Cold Ambient Temperature Does Not Alter Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue Lipolysis and Blood Flow in Endurance-Trained Cyclists.

This study sought to investigate the effect of cold ambient temperature on subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SCAAT) lipolysis and blood flow during steady-state endurance exercise in endurance-trained cyclists. Ten males (age: 23 ± 3 years; peak oxygen consumption: 60.60 ± 4.84 ml·kg-1·min-1; body fat: 18.4% ± 3.5%) participated in baseline lactate threshold (LT) and peak oxygen consumption testing, two familiarization trials, and two experimental trials. Experimental trials consisted of cycling in COLD (3 °C; 42% relative humidity) and neutral (NEU; 19 °C; 39% relative humidity) temperatures. Exercise consisted of 25 min cycling at 70% LT and 25 min at 90% LT. In situ SCAAT lipolysis and blood flow were measured via microdialysis. Heart rate, core temperature, carbohydrate and fat oxidation, blood glucose, and blood lactate were also measured. Heart rate, core temperature, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate increased with exercise but were not different between COLD and NEU. SCAAT blood flow did not change from rest to exercise or between COLD and NEU. Interstitial glycerol increased during exercise (p < .001) with no difference between COLD and NEU. Fat oxidation increased (p < .001) at the onset of exercise and remained elevated thereafter with no difference between COLD and NEU. Carbohydrate oxidation increased with increasing exercise intensity and was greater at 70% LT in COLD compared to NEU (p = .030). No differences were observed between conditions for any other variable. Cycling exercise increased SCAAT lipolysis but not blood flow. Ambient temperature did not alter SCAAT metabolism, SCAAT blood flow, or fat oxidation in well-trained cyclists, though cold exposure increased whole-body carbohydrate oxidation at lower exercise intensities.

Comprehensive analysis of changes in expression of lncRNA, microRNA and mRNA in liver tissues of chickens with high or low abdominal fat deposition.

1. The liver of chickens is a dominant lipid biosynthetic tissue and plays a vital role in fat deposition, particularly in the abdomen. To determine the molecular mechanisms involved in its lipid metabolism, the livers of chickens with high (H) or low (L) abdominal fat content were sampled and sequencing on long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA) and small RNA (microRNA) was performed.2. In total, 351 expressed protein-coding genes for long non-coding RNA (DEL; 201 upregulated and 150 downregulated), 400 differentially expressed genes (DEG; 223 upregulated and 177 downregulated) and 10 differentially expressed miRNA (DEM; four upregulated and six downregulated) were identified between the two groups. Multiple potential signalling pathways related to lipogenesis and lipid metabolism were identified via pathway enrichment analysis. In addition, 173 lncRNA - miRNA - mRNA interaction regulatory networks were identified, including 30 lncRNA, 27 mRNA and seven miRNA.3. These networks may help regulate lipid metabolism and fat deposition. Five promising candidate genes and two lncRNA may play important roles in the regulation of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism in chickens.

Associations of appendicular lean mass and abdominal adiposity with insulin resistance in older adults: A cross-sectional study.

Loss of lean muscle mass and accumulation of adipose tissue are changes associated with aging. Previous studies have documented various components of body composition as predictors for insulin resistance. The objective of this study was to investigate whether components of body composition-appendicular lean mass (ALM) and/or abdominal fat mass (AFM)-correlate with insulin resistance in older men and women. This was a cross-sectional study of 92 older men and women. Weight was classified according to body mass index (BMI)-normal (BMI <25), overweight (BMI 25-30), and obese (BMI >30). All body composition data was determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Multivariable regression models with two-way interaction terms were employed to assess whether the associations between components of body composition and log HOMA varied by BMI categories. Adjusted regression showed that log HOMA was significantly associated with AFM (estimate ± standard error: 0.055 ± 0.026) and ALM (0.057 ± 0.029) for the overweight participants (p-values <0.05). Additionally, the adjusted associations between log HOMA and ALM were significantly greater for participants who were either obese or overweight compared to those with a normal BMI (p<0.002). Less consistent relationships were observed between insulin resistance and abdominal fat mass across BMI categories, whereas more consistent associations were observed between insulin resistance and appendicular lean mass in individuals with greater BMI. Further research is needed to clarify if lipid deposition within muscle tissue promotes muscle dysfunction and thereby increases risk for insulin resistance.

DNA methylation promotes the expression of PPARγ transcript 1 at least in part by preventing NRF1 binding to the promoter P1 of chicken PPARγ gene.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a master regulator of adipogenesis. Our previous study revealed that chicken PPARγ has 3 alternative promoters named as P1, P2, and P3, and the DNA methylation of promoter P3 was negatively associated with PPARγ mRNA expression in abdominal adipose tissue (AAT). However, the methylation status of promoters P1 and P2 is unclear. Here we assessed promoter P1 methylation status in AAT of Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content (NEAUHLF). The results showed that promoter P1 methylation differed in AAT between the lean and fat lines of NEAUHLF at 7 wk of age (p < 0.05), and AAT expression of PPARγ transcript 1 (PPARγ1), which was derived from the promoter P1, was greatly higher in fat line than in lean line at 2 and 7 wk of age. The results of the correlation analysis showed that P1 methylation was positively correlated with PPARγ1 expression at 7 wk of age (Pearson's r = 0.356, p = 0.0242), suggesting P1 methylation promotes PPARγ1 expression. To explore the underlying molecular mechanism of P1 methylation on PPARγ1 expression, bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase reporter assay, pyrosequencing, and electrophoresis mobility shift assay (EMSA) were performed. The results showed that transcription factor NRF1 repressed the promoter activity of the unmethylated P1, but not the methylated P1. Of all the 4 CpGs (CpG48, CpG49, CpG50, and CpG51), which reside within or nearby the NRF1 binding sites of the P1, only CpG49 methylation in AAT was remarkably higher in the fat line than in lean line at 7 wk of age (3.18 to 0.57, p < 0.05), and CpG49 methylation was positively correlated with PPARγ1 expression (Pearson's r = 0.3716, p = 0.0432). Furthermore, EMSA showed that CpG49 methylation reduced the binding of NRF1 to the P1. Taken together, our findings illustrate that P1 methylation promotes PPARγ1 expression at least in part by preventing NRF1 from binding to the promoter P1.

Gender-specific abdominal fat distribution and insulin resistance associated with organophosphate esters and phthalate metabolites exposure.

The worldwide prevalence of obesity highlights the potential contribution of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). However, common epidemiological measures such as body mass index and waist circumference may misrepresent the intricate obesity risks these chemicals pose across genders. This study delves deeper into abdominal fat by differentiating between subcutaneous and visceral regions by analyzing data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). We particularly investigated the gender-specific associations between organophosphorus flame-retardant metabolites (mOPFRs), phthalates (mPAEs) and accumulated fat indexes from 2536 people. Aiding by Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), we found while co-exposure to mOPFRs and mPAEs was linked to general and abdominal obesity across the entire and gender-specific populations, a gender-specific fat distribution emerged. For women, urinary BDCPP and MBzP were linked to an increased subcutaneous fat index (SFI) [BDCPP OR: 1.12 (95% CI: 1.03-1.21), MBzP OR: 1.09 (95% CI: 1.01-1.18)], but not to visceral fat index (VFI). These metabolites had a combined linkage with SFI, with BDCPP (weighting 22.0%) and DPHP (weighting 31.0%) being the most influential in Quantile g-computation model (qgcomp) model. In men, BCEP exposure exclusively associated with the elevated VFI [OR: 1.14 (95% CI: 1.03-1.26)], a trend further highlighted in mixture models with BCEP as the predominant association. Intriguingly, only males displayed a marked correlation between these metabolites and insulin resistance in subpopulation. An attempted mediation analysis revealed that elevated C-reactive protein mediated 12.1% of the association between urinary BCEP and insulin resistance, suggesting a potential role of inflammation. In conclusion, the gender-specific fat distribution and insulin resistance that associated with mOPFRs represented the potential risk of these chemicals to man.

Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones Is Associated With the Change of Abdominal Fat in Euthyroid Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background and Aims: This study is aimed at investigating the potential correlation of thyroid hormone sensitivity with visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), and body mass index (BMI) among euthyroid type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects. Methods: Thyroid hormone sensitivity indices were calculated by thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI), TSH index (TSHI), thyrotropin thyroxine resistance index (TT4RI), and free thyroxine (fT4)/free triiodothyronine (fT3) ratio. These indices were then categorized into quartiles for analysis. The outcomes were the change rates in VFA, SFA, and BMI among the participants. Result: The present study included 921 patients, with a median follow-up of 2.2 years. In multivariate linear regression, when compared to the first quartile, SFA demonstrated a notable decline in the fourth quartile of TFQI, TSHI, and TT4RI (ß coefficient = -5.78, -7.83, and - 6.84 cm2 per year), while it significantly increased in the fourth quartile of fT4/fT3 ratio (ß coefficient = 6.13 cm2 per year). Similarly, in the fourth quartile of TFQI, TSHI, and TT4RI, VFA decreased significantly, evidenced by ß coefficients of -5.14, -4.80, and -4.08 cm2 per year. Yet, among the quartiles of the fT4/fT3 ratio, no discernible trend in VFA was observed. There was no significant association between indices of thyroid hormone sensitivity and change in BMI. Conclusion: Impaired central sensitivity to thyroid hormones was significantly associated with the reduction of VFA and SFA, while impaired peripheral sensitivity was associated with an increase of SFA in euthyroid individuals with T2DM.

Grb7 Ablation in Mice Improved Glycemic Control, Enhanced Insulin Signaling, and Increased Abdominal fat Mass in Females.

OBJECTIVES: Growth factor receptor bound protein 7 (GRB7) is a multidomain signaling adaptor. Members of the Grb7/10/14 family, specifically Gbrb10/14, have important roles in metabolism. We ablated the Grb7 gene in mice to examine its metabolic function. METHODS: Global ablation of Grb7 in FVB/NJ mice was generated. Growth, organ weight, food intake, and glucose homeostasis were measured. Insulin signaling was examined by Western blotting. Fat and lean body mass was measured by nuclear magnetic resonance, and body composition after fasting or high-fat diet was assessed. Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Expression of adiposity and lipid metabolism genes was measured by quantitative PCR. RESULTS: Grb7-null mice were viable, fertile, and without obvious phenotype. Grb7 ablation improved glycemic control and displayed sensitization to insulin signaling in the liver. Grb7-null females but not males had increased gonadal white adipose tissue mass. Following a 12-week high-fat diet, Grb7-null female mice gained fat body mass and developed relative insulin resistance. With fasting, there was less decrease in fat body mass in Grb7-null female mice. Female mice with Grb7 ablation had increased baseline food intake, less energy expenditure, and displayed a decrease in the expression of lipolysis and adipose browning genes in gonadal white adipose tissue by transcript and protein analysis. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that Grb7 is a negative regulator of glycemic control. Our results reveal a role for Grb7 in female mice in the regulation of the visceral adipose tissue mass, a powerful predictor of metabolic dysfunction in obesity.

Visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat is associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease while augmenting Metabolic Syndrome's effect on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study of NHANES 2017-2018.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to evaluate the effect different types of abdominal fat have on NAFLD development and the effects of abdominal fat has on the association between Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and NALFD. METHODS: Data was collected from the cross-sectional NHANES dataset (2017-2018 cycle). Using the controlled attenuation parameter (USG CAP, dB/m), which measures the level of steatosis, the cohort was stratified into two groups: NAFLD(+) (≥274 dB/m) and NAFLD(-). Using complex samples analyses, associations between liver steatosis or NAFLD and types of abdominal fat area [Total abdominal (TAFA), subcutaneous (SAT), and visceral (VAT)] were determined. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to evaluate the associations between adipose tissues and NAFLD. Logistic regression was used to determine the risk [odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI)]. Participants were also classified by MetS, using the Harmonizing Definition criteria. RESULTS: Using 1,980 participants (96,282,896 weighted), there was a significant (p<0.001) correlation between USG CAP and TAFA (r = 0.569), VAT (r = 0.645), and SAT (r = 0.479). Additionally, the risk of developing NAFLD was observed for total abdominal obesity (OR = 19.9, 95%CI: 5.1-77.8, p<0.001), visceral obesity (OR = 9.1, 95%CI: 6.2-13.5, p<0.001) and subcutaneous obesity (OR = 4.8, 95%CI: 3.2-6.9, p<0.001). Using 866 participants (44,399,696 weighted), for visceral obesity, participants with MetS and visceral obesity (OR = 18.1, 95%CI: 8.0-41.3, p<0.001) were shown to have a greater risk than participants with MetS only (OR = 6.3, 95%CI: 2.6-15.2, p<0.001). For subcutaneous obesity, again, participants with MetS and subcutaneous obesity (OR = 18.3, 95%CI: 8.0-41.9, p<0.001) were shown to have a greater risk than the MetS-only group (OR = 10.3, 95%CI: 4.8-22.4, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: TAFA, VAT, and SAT were positively associated with USG CAP values and increased the risk of developing NAFLD. Also, the type of abdominal fat depots did affect the association between MetS and NAFLD.

Medidas abdominais adicionais são uma ferramenta útil para avaliar a composição corporal em mulheres obesas / Additional abdominal measurements are a useful tool to evaluate body composition in obese women

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: During weight gain, most of the excess adipose tissue accumulates in the trunk. This alters the body shape and makes collection of anthropometric measurements, especially waist circumference (WC), difficult. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the sensitivity and applicability of additional abdominal measurements in order to assess body composition of obese women. METHODS: A total of 30 women between 20 and 50 years of age and BMI above 30 kg/m² were assessed. Three WC measurements, were performed: at the umbilical scar designated as WC1 and at 8 and 16 cm above the umbilical scar, designated as WC2, and WC3 respectively. The correlation (r) between these anthropometric measurements and their sum was assessed against the parameters fat mass (FM), free fat mass (FFM), body fat percentage (%BF), and trunk fat percentage (%TF), obtained by total and trunk segmental bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) as well as by the golden standard total and trunk dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: The measurements WC1, WC2, WC3, and their sum correlated strongly and moderately with the parameters FM, FFM, and %BF in total BIA and in both total DXA and trunk DXA. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated a robust correlation between the sum of the three WC measurements and total and trunk DXA in obese women suggesting that such measurements may be a good indicator of body and trunk fat in women, actually superior to BIA results. The use of these three measurements may be an alternative for the assessment of body and trunk fat, in those cases in which the body shape due to adipose tissue trunk accumulation makes accurate classical measurement (WC1) difficult.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O acúmulo de tecido adiposo excessivo no ganho de peso se dá em maior proporção no segmento do tronco, leva à alteração dos formatos corporais dificultando a tomada de medidas antropométricas, em especial a circunferência abdominal (CA). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a sensibilidade de medidas adicionais na região abdominal, considerando cada medida individualmente e sua somatória, e a aplicabilidade dessas medidas na avaliação da composição corporal de mulheres obesas. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 30 mulheres com idade entre 20 e 50 anos e IMC acima de 30 kg/m² com a realização de três medidas de CA denominadas: CA1 padronizada na cicatriz umbilical, CA2 a 8 cm acima da cicatriz umbilical e CA3 a 16 cm acima da cicatriz umbilical. Foi avaliada a correlação (r) destas medidas antropométricas e de sua somatória com os parâmetros massa gorda (MG), massa livre de gordura (MLG), porcentagem de gordura corporal (%GC) e do tronco (%GT) obtidos por impedância bioelétrica (BIA) total e segmentar do tronco e por absorciometria de raios-X de dupla energia (DXA) total e do tronco, como padrão ouro. RESULTADOS: As medidas CA1, CA2, CA3 e a somatória das três tiveram correlação forte e moderada com os parâmetros MG, MLG e %GC tanto para BIA total como para DXA total e DXA do tronco. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste estudo mostram forte correlação entre a soma das medidas de três pontos no abdome com DXA de tronco e total, em mulheres obesas, sugerindo serem estas medidas, um bom indicador de gordura corporal e de gordura da região do tronco, superior aos resultados obtidos por BIA. O uso dessas três medidas pode ser um indicador alternativo de avaliação da gordura corporal e de tronco, nos casos em que o formato corporal de acúmulo de gordura na região do tronco, dificultar a acurácia da medida clássica (CA1).

Indicadores antropométricos associados à demência em idosos de Florianópolis - SC, Brasil: Estudo EpiFloripa Idoso / Anthropometric indicators associated with dementia in the elderly from Florianópolis - SC, Brazil: EpiFloripa Ageing Study

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a associação entre demência e indicadores antropométricos em idosos de Florianópolis. Estudo transversal, de base populacional, realizado com 1.197 idosos (≥ 60 anos) em 2013/2014. A demência foi considerada como a presença conjunta de escore baixo no Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM) e a incapacidade funcional moderada/grave nas atividades de vida diária (AVD). As variáveis independentes avaliadas foram: índice de massa corporal (IMC), perímetro da cintura (PC), índice de conicidade e relação cintura/estatura (RCEst). A regressão logística (bruta e ajustada) foi utilizada para identificar os fatores associados. A prevalência estimada de demência foi de 15,1%. Após ajustes para características sociodemográficas, estilo de vida e sintomas depressivos, a demência foi positivamente associada aos tercis superiores do IMC (OR: 2,32; IC95%: 1,26-4,25), PC (OR: 2,22; IC95%: 1,20-4,11) e RCEst. (OR: 2,30; IC95%: 1,19-4,43). De acordo com os resultados, tanto a obesidade quanto a gordura abdominal foram associados ao desfecho, sugerindo que o IMC, o PC e a RCEst. devam ser considerados na investigação dessa relação.

Abstract Objective To investigate the association between dementia and anthropometric indicators in the elderly from Florianópolis. Method This is a cross-sectional population-based survey performed with 1,197 elderly (≥ 60 years) in 2013/2014. Dementia was defined as the combined evidence of low MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) score and moderate/severe disability in the activities of daily living. The independent variables were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), conicity index and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Logistic regression (crude and adjusted) was performed to identify associated factors. Results Dementia prevalence was estimated at 15.1%. After adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle and depressive symptoms, dementia was positively associated with the upper tertiles of the BMI (OR: 2.32; CI95%: 1.26-4.25), WC (OR: 2.22; CI95%: 1.20-4.11) and WHtR (OR: 2.30; CI95%: 1.19-4.43). Conclusion Results have shown that both obesity and abdominal fat were associated with the outcome, suggesting that BMI, WC and WHtR should be considered in the investigation of this relationship.

Diabetes mellitus referida: incidência e determinantes, em coorte de idosos do município de São Paulo, Brasil, Estudo SABE - Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento / Reported diabetes mellitus: incidence and determinants in cohort of community dwelling elderly people in São Paulo City, Brazil: SABE study, health, wellness and aging

Resumo Verificar a associação da incidência de diabetes melito (DM) e variáveis determinantes em coorte de idosos. Foram analisados idosos, participantes do Estudo SABE - Saúde, Bem-Estar e Envelhecimento, realizado no município de São Paulo, em 2000 (2.143 idosos), e em 2006 (1.115 idosos). As variáveis de estudo foram: DM; sociodemográficas (sexo, grupo etário, escolaridade, companhia no domicílio), estado nutricional (risco para obesidade, obesidade e gordura abdominal), clínicas (número de doenças referidas) e de estilo de vida (ingestão de bebida alcoólica, hábito de fumar, ingestão de carnes e de frutas, legumes e verduras). Utilizou-se regressão logística múltipla para verificar a associação entre variáveis de estudo, utilizando o programa Stata/SE 10.0. Em 2006, 914 idosos, sobreviventes de 2000, foram analisados, dos quais 72 constituíram os novos casos de DM (incidência de 7,7/1.000 pessoas-ano). Verificou-se associação (p < 0,000) entre incidência de DM com obesidade corporal (OR = 1,67; IC = 1,00-2,81) e gordura abdominal elevada (OR = 2,32; IC = 1,47-3,67). Concluiu-se que a obesidade corporal e a gordura abdominal elevada foram as variáveis que contribuem para o desenvolvimento da DM em idosos.

Abstract To verify the association between the incidence of DM and predictors, in a cohort of elderly people. Elderly people (≥ 60 y) were analyzed, of both genders, participants of the SABE Survey, carried out in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, in 2000 (n = 2,143) and 2006 (n = 1,115). The study variables were: DM; demographic (gender, age group, education level, companionship in the residence), nutritional status (risk for obesity, body obesity, and high abdominal fat), clinical (number of reported diseases), and lifestyle (alcohol consumption, smoking, intake of meat and fruit and vegetables). Multiple logistic regression (p < 0.05) was used to verify the association between variables of this study, with the statistical software Stata/SE 10.1. In 2006, 914 subjects, survivors of 2000, were analyzed and 72 were identified as new cases of DM (7.7/1.000 person-years). It was found that body obesity (OR = 1.67, CI = 1.00 to 2.81) and high abdominal fat (OR = 2.32, CI = 1.47 to 3.67) were predictors of the incidence of DM in the elderly (p < 0.000). It was concluded that body obesity and abdominal fat are the variables which contribute to the development of DM in the elderly.

Associação entre maus-tratos familiares e excesso de peso e de gordura em escolares do município do Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brasil / Association between domestic maltreatment and excess weight and fat among students of the city/state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a relação entre maus-tratos na família e excesso de peso, de gordura corporal e de gordura abdominal dos adolescentes da rede pública de ensino de município do Rio de Janeiro - Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal que utiliza dados do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção à Saúde de Adolescentes, realizado em 2007, pelo município do Rio de Janeiro. A amostra foi composta por 1.628 escolares de 13 a 19 anos, de ambos os sexos, cursando o 9˚ ano do ensino fundamental. O excesso de peso, de gordura corporal e de gordura abdominal (desfechos) e os maus-tratos familiares (a agressão física e verbal) foram avaliados. A associação entre os maus-tratos e os desfechos foi realizada via modelos de regressão logística. Os maus-tratos apresentaram uma relação inversa com o excesso de peso e o de gordura para as meninas, mas somente a agressão física se associou significativamente com o excesso de peso (RC = 0,499; IC = 0,212-0,951). Já para os meninos, os resultados apontaram para o excesso de peso e de gordura mas sem significância estatística. Políticas de saúde devem considerar as diferenças existentes entre os gêneros no enfrentamento às experiências de violência que possam influenciar a saúde e o bem-estar do adolescente.

Abstract This study sought to investigate the relationship between domestic maltreatment and excess weight, body fat and abdominal fat among adolescents from the public schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. It involved a cross-sectional study using data from the Risk Factor Surveillance System and Protection of Health of Adolescents, held in 2007 by the municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The sample consisted of 1628 students aged 13 to 19 years, of both sexes, in the 9th year of school. Excess weight, body fat and abdominal fat (outcome variables) and domestic maltreatment (physical and verbal aggression) were evaluated. The association between domestic maltreatment and outcome variables was conducted via logistic regression models. Domestic maltreatment showed an inverse relationship to excess weight and fat for girls, but only physical aggression was significantly associated with excess weight (OR = 0.499, CI = 0.212 to 0.951). As for the boys, the results pointed to excess weight and fat but without statistical significance. Health policies must consider the differences between the genders in coping with experiences of violence that may influence the health and well-being of adolescents.

The role of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in mediating the relationship between central adiposity and immunometabolic profile in postmenopausal women

ABSTRACT Objectives To analyze the role of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in mediating the relationship between central adiposity and immune and metabolic profile in postmenopausal women. Materials and methods Cross-sectional study comprising 49 postmenopausal women (aged 59.26 ± 8.32 years) without regular physical exercise practice. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting blood samples were collected for assessment of nonesterified fatty acids, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, insulin and estimation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Physical activity level was assessed with an accelerometer (Actigraph GTX3x) and reported as a percentage of time spent in sedentary behavior and MVPA. All analyses were performed using the software SPSS 17.0, with a significance level set at 5%. Results Sedentary women had a positive relationship between trunk fat and IL-6 (rho = 0.471; p = 0.020), and trunk fat and HOMA-IR (rho = 0.418; p = 0.042). Adiponectin and fat mass (%) were only positively correlated in physically active women (rho = 0.441; p = 0.027). Physically active women with normal trunk fat values presented a 14.7% lower chance of having increased HOMA-IR levels (β [95%CI] = 0.147 [0.027; 0.811]). Conclusions The practice of sufficient levels of MVPA was a protective factor against immunometabolic disorders in postmenopausal women.

Proteína C-reativa na fase inicial da lipemia pós-prandial em indivíduos com obesidade central / C-Reactive protein in the initial phase of postprandial lipemia in subjects with central obesity

Fundamentos: Estudos apontam que durante a lipemia pós-prandial (LPP) ocorre formação de radicais livres estimulando o endotélio a secretar citocinas que vão mediar a resposta inflamatória. O excesso de tecido adiposo, especialmente na região abdominal, correlaciona-se positivamente com os valores da proteína C-reativa (PCR). No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a variação da PCR na fase inicial da LPP especialmente em indivíduos obesos. Objetivo: Verificar se existe variação na concentração plasmática da PCR na fase inicial da LPP em indivíduos com obesidade central. Métodos: Avaliados 40 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, sedentários, sem alteração do perfil lipídico de jejum e comcircunferência de cintura acima do ponto de corte considerado normal. Em jejum de 12 horas e três horas após a ingestão de 50g de gordura foi dosada a PCR. Resultados: Os valores da mediana da PCR de jejum e três horas após a ingestão de lipídeos foram, respectivamente: 0,6 mg/L (0,2-1,8 mg/L) e 0,4 mg/L (0,2-1,8 mg/L) (p=1,000). Conclusão: Neste estudo a fase inicial da LPP não induziu variação da concentração da PCR em indivíduos com obesidade central.

Background: Studies indicate that during postprandial lipemia (PPL), free radical formation occurs, stimulating the endothelium to secrete cytokines that mediate inflammatory responses. Excess adipose tissue, especially in the abdominal region, is positively correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP) values. However, little is known about CRP variations during the initial phase of PPL, especially among obese individuals. Objective: To determine if there are variations in CRP plasma concentrations among individuals with central obesity during the initial phase of PPL. Methods: This study assessed forty sedentary men and women with no alterations to fasting lipid profiles and waist circumferences above the normal cut off point, measuring their CRP levels after fasting for twelve hours and three hours after ingesting 50g of fat. Results: The mean CRP values after fasting and three hours after lipids intake were 0.6 mg/L (0.2 to 1.8 mg/L) and 0.4 mg/L(0.2 to 1.8mg/L) (p=1.000) respectively. Conclusion: In this study, the initial phase of PPL did not present any variations in CRP concentrations among subjects with central obesity.

Chronic liquid nutrition intake induces obesity and considerable but reversible metabolic alterations in Wistar rats

We have previously described the development of substantial, but reversible obesity in Wistar rats fed with palatable liquid nutrition (Fresubin). In this study, we investigated changes in serum hormone levels, glycemia, fat mass, adipocyte size, and gene expression of adipokines and inflammatory markers in adipose tissue of Wistar rats fed by Fresubin (i) for 5 months, (ii) up to 90 days of age, or (iii) after 90 days of age to characterize metabolic alterations and their reversibility in rats fed with Fresubin. An intra-peritoneal glucose tolerance test was also performed to determine levels of serum leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and C-peptide in 2- and 4-month-old animals. In addition, mesenteric and epididymal adipose tissue weight, adipocyte diameter, and gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory adipokines and other markers were determined at the end of the study. Chronic Fresubin intake significantly increased adipocyte diameter, reduced glucose tolerance, and increased serum leptin, adiponectin, insulin, and C-peptide levels. Moreover, gene expression of leptin, adiponectin, CD68, and nuclear factor kappa B was significantly increased in mesenteric adipose tissue of Fresubin fed rats. Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels increased in mesenteric adipose tissue only in the group fed Fresubin during the entire experiment. In epididymal adipose tissue, fatty acid binding protein 4 mRNA levels were significantly increased in rats fed by Fresubin during adulthood. In conclusion, chronic Fresubin intake induced complex metabolic alterations in Wistar rats characteristic of metabolic syndrome. However, transition of rats from Fresubin to standard diet reversed these alterations (AU)

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Avaliação da reprodutibilidade ultrassonográfica como método para medida da gordura abdominal e visceral / Reproducibility of ultrasonography as a method to measure abdominal and visceral fat

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a variabilidade interobservador do método ultrassonográfico para medida da gordura subcutânea, visceral e perirrenal por meio de técnica padronizada. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 50 pacientes entre novembro de 2006 e janeiro de 2007. A medida da espessura subcutânea foi realizada com transdutor linear de 7,5 MHz posicionado transversalmente a 1 cm acima da cicatriz umbilical. Para a gordura visceral foi utilizado transdutor de 3,5 MHz posicionado 1 cm acima da cicatriz umbilical, considerando-se a medida entre a face interna do músculo reto abdominal e a parede posterior da aorta na linha média do abdome. A gordura perirrenal foi medida no terço médio do rim direito, com transdutor posicionado na linha axilar média. RESULTADOS: A reprodutibilidade interobservador foi analisada por meio do teste t de Student, com significância de 95 por cento. Não houve diferença significativa entre as médias das medidas das gorduras subcutânea, visceral e perirrenal, com p = 0,7141, 0,7286 e 0,6368, respectivamente. As médias encontradas, com seus respectivos desvios-padrão, foram: 2,64 ± 1,37 para a espessura subcutânea, 6,84 ± 2,38 para a espessura visceral e 4,89 ± 2,6 para a espessura perirrenal. CONCLUSÃO: A ultrassonografia apresentou boa reprodutibilidade interobservador para avaliação da gordura abdominal por meio das medidas das espessuras subcutânea, visceral e perirrenal.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interobserver variability of ultrasound in the measurement of subcutaneous, visceral and perirenal fat through standard technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From November 2006 to January 2007, 50 patients were evaluated. The subcutaneous fat thickness was measured with a 7.5 MHz linear transducer transversely positioned 1 cm above the umbilical scar. For the visceral fat, a 3.5 MHz transducer was also positioned 1 cm above the umbilical scar, considering the distance between the internal surface of the abdominal rectus muscle and the posterior aortic wall in the abdominal midline. The perirenal fat was measured in the middle third of the right kidney, with the transducer positioned at the axillary midline. RESULTS: The t-Student test was utilized to analyze the interobserver reproducibility with significance level of 95 percent. No statistically significant difference was observed among mean values for subcutaneous, visceral and perirenal fat (p = 0.7141, 0.7286 and 0.6368, respectively). Mean and standard deviation corresponded to 2.64 ± 1.37 for subcutaneous thickness, 6.84 ± 2.38 for visceral fat, and 4.89 ± 2.6 for perirenal fat. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound presented a good interobserver reproducibility in the evaluation of abdominal fat based on measurement of subcutaneous, visceral and perirenal fat as parameters.

Taxa metabólica de repouso e composição corporal em mulheres na pós-menopausa / Resting metabolic rate and body composition in postmenopausal women

OBJETIVO: A presente pesquisa avaliou a relação entre a taxa metabólica de repouso (TMR) e a composição corporal de mulheres na pós-menopausa. MÉTODOS: Participaram 30 mulheres inativas fisicamente, com média de idade 54,33 ± 5,20 anos. O consumo de oxigênio foi avaliado por meio de calorimetria indireta após 12 horas em jejum e os valores obtidos foram calculados segundo a equação de Weir. A composição corporal foi obtida pelo método de dobras cutâneas e a medida da circunferência de cintura (CC) foi utilizada para avaliar a gordura abdominal. Utilizou-se a correlação linear de Pearson para estabelecer as correlações entre as variáveis. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas correlações significantes da TMR com a CC (r = 0,42) e com a massa magra (MM) (r = 0,48). CONCLUSÕES: As variáveis da composição corporal que podem estar envolvidas na determinação da TMR são a MM e a CC.

OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the relationship between resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition of postmenopausal women. METHODS: Thirty physically inactive women participated in the study, and their age average was 54,33 ± 5,20 years old. Oxygen consumption was measured by indirect calorimetry after 12 hours of fasting and the values were calculated according to the equation of Weir. Body composition was obtained by the method of skinfolds and the measurement of waist circumference (WC) was used to assess abdominal fat. The linear correlation of Pearson was used to establish correlations between the variables. RESULTS: We found significant correlations of TMR with the CC (0.42) and the lean mass (LM) (r = 0.48). CONCLUSIONS: The variables of body composition that can be involved in the determination of the RMR are LM and WC.

Validation of equations of skinfold thickness for fat mass estimation in hiv/aids subjects: a comparison of dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography of abdômen

The objective of the present study was to develope and to validate equations based on skinfold thickness for the estimation of percent body fat (%BF) in HIV/AIDS subjects using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and computed tomography of abdomen (CTA) as the gold standards. The sample included 15 adult Brazilian HIV/AIDS subjects (10 men and 5 women). Mean age was 36.9 years (SD 8.2) and mean BF by DEXA was 18.2 (SD 9.5). The estimation of %BF was done using linear regression models, and the independent variables were the sum of one to seven skinfold thickness. The skinfold thickness was compared with DEXA and CTA. The Durnin & Womersley equation was also tested. The best equation for males was [%BF = 3.385 + 0.279 * (axillary + subscapular); r2=0.83] and for females was [%BF = -24.323 + 0.736 * (suprailiac + abdominal + medial calf); r2=0.81]. The total error of the estimate of %BF in HIV/AIDS was <3.5%, the means were not different between males and females from the values measured by DEXA, and the estimated values were highly correlated with DEXA and CTA. The 95% limits of agreement between HIVE and DEXA by the Bland-Altman method were good. The Durnin & Womersley equation was also tested, and the values showed significant differences in the means (males) and the total error was >3.5% for males and females in the comparison with DEXA. The HIV/AIDS equation complied with all the validation criteria. We recommended this equation to be tested in larger samples for estimating %BF among HIV/AIDS subjects.

Impacto da dieta hiperlipídica contendo óleo de canola ou de soja no desenvolvimento da adiposidade abdominal e estrutura óssea / Impact of high-fat diet containing canola oil or soybean in the development of abdominal adiposity and bone structure

A baixa relação de ômega-6/ômega-3 esta relacionada com propriedades benéficas para a saúde óssea. No entanto, a dieta rica nestes compostos pode levar a obesidade. Adipócitos e osteoblastos derivam de células progenitoras comuns, e o consumo de óleo de canola pode ter ação adipogênica e osteogênica. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a adiposidade abdominal, insulina e estrutura óssea em ratos tratados com dieta contendo baixa relação ômega-6/ômega-3, proveniente do óleo de canola. Após desmame, os ratos foram divididos em grupos alimentados com dieta normocalórica: Controle (S) e experimental (C), contendo 7m1/100g de óleo de soja ou de canola e grupos tratados com dieta rica em lipídios: Controle (7S) ou hiperlipídico contendo 19m1/100g de óleo de soja (19S) ou de canola (19C), até completarem 60 dias de idade. Os dados foram significativos com P<0,05. No primeiro modelo, o grupo C apresentou redução de: Massa e área do adipócito intra-abdominal; Colesterol; Insulina; Densidade mineral (DMO) e massa óssea total e na coluna vertebral; Massa do fêmur; Espessura da diáfise; DMO do fêmur e das vértebras lombares e radiodensidade da cabeça do fêmur. No segundo modelo, os grupos 19S e 19C apresentaram maior ingestão calórica, densidade corporal, massa de gordura intra-abdominal, e maior massa e comprimento do fêmur e da coluna lombar. O grupo 19S apresentou maior área e menor número de adipócitos da região retroperitoneal. Glicose e a insulina foram aumentadas no grupo 19C vs. 7S. A tomografia do fêmur revelou maior radiodensidade na região proximal e da coluna lombar, no grupo 19C. Sugerimos que a quantidade e o tipo de lipídio consumido, após o desmame, induzem não somente o desenvolvimento corporal e os depósitos de gordura, além de afetarem a resistência insulínica e a saúde óssea

The lower ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with healthy bone properties. However, fat diets can induce obesity. Adipocytes and osteoblasts derive from a common progenitor, and canola oil intake may have an adipogenic and osteogenic effect. Our objective was to evaluate the intra-abdominal adiposity, insulin and bone growth in rats fed diet containing lower ratio of omega-6 to omega-3, provided in canola oil. After weaning, rats were divided into groups fed with normocaloric diet: control (S) and experimental (C), containing 7 m1/100g soybean or canola oil, respectively and groups fed with fat diet: control (7S) or fat diets containing 19 m1/100g soybean oil (19S) or canola oil (19C), until they 60 days old. Differences were considered significant with P<0,05. In normocaloric diet model, C group showed a significant reduction in: Intra-abdominal fat mass; Area of adipocyte; Cholesterol; Insulin; Total body and spine bone mineral content and bone area; Femur mass; Width of the diaphysis; Femur and lumbar vertebrae bone mineral density and radiodensity of femoral head. To high-fat diet model, 19S and 19C groups showed higher energy intake, body density growth, intra-abdominal fat mass and higher femur mass and, lumbar vertebrae mass and length. 19S showed higher area and lower number of retroperitoneal adipocytes. Glucose and insulin were significantly increased in 19C compared to 7S group. Computed tomography of femur revealed higher radiodensity in proximal femoral epiphysis and lumbar vertebrae of 19C. We suggest that the amount and the source of fat used in the diet, after weaning, induce not only the body and fat depots growth, besides affecting the insulin resistance and the bone health

Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids modify fatty acid composition in hepatic and abdominal adipose tissue of sucrose-induced obese rats

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The fatty acid profile of hepatocytes and adipocytes is determined by the composition of the dietary lipids. It remains unclear which fatty acid components contribute to the development or reduction of insulin resistance. The present work examined the fatty acid composition of both tissues in sucrose-induced obese rats receiving fish oil to determine whether the effect of dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the reversion of metabolic syndrome in these rats is associated to changes in the fatty acid composition of hepatocyte and adipocyte membrane lipids. Animals with metabolic syndrome were divided into a corn–canola oil diet group and a fish oil diet group, and tissues fatty acids composition were analyzed after 6 weeks of dietary treatment. Fatty acid profiles of the total membrane lipids were modified by the fatty acid composition of the diets fed to rats. N-3 PUFAs levels in animals receiving the fish oil diet plus sucrose in drinking water were significantly higher than in animals under corn–canola oil diets. It is concluded that in sucrose-induced obese rats, consumption of dietary fish oil had beneficial effects on the metabolic syndrome and that such effects would be conditioned by the changes in the n-3 PUFAs composition in hepatic and adipose tissues because they alter membrane properties and modify the type of substrates available for the production of active lipid metabolites acting on insulin resistance and obesity (AU)