprocessed foods/beverages and offering targeted subsidies for minimally processed foods/beverages could promote healthier food choices among low-income households. Such policies have the potential to benefit low-income households financially and at a relatively low cost for the federal government annually.

Alimentação escolar e agricultura familiar: análise de recursos empregados na compra de alimentos / School meals and family farming: analysis of funds spent in food purchases / Alimentación escolar y agricultura familiar: análisis de recursos empleados en la compra de alimentos

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a adequação da utilização de recursos financeiros para a compra de alimentos provenientes da agricultura familiar no âmbito do Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) nas capitais de estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal. Estudo descritivo, com análise de dados secundários obtidos na página eletrônica do Fundo Nacional de Desenvolvimento para a Educação (FNDE) no espaço dedicado às informações sobre agricultura familiar. Foram investigados os valores repassados pelo FNDE e percentual utilizado na compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar para aquisição de alimentação escolar em capitais dos estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal no período de 2011 a 2017. Os dados foram coletados em maio de 2019. Das 27 cidades avaliadas, cerca de um terço (33,3%) apresentou compra acima do mínimo recomendado (30%). A Região Norte cumpriu o recomendado (39,4%) enquanto a Sudeste apresentou a menor porcentagem de compra (6,4%). De 2011 a 2017, percebeu-se aumento nos valores totais investidos e no número de cidades compradoras de alimentos da agricultura familiar. Dentre as capitais avaliadas, Boa Vista (Roraima) foi a que mais utilizou recursos para a aquisição de alimentos da agricultura familiar (56,6%). Em 2017, as prefeituras de Boa Vista e Aracaju (Sergipe) ofereceram contrapartida financeira adicionada aos recursos fornecidos pelo FNDE para a compra desses alimentos. Concluiu-se que, no período de 2011 a 2017, apenas um terço das capitais avaliadas utilizou adequadamente a porcentagem de recursos financeiros para a compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar, embora tenha sido percebido aumento gradual na compra desses alimentos, especialmente nas capitais do Norte e Nordeste do Brasil.

Abstract: The study aimed to verify the adequacy of funds for food purchases from family farming in the scope of the National School Food Program (PNAE) in Brazil's state capitals and the Federal District. This was a descriptive study based on secondary data obtained from the webpage of the National Fund for the Development of Education (FNDE) in the link dedicated to information on family farming. We analyzed the amounts transferred to the FNDE and the percentage used in purchasing foods from family farmers for school meals in the state capitals and Federal District from 2011 to 2017. Data were collected in May 2019. One-third of the 27 cities (33.3%) reported purchases above the minimum recommended level (30%). The North of Brazil complied with the recommended level (39.4%), while the Southeast reported the lowest level (6.4%). There was an increase from 2011 to 2017 in the total amounts invested and in the number of cities that purchased foods from family farming. Boa Vista (Roraima) was the capital that spent the largest share of its school meal funds on foods produced by family farmers (56.6%). In 2017, the local governments in Boa Vista and Aracaju (Sergipe) offered matching funds for the funds transferred from the FNDE for these food purchases. In conclusion, from 2011 to 2017, only one-third of the capital cities adequately used the percentage of funds for purchasing foods from family farming, although there was a gradual increase in the purchase of these foods, especially in the state capitals from North and Northeast Brazil.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la adecuación de la utilización de recursos financieros para la compra de alimentos procedentes de la agricultura familiar, dentro del ámbito del Programa Nacional de Alimentación Escolar (PNAE), en capitales de estados brasileños y en el Distrito Federal. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con análisis de datos secundarios, obtenidos de la página electrónica del Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo para la Educación (FNDE), dentro de la sección dedicada a la información sobre agricultura familiar. Se investigaron los valores proporcionados por el FNDE y el porcentaje destinado a la compra de alimentos de agricultura familiar para la adquisición en escuelas de capitales de estados brasileños, así como en el Distrito Federal, durante el período de 2011 a 2017. Los datos se recogieron en mayo de 2019. De las 27 ciudades evaluadas, cerca de un tercio (33,3%) presentó una compra por encima del mínimo recomendado (30%). La Región Norte cumplió lo recomendado (39,4%), mientras que la Sudeste presentó el menor porcentaje de compra (6,4%). De 2011 a 2017, se percibió un aumento en los valores totales invertidos y en el número de ciudades compradoras de alimentos procedentes de agricultura familiar. Entre las capitales evaluadas, Boa Vista (Roraima) fue la que más utilizó recursos para la adquisición de alimentos de agricultura familiar (56,6%). En 2017, los ayuntamientos de Boa Vista y Aracaju (Sergipe) ofrecieron una partida financiera adicional, además de los recursos proporcionados por el FNDE, para la compra de estos alimentos. Se concluye que, durante el período de 2011 a 2017, solamente un tercio de las capitales evaluadas utilizó adecuadamente el porcentaje de recursos financieros para la compra de alimentos de la agricultura familiar, aunque se haya percibido un aumento gradual en la compra de estos alimentos, especialmente en las capitales del Norte y Nordeste de Brasil.

Conjugalidade e gestão do orçamento doméstico: um estudo qualitativo / Conjugality and management of the household budget: a qualitative study

Este artigo é um relato de pesquisa qualitativa de mestrado, cujo objetivo é descrever como casais não clínicos percebem as dificuldades e as divergências ao lidar com o orçamento doméstico. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com seis casais, com e sem filhos, com até cinco anos de casamento. Os resultados mostraram que as divergências estão relacionadas aos custos dos produtos e ao grau de autonomia de cada cônjuge nas decisões de compras. Questões culturais como gênero e o consumismo influenciam o modo de lidar com o dinheiro, além da repetição intergeracional de comportamentos e de padrões de interação familiar. O conhecimento sobre tais dinâmicas contribui para a compreensão por parte de psicólogos e de terapeutas de casais da dimensão financeira no casamento, bem como para a estruturação de futuras práticas terapêuticas, educativas e preventivas em situações de conflitos conjugais.(AU)

This article is a qualitative research report of a master's degree, whose purpose is to describe how non-clinical couples meet the struggle and divergences when dealing with the household finances. Six couples, with and without children, that has been married for up to five years were interviewed. The results have shown that the divergences are related to the price of products and each partner's self-sufficiency in making shopping decisions. Cultural factors like gender and consumption affect their money management, besides the intergenerational repetition of behavior patterns and family interaction. Insight about these dynamics contributes to the understanding of the marriage's financial dimension by therapists and psychologists, as well as to developing future therapeutic, preventive and educational methods in marital conflict situations.(AU)

Composição centesimal e teste de aceitação e intenção de compra do pintado amazônico (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum X Leiarius marmoratus) e piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus) / Proximate composition and acceptance test and buy intention of amazonian pintado (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum X Leiarius marmoratus) and piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus)

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a composição centesimal e a aceitação e intenção de compra do pintado amazônico (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum X Leiarius marmoratus) e do piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus). Foram obtidos seis exemplares do pintado amazônico e oito do piauçu. Analisou-se o conteúdo de umidade, cinzas, proteínas, lipídeos, carboidratos e valor energético. O teste de aceitação foi conduzido utilizando-se escala hedônica de nove pontos e a intenção de compra utilizando uma escala de cinco pontos. Os valores médios de composição centesimal encontrado foram de 74,67% e 74,90% para umidade, 0,99% e 1,16% de cinzas, 20,49% e 19,67% de proteína, 0,86% e 3,73% para lipídeo, 2,96% e 0,52% para carboidrato e valor energético de 101,63 Kcal/100g e 114,39 Kcal/100g respectivamente, para pintado amazônico e piauçu. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) para os parâmetros umidade, cinzas, proteína e carboidratos, sendo que os valores de lipídeo e valor energético foram maiores para o piauçu (p0,05) para os atributos de aroma, textura, suculência e impressão global. Para os atributos de aparência, cor e sabor melhores resultados foram observados para o pintado amazônico (p˂0,05), que também apresentou melhores escores para intenção de compra. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que o piauçu apresentou maior teor de lipídeos e valor energético que o pintado amazônico e em relação à aceitação e intenção de compra de consumidores a carne do pintado amazônico apresentou melhores escores que o piauçu.

The objective of the work was to characterize the centesimal composition and the acceptance and intention to buy the Amazonian pintado (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum X Leiarius marmoratus) and piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus). Six specimens of the Amazonian pintado and eight of the Piauçu were obtained. The content of moisture, ash, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and energy value were analyzed. The acceptance test was conducted using a nine-point hedonic scale and the buy intention using a five-point scale. The mean values of centesimal composition found were 74.67% and 74.90% for moisture, 0.99% and 1.16% ash, 20.49% and 19.67% protein, 0.86% and 3.73% for lipid, 2.96% and 0.52% for carbohydrate and energy value of 101.63 Kcal / 100g and 114.39 Kcal / 100g respectively, for the Amazon pintado and Piauçu. There was no difference (p> 0.05) for the parameters moisture, ash, protein and carbohydrates, and lipid and energy values were higher for piauçu (p0.05) for aroma, texture, juiciness and overall impression attributes. For the attributes of appearance, color and flavor, better results were observed for the Amazonian pintado (p˂0.05), which also presented better scores for purchase intention. Thus, it can be concluded that piauçu had a higher content of lipids and energy value than the Amazonian pintado and in relation to the acceptance and intention to buy consumers the meat of the Amazonian pintado presented better scores than piauçu.

Comportamento econômico social do consumidor de carne bovina do município de Guanhães, MG / Social economic behavior of beef consumers in the municipality of Guanhaes, MG

Com o advento do mundo moderno e a globalização, o comportamento do consumidor em relação ao seu processo decisório de compra mudou drasticamente. A crescente preocupação com o consumo de produtos cárneos tem impelido à busca da qualidade e o desenvolvimento de técnicas de manejo e produção que amenizem o sofrimento dos animais, como um diferencial competitivo. Este artigo objetivou, identificar e caracterizar o perfil do consumidor de carne e derivados, ressaltando seus hábitos alimentares frente ao produto e também seu perfil socioeconômico e identificar o grau de importância atribuída às informações disponibilizadas no momento da compra. A partir de um questionário aplicado a uma amostra de 66 consumidores da cidade de Guanhães, Minas Gerais, os resultados sugerem que os consumidores apresentam interesse por informações ainda não disponibilizadas pelos fornecedores e que os produtos cárneos oferecidos no mercado não dispõem de informações suficientes para que o consumidor possa estar totalmente ciente do tipo de produto que está levando para casa e dos riscos envolvidos na aquisição de produtos de origem de abate clandestino.

Food consumed outside the home in Brazil according to places of purchase / Consumo de alimentos fora do lar no Brasil segundo locais de aquisição

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to describe the places of purchase of food consumed outside the home, characterize consumers according to the places of consumption, and identify the food purchased by place of consumption in Brazil. METHODS We have used data from the Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar (Household Budget Survey) of 2008-2009 with a sample of 152,895 subjects over 10 years of age. The purchase of food outside the home was collected from the records of all expenditures made in seven days. The places of purchase were grouped according to their characteristics: supermarket, bakery, street food, restaurant, snack bar, fruit shop, and other places. The types of food were grouped into nine categories, considering the nutritional aspects and the marketing characteristics of the item. We have estimated the frequency of purchase in the seven groups of places in Brazil and according to gender and type of food purchased per place. We have calculated the average age, income and years of education, as well as the per capita expenditure according to places of purchase of food consumed outside the home. RESULTS The purchase of food outside the home was reported by 41.2% of the subjects, being it greater among men than women (44% versus 38.5%). Adults had a higher frequency (46%) than teenagers (37.7%) and older adults (24.2%). The highest frequency of places of purchase were snack bar (16.9%) and restaurant (16.4%), while the fruit shop (1.2%) presented the lowest frequency. Sweets, snack chips and soft drinks were the most purchased items in most places. Average expenditure was higher for restaurant (R$33.20) and lower for fruit shop (R$4.10) and street food (R$5.00). CONCLUSIONS The highest percentage of food consumed outside the home comes from snack bars and restaurants, pointing to important places for the development of public policies focused on promoting healthy eating.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os locais de aquisição dos alimentos consumidos fora do lar, caracterizar os consumidores de acordo com os locais de consumo e identificar os alimentos adquiridos por local de consumo no Brasil. MÉTODOS Utilizaram-se dados da Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar 2008-2009 em uma amostra de 152.895 indivíduos acima de 10 anos. A aquisição de alimentos para consumo fora do lar foi coletada por registros de todos os gastos realizados no período de sete dias. Os locais de aquisição de alimentos foram agrupados de acordo com suas características: supermercado, padaria, comida de rua, restaurante, lanchonete, frutaria e outros. Os tipos de alimentos adquiridos foram alocados em nove categorias de alimentos, considerando os aspectos nutricionais e as características de comercialização do item. Estimou-se a frequência de aquisição de alimentos nos sete grupos de locais no Brasil e por sexo e o tipo de alimento adquirido por local. Calculou-se a média de idade, de renda e de anos de escolaridade, bem como da despesa per capita segundo locais de aquisição de alimentos consumidos fora do lar. RESULTADOS A aquisição de alimentos fora do lar foi reportada por 41,2% dos indivíduos, sendo maior entre os homens do que nas mulheres (44% versus 38,5%). Os adultos apresentaram maior frequência de aquisição (46%) do que os adolescentes (37,7%) e os idosos (24,2%). Os locais com maiores frequências de consumo de alimentos fora do lar foram lanchonete (16,9%) e restaurante (16,4%), enquanto frutaria (1,2%) apresentou a menor frequência. Doces, salgadinhos e refrigerante foram os alimentos mais adquiridos na maioria dos locais. Os gastos médios com alimentos foram maiores para restaurante (R$33,20) e menores para frutaria (R$4,10) e comida de rua (R$5,00). CONCLUSÕES O maior percentual de consumo de alimentos fora do lar é proveniente de lanchonete e restaurante, apontando importantes locais para o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas com foco na promoção da alimentação saudável.

El efecto de la experiencia de servicio emocional en las intenciones futuras del usuario de centros deportivos / The effect of emotional service experience on future intentions of users of sports centers

El presente trabajo analiza la influencia que tienen los aspectos emocionales en las intenciones futuras de los usuarios de centros deportivos. A través de una muestra compuesta por 512 usuarios de tres instalaciones deportivas privadas y diversas escalas adaptadas de valor percibido, satisfacción general, intenciones futuras y emociones, se realiza un análisis de consistencia interna de dichas escalas, un descriptivo de media y desviación estándar, análisis de correlación de Pearson y una regresión lineal múltiple. Los resultados mostraron que las escalas utilizadas eran fiables y la valoración de los usuarios fue alta en cuanto a la satisfacción y la experiencia emocional con el servicio. Se concluyó que el valor emocional fue la variable más influyente en la predicción de la intención futura

This paper analyses the influence of the emotional aspects in the future intentions of users of sport centers. The sample was made up of 512 customers of three private sports instalations and we used adapted scales of perceived value, general satisfaction, future intentions and emotions. Were studied analysis of internal consistency reliability of the scales, mean, estandar deviation, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression. The results showed that the used scales were reliable and accurate and the customers analized gave high scores above satisfaction and emotional experience of the service. The study confirms that the emotional value was the dimension with more influence in the prediction of the future intentions

Foster carer experience in Spain: analysis of the vulnerabilities of a permanent model / La experiencia del acogimiento familiar en España: análisis de las vulnerabilidades de un modelo de acogida permanente

BACKGROUND: The voice of foster families is a valuable tool in the development and improvement of foster family services. Regularly evaluating the satisfaction of foster carers can facilitate the early identification of a range of problems that might pose a risk to the placement. METHOD: This article reports the experience of 200 Spanish foster families (kinship and non-kinship) with foster services in relation to motivation for becoming foster carers, sources of stress and reward, satisfaction with the services and needs. Semi-structured interviews were performed. The aims of the research are principally of a descriptive character, so each group of variables was examined using frequency analysis. RESULTS:The foster carers interviewed demonstrated a high degree of satisfaction with the foster programs, although some areas seem more problematic, such as financial compensation, information provided about the fostered child, contact with the birth family and the sensitivity of professionals. CONCLUSIONS:This study reveals several differences with regard to international literature, that are related to particularities of the Spanish child care system. The results may be extremely useful for the implementation of policy changes which could contribute to raised levels of satisfaction for the foster carers, and increased effectiveness of the programs

ANTECEDENTES: la voz de las familias acogedoras es una herramienta valiosa para el desarrollo y mejora de los servicios de acogida. Evaluar periódicamente la satisfacción de los acogedores puede facilitar la identificación de riesgos en la acogida. MÉTODO: este artículo informa sobre la experiencia de 200 familias de acogida españolas (ajenas y extensas) en relación a su motivación para convertirse en acogedores, fuentes de estrés y recompensas, satisfacción con los servicios y necesidades. Se empleó una entrevista semiestructurada. El carácter de este estudio es fundamentalmente descriptivo, de modo que se han empleado análisis de frecuencias para cada grupo de variables. RESULTADOS: los acogedores demostraron un alto grado de satisfacción con los programas de acogida. Las áreas más problemáticas fueron la compensación financiera, la información inicial proporcionada sobre el niño acogido, el contacto con la familia de origen y la sensibilidad de los profesionales. CONCLUSIONES: se revelan diferencias con respecto a la literatura internacional relacionadas con las particularidades de los servicios de acogida españoles. Los resultados pueden ser de gran utilidad para la implementación de cambios en políticas que podrían contribuir a elevar los niveles de satisfacción de los acogedores y a aumentar la eficacia de los programas de acogida

O superendividamento na terceira idade: um estudo de caso / Major debt in senior citizens: a case study

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir um caso de superendividamento na Terceira Idade. Procura-se mostrar em que medida essa situação se organiza como âncora simbólica, organizando o presente e projetando o futuro. Parte-se de uma discussão sobre o superendividamento como drama social na velhice. Em seguida, realiza-se a análise do caso. Ao final, apresenta-se direitos e deveres do consumidor e da pessoa idosa como fatores decisivos na precaução e na resolução de situações de superendividamento na Terceira Idade.

The main goal of the following article is to present a case study of major debt in senior citizens. It seeks to show up to what degree this situation can alter the family and social aspects of one’s life. To accomplish this, it argues that major debt in senior citizens is a social drama. Then, the analysis of case study is done, following with a presentation of fundamental consumer and senior citizens’ rights as a decisive factor in caution and in addressing major debt situations among senior citizens.

Measuring consumer preference for models of diabetes care delivered by pharmacists / Medida de las preferencias de los consumidores por los modelos de cuidados diabéticos prestados por farmacéuticos

Evaluation of a community pharmacy disease management program for type 2 diabetes, ‘SugarCare’, was conducted. Compared with the standard care offered by pharmacists, this enhanced program offered patients closer monitoring of blood glucose levels, counselling about lifestyle, etc. The SugarCare study was funded by a grant but if the care is to continue some other method of financing must be found. Objectives: This study aimed to measure consumer preference for one of the two types of care offered in the SugarCare study, the control/standard and the intervention/enhanced service; the strength of that preference; and participants’ willingness to pay (WTP) for their preferred care. Methods: SugarCare was a parallel groups, control versus intervention, repeated measures design conducted in three areas of NSW, Australia. Patients in the Intervention group (enhanced care) had one initial visit to the pharmacy with six follow up visits over approximately 9 months. At these visits blood glucose was downloaded and patient care issues addressed. At the end of the service, a survey instrument was mailed to the intervention and control participants who were asked to read it and then expect a telephone call within 2 weeks of receipt. Responses were requested over the phone and the survey instrument completed by the researcher. WTP data were collected using a modified payment card method. Results: Overall, 44/75 (59%; 47%-70% 95%CI) respondents expressed a preference for Scenario B (the enhanced care) while 31/75 (41%; 31%-52% 95%CI) preferred Scenario A (standard care) however, the difference was not statistically significant. The median maximum WTP was AUD10 for the enhanced care and AUD3.50 for the standard care (p<0.03). Conclusions: While the WTP values expressed were significantly higher for the enhanced care they did not match with the cost providing that diabetes care. Discrete choice analysis has the potential to overcome some of the difficulties encountered with the contingent valuation technique used here. Further research is required before WTP values such as these could be used with confidence to determine funding policy (AU)

Se realizó la evaluación del programa de gestión de enfermedad para diabetes tipo 2, ‘SugarCare’. En comparación con los cuidados normales, este programa ofrecía a los pacientes un seguimiento más próximo de la glucemia, consejo sobre hábitos de vida, etc. El estudio SugarCare estuvo financiado por una beca, opero si se quiere que los cuidados continúen debe encontrarse otro método de financiación. Objetivos: Este estudio pretendió medir las preferencias de los consumidores por uno de los dos tipos de cuidados ofrecidos en el estudio SugarCare, el control/estándar y el servicio intervención/avanzado; la fuerza de esas preferencias; y la voluntad de los participantes de pagar (WTP) por el cuidado preferido. Métodos: SugarCare era un diseño en grupos paralelos, control contra intervención, con mediciones repetidas en tres áreas de New South Wales (Australia). Los pacientes en el grupo intervención (cuidados elevados) tenían una visita inicial a la farmacia con seis visitas de seguimiento durante aproximadamente 9 meses. En esas visitas, se medía la glucemia y se resolvían problemas en de los pacientes. Al final del servicio, se envió un cuestionario a los participantes control e intervención y se les pedía que lo leyesen y esperasen una llamada de teléfono a las dos semanas de recibirlo. Se solicitaban las respuestas al teléfono y el investigador completaba el cuestionario. Los datos de WTP se recogieron utilizando un método de tarjeta de pago modificado. Resultados: 44/75 respondentes (59%; 47%-70% 95%CI) expresó preferencias por el escenario B (cuidados avanzados) mientras que 31/75 (41%; 31%-52% 95CI) prefirió el escenario A (cuidaos estándar), sin embargo la diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. La mediana del WTP máximo fue de 10 dólares australianos (AUD) para los cuidados avanzados y de 3,30AUD para los cuidados estándar (p<0,03). Conclusiones: Mientras que los valores de WTP expresados eran significativamente más altos para los cuidados avanzados, no encajaban con el coste de proporcionar esos cuidados diabéticos. El análisis de selección discreta tiene la posibilidad de superar algunas de las dificultades encontradas con la técnica de evaluación de contingencia utilizada aquí. Se necesitan investigaciones adicionales antes de que los valores de WTP como estos puedan ser utilizados con confianza para determinar políticas de financiación (AU)

Funcionamiento del Servicio de Atención al Consumidor / No disponible

No disponible