Mycobacterium Infection of Abscess with Hemoptysis as the Initial Manifestation.

BACKGROUND: Mycobacterium abscessus is a new pathogen in recent years, which belongs to non-tuberculosis mycobacterium. Mycobacterium abscessus is widely involved in many nosocomial infections and secondary aggravation of genetic respiratory diseases. Mycobacterium abscessus is naturally resistant to most antibiotics and is difficult to treat. We report a case of mycobacterium abscessus infection with hemoptysis as the first manifestation. METHODS: Bronchoscopy, next-generation sequencing (NGS). RESULTS: Acid-fast staining of bronchoscopic lavage fluid showed that a small amount of acid-fast bacilli could be seen. NGS test showed the presence of Mycobacterium abscess, sequence number 137 (reference range ≥ 0), and symptomatic treatment against non-tuberculosis mycobacteria. CONCLUSIONS: For the follow-up infection of patients with hemoptysis, the treatment effect of antibiotics is not good, so the pathological tissue should be obtained by bronchoscopy or percutaneous lung biopsy in time, and the diagnosis should be confirmed by NGS if necessary.

Right-sided infective endocarditis in association with a left-to-right shunt complicated by haemoptysis and acute renal failure: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Infective endocarditis has a relevant clinical impact due to its high morbidity and mortality rates. Right-sided endocarditis has lower complication rates than left-sided endocarditis. Common complications are multiple septic pulmonary embolisms, haemoptysis, and acute renal failure. Risk factors associated with right-sided infective endocarditis are commonly related to intravenous drug abuse, central venous catheters, or infections due to implantable cardiac devices. However, patients with congenital ventricular septal defects might be at high risk of endocarditis and haemodynamic complications. CASE PRESENTATION: In the following, we present the case of a 23-year-old man without a previous intravenous drug history with tricuspid valve Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis complicated by acute renal failure and haemoptysis caused by multiple pulmonary emboli. In most cases, right-sided endocarditis is associated with several common risk factors, such as intravenous drug abuse, a central venous catheter, or infections due to implantable cardiac devices. In this case, we found a small perimembranous ventricular septal defect corresponding to a type 2 Gerbode defect. This finding raised the suspicion of a congenital ventricular septal defect complicated by a postendocarditis aneurysmal transformation. CONCLUSIONS: Management of the complications of right-sided infective endocarditis requires a multidisciplinary approach. Echocardiographic approaches should include screening for ventricular septal defects in patients without common risk factors for tricuspid valve endocarditis. Patients with undiagnosed congenital ventricular septal defects are at high risk of infective endocarditis. Therefore, endocarditis prophylaxis after dental procedures and/or soft-tissue infections is highly recommended. An acquired ventricular septal defect is a very rare complication of infective endocarditis. Surgical management of small ventricular septal defects without haemodynamic significance is still controversial.

Clinical and microbiological characteristics of non-tuberculous mycobacteria diseases in Singapore with a focus on pulmonary disease, 2012-2016.

BACKGROUND: Information on non-tuberculosis mycobacterial (NTM) diseases remains limited in Singapore and other Southeast Asian countries. This study aimed to delineate epidemiological and clinical features of pulmonary NTM disease. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on all NTM isolates identified in Singapore General Hospital from 2012 to 2016 using the 2007 ATS/IDSA diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: A total of 2026 NTM isolates from 852 patients were identified. M. abscessus-chelonae group (1010, 49.9%) was the most commonly isolated and implicated in pulmonary NTM disease. Pulmonary cases (352, 76%) had the highest prevalence among patients diagnosed with NTM diseases (465/852, 54.6%) with no gender difference. Male patients were older (68.5 years, P = 0.014) with a higher incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (23.6%, P < 0.001) and recurrent cough with phlegm production (51.6%, P = 0.035). In contrast, more female patients had bronchiectasis (50%, P < 0.001) and haemoptysis (37.6%, P = 0.042). Age and COPD were associated with multiple NTM species isolation per patient. CONCLUSIONS: M. abscessus-chelonae group was the commonest NTM species isolated in Singapore. Pulmonary NTM infection has the highest frequency with male and female patients associated with a higher incidence of COPD and bronchiectasis respectively. Age and COPD were associated with multiple NTM species isolation per patient.

Bronchial arterial embolization using a gelatin sponge for hemoptysis from pulmonary aspergilloma: comparison with other pulmonary diseases.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of bronchial artery embolization (BAE) using a gelatin sponge for hemoptysis from pulmonary aspergilloma and compare them with treatment outcomes for hemoptysis from other diseases. METHODS: Fifty-two patients underwent BAE using a gelatin sponge. The etiology of hemoptysis was pulmonary aspergilloma in 8 (PA group) and other diseases in 44 (control group). The technical success rate, clinical success rate, hemoptysis-free rate, and complication rate were compared between the PA group and control group. Technical success was defined as the complete cessation of the targeted feeding artery as confirmed by digital subtraction angiography, and clinical success as the cessation of hemoptysis within 24 h of BAE. Recurrent hemoptysis was defined as a single or multiple episodes of hemoptysis causing > 30 ml of bleeding per day. RESULTS: Technical and clinical success rates were 100% in both groups. Hemoptysis-free rates were 85% at 6 months and 72% at 12-60 months in the control group, and 38% at 6-12 months and 25% thereafter in the PA group (P = 0.0009). No complications were observed following BAE in any case in the two groups. CONCLUSION: BAE using a gelatin sponge may not be effective for hemoptysis from pulmonary aspergilloma.

Severe Hemoptysis Associated with Bacterial Pulmonary Infection: Clinical Features, Significance of Parenchymal Necrosis, and Outcome.

PURPOSE: Severe hemoptysis (SH) associated with non-tuberculosis bacterial lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) is poorly described, and the efficacy of the usual decision-making process is unknown. This study aimed at describing the clinical, radiological patterns, mechanism, and microbiological spectrum of SH related to bacterial LRTI, and assessing whether the severity of hemoptysis and the results of usual therapeutic strategy are influenced by the presence of parenchymal necrosis. METHODS: A single-center analysis of patients with SH related to bacterial LRTI from a prospective registry of consecutive patients with SH admitted to the intensive care unit of a tertiary referral center between November 1996 and May 2013. RESULTS: Of 1504 patients with SH during the study period, 65 (4.3%) had SH related to bacterial LRTI, including non-necrotizing infections (n = 31), necrotizing pneumonia (n = 23), pulmonary abscess (n = 10), and excavated nodule (n = 1). The presence of parenchymal necrosis (n = 34, 52%) was associated with a more abundant bleeding (volume: 200 ml [70-300] vs. 80 ml [30-170]; p = 0.01) and a more frequent need for endovascular procedure (26/34; 76% vs. 9/31; 29%; p < 0.001). Additionally, in case of parenchymal necrosis, the pulmonary artery vasculature was involved in 16 patients (47%), and the failure rate of endovascular treatment was up to 25% despite multiple procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial LRTI is a rare cause of SH. The presence of parenchymal necrosis is more likely associated with bleeding severity, pulmonary vasculature involvement, and endovascular treatment failure.

Emergence of Echinocandin Resistance Due to a Point Mutation in the fks1 Gene of Aspergillus fumigatus in a Patient with Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis.

We have identified the first case of an fks1 hot spot 1 point mutation causing echinocandin resistance in a clinical Aspergillus fumigatus isolate recovered from a chronic pulmonary aspergillosis patient with an aspergilloma who first failed azole and polyene therapy and subsequently failed micafungin treatment.

[A Young Asylum Seeker with Hemoptysis and Positive Tuberculosis Screening: Not Always Tuberculosis!] / Hämoptysen bei einem jungen Asylbewerber mit positivem Tuberkulose-Screening: Nicht immer Tuberkulose!

This paper reports on the case of a 19 year old asylum seeker from Eritrea who presented with hemoptysis, a positive tuberculosis screening (Enzyme Linked Immuno Spot Assay - EliSpot) and mushy faeces submitted with a suspected diagnosis of tuberculosis. Laboratory testing revealed thrombopenia, leukopenia and eosinophilia, while the chest X-ray was inconspicuous. Acid-proof rod bacteria were neither evident in bronchoscopy samples nor in expectorated sputum samples. However, sonographic findings showed a profound splenomegaly, and laboratory testing revealed a Schistosoma mansoni infection. This case demonstrates that in asylum seekers with suspected tuberculosis endemic diseases of the home country need to be considered as alternative diagnoses.

[Hemoptysis in adults with bronchiectasis: correlation with disease severity and exacerbation risk].

Objective: To investigate the association between hemoptysis and disease severity and risks of acute exacerbations in patients with bronchiectasis. Methods: Between September 2012 and January 2014, we recruited 148 patients (56 males, 92 females, mean age: 44.6 years) with clinically stable bronchiectasis, who were classified into hemoptysis group (36 males, 70 females, mean age: 45.6 years) and non-hemoptysis group (20 males, 22 females, mean age: 41.8 years). We inquired the past history, and evaluated chest imaging characteristics, lung function, cough sensitivity assessed using capsaicin cough challenge tests, and airway inflammation. We also performed a 1-year follow-up to evaluate whether patients with hemoptysis would have greater risk of having acute exacerbations. Results: In the hemoptysis group, median 24-hour sputum volume was 20.0 ml, median Bronchiectasis Severity Index (BSI) was 7.0, median bronchiectatic lobes was 4.0, median chest CT score was 7.0, the geometric mean for eliciting 5 coughs following capsaicin cough sensitivity (C5) was 77 µmol/L, 67 cases (63%) had cystic bronchiectasis and 52 cases (49%) had pulmonary cavity shown on chest CT, and 35 cases (33%) had Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization. In the non-hemoptysis group, median 24-hour sputum volume was 5.0 ml, median BSI was 4.0, median bronchiectatic lobes was 3.0, median chest CT score was 5.0, 15 cases (36%) had cystic bronchiectasis and 10 cases (24%) had pulmonary cavity, the geometric mean for C5 was 212 µmol/L, and 4 cases (10%) had Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization. All the above parameters differed significantly between the hemoptysis and the non-hemoptysis group (P<0.05). In the hemoptysis group, 29 patients with pulmonary cavity (27%) had reported the use of intravenous antibiotics, and 44 cases (42%) had at least one hospitalization within the previous 2 years. In the non-hemoptysis group, 8 cases (19.0%) had reported the use of intravenous antibiotics, and 8 cases (19.0%) reported hospitalization within 2 years. A prior history of hemoptysis was associated with a greater risk of experiencing bronchiectasis exacerbations during follow-up, after adjusting for age, sex, smoking status and BSI (62 cases in the hemoptysis group, 18 cases in the non-hemoptysis group, χ(2)=16.06, P=0.03). In a multivariate model, cystic bronchiectasis was the sole risk factor for hemoptysis; 67 cases which accounted for 63% of patients in the hemoptysis group and 15 cases which accounted for 36% of patients in the non-hemoptysis group, odds ratio: 2.84, 95% confidence interval: 1.00-8.14, P=0.05 . Conclusions: In this study, 72% of bronchiectasis patients had experienced hemoptysis, which was associated with the severity of bronchiectasis. Patients with a prior history of hemoptysis had a greater risk of acute exacerbations during follow-up than those without.

Prognosis and Predictors of Rebleeding After Bronchial Artery Embolization in Patients with Active or Inactive Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to characterize the prognosis and identify factors that contribute to rebleeding after bronchial artery embolization (BAE) in patients with active or inactive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). METHODS: Following a retrospective review, 190 patients had hemoptysis requiring BAE due to PTB in one hospital between 2006 and 2013. RESULTS: The median age at the time of diagnosis of PTB was 37 years and 54 years at the time of first episode of hemoptysis. Among 47 patients (24.7 %) who experienced rebleeding after BAE during the median follow-up period of 13.9 months [interquartile range (IQR) 2.3-36.0 months], bleeding recurred in 12 patients (6.3 %) within 1 month and in 15 patients (7.9 %) after 1 year. The median non-recurrence time was 8.6 months (IQR 1.2-27.6 months). Independent predictors of rebleeding after BAE were tuberculous-destroyed lung [hazard ratio (HR) 3.0; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.5-6.2; p = 0.003], the use of anticoagulant agents and/or antiplatelet agents (HR 2.6; 95 % CI 1.1-5.8; p = 0.022), underlying chronic liver disease (HR 2.7; 95 % CI 1.1-4-6.9; p = 0.033), elevated pre-BAE C-reactive protein (CRP) (mg/dL) (HR 2.4; 95 % CI 1.0-5.5; p = 0.048), and the existence of fungal ball (HR 2.1; 95 % CI 1.0-4.3; p = 0.050). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of rebleeding after BAE in active or inactive PTB was high, particularly in patients with tuberculous-destroyed lung, chronic liver disease, the use of anticoagulant agents and/or antiplatelet agents, elevated pre-BAE CRP, and the existence of fungal ball.

Chronic pneumonia due to Klebsiella oxytoca mimicking pulmonary tuberculosis.

Klebsiella species infrequently cause acute community acquired pneumonia (CAP). The chronic form of the disease caused by K. pneumoniae (Friedlander's bacillus) was occasionally seen in the pre-antibiotic era. K. oxytoca is a singularly uncommon cause of CAP. The chronic form of the disease caused by K. oxytoca has been documented only once before. A 50-year-old immunocompetent male smoker presented with haemoptysis for 12 months. Imaging demonstrated a cavitary lesion in the right upper lobe with emphysematous changes. Sputum stains and cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were negative. However, three sputum samples for aerobic culture as well as bronchial aspirate cultured pure growth of K. oxytoca. A diagnosis of chronic pneumonia due to K. oxytoca was established and with appropriate therapy, the patient was largely asymptomatic. The remarkable clinical and radiological similarity to pulmonary tuberculosis can result in patients with chronic Klebsiella pneumonia erroneously receiving anti-tuberculous therapy.

Complications of tuberculosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Diagnosis and management of tuberculosis (TB) remains challenging and complex because of the heterogeneity of disease presentations. Despite effective treatment, TB disease can lead to significant short-and long-term health consequences. We review potential acute and chronic complications of TB disease and current management approaches. RECENT FINDINGS: Acute and subacute complications of TB disease are attributable to structural damage or vascular compromise caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as metabolic abnormalities and host inflammatory responses. TB-related sepsis is a life-threatening acute complication for which current diagnostic and management approaches are likely inadequate. Therapeutic intensification and usage of immunomodulators are areas of ongoing research. Paradoxical reaction or symptom worsening during TB treatment may benefit from corticosteroids. Despite successful cure of TB, chronic complications can arise from anatomic alterations at disease sites. Examples include mycetomas developing within residual TB cavities, impaired pulmonary function, or focal neurologic deficits from tuberculomas. SUMMARY: Effective management of TB requires attention to potential structural, metabolic, vascular, and infectious complications. In some instances, individualizing treatment regimens may be necessary. Imunosuppression and other host factors predispose to complications; others occur despite adequate treatment. Public health TB programs and health systems require additional resources to provide comprehensive TB and post-TB care.

Massive hemoptysis as a complication of pulmonary actinomycosis: a case report.

Massive hemoptysis is a rare life-threatening complication of pulmonary actinomycosis that should be treated promptly due to the risk of asphyxiation and hemodynamic instability. We present the case of a 57-year-old female who was presented to our center with massive hemoptysis. Thoracic computed tomography scan revealed a cavitated lesion with perilesional ground-glass opacity. Right lower lobectomy was then performed using uniportal video-assisted thoracic surgery, excising a 13 × 12 × 8 cm cavitated lung fragment. The pathology service reported the presence of microscopical evidence of filamentous gram positive bacterial colonies, showing compatible features of pulmonary actinomycosis. The patient was discharged with oral penicillin with an uneventful post-operative course.

La hemoptisis masiva es una complicación poco frecuente de la actinomicosis pulmonar que pone en peligro la vida del paciente y que debe ser tratada con prontitud debido al riesgo de asfixia e inestabilidad hemodinámica. Presentamos una mujer de 57 años que acudió a nuestro centro con hemoptisis masiva. La tomografía reveló una cavitación con opacidad perilesional en vidrio deslustrado. Realizamos lobectomía mediante cirugía uniportal, extirpando un fragmento de lesión. Patología informó de la presencia de colonias bacterianas filamentosas grampositivas, mostrando características compatibles con actinomicosis pulmonar. El paciente fue dado de alta con penicilina oral, con un curso postoperatorio sin incidentes.

Intracavitary voriconazole for the treatment of hemoptysis complicating Pseudallescheria angusta pulmonary mycetomas in fibrocystic sarcoidosis.

Pulmonary mycetomas often occur in fibrocystic sarcoidosis. When this condition is complicated by hemoptysis, definitive surgery is usually precluded because of poor lung function. Intracavitary antifungal therapy has been described for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary mycetomas. We report the first use of intracavitary voriconazole in the management of a Pseudallescheria angusta pulmonary mycetoma complicated by hemoptysis in a patient with fibrocystic sarcoidosis and renal transplant.

Clinical and imaging manifestations of hemorrhagic pulmonary leptospirosis: a state-of-the-art review.

Leptospirosis, a spirochetal zoonosis, is frequently unrecognized due to its manifestation as an undifferentiated fever. It is an emerging infectious disease that has changed from an occupational disease of veterinarians, farmers, butchers, and other animal handlers to a cause of epidemics in poor and decayed urban communities in developing countries. Humans are infected when mucous membranes or abraded skin come into direct contact with the urine of infected animals, especially rats and dogs. Mortality from severe leptospirosis is high, even when optimal treatment is provided. The diagnosis of leptospirosis is based on clinical findings, history of direct or indirect exposure to infected animals in endemic areas, and positive serological tests. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with febrile illnesses associated with pneumonitis and respiratory failure, especially when hemoptysis is present. Severe pulmonary involvement in leptospirosis consists primarily of hemorrhagic pneumonitis. In advanced cases, adult respiratory distress syndrome and massive pulmonary hemorrhage may occur. Chest radiographs show bilateral alveolar infiltrates and/or resemble viral pneumonia, bronchopneumonia, tuberculosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and other causes of pulmonary hemorrhage such as Goodpasture syndrome. High-resolution computed tomography scans may show nodular infiltrates, areas of consolidation, ground-glass attenuation, and crazy-paving patterns. Bronchoalveolar lavage and autopsy studies have suggested that ground-glass opacities and air-space consolidations are secondary to pulmonary hemorrhage. Although not specific, the presence of these computed tomography findings in a febrile patient with an appropriate history should suggest a diagnosis of leptospirosis.

Recurrent haemoptysis.

A man, 56 years of age, presents to his general practitioner after coughing up half a cupful of fresh, bright red blood every day for 1 week. He has no other medical complaints. He reports previous pulmonary tuberculosis 12 years ago treated with 6 months of standard therapy. Routine follow up was discontinued after 5 years after no evidence of reactivation. He is a nonsmoker, does office clerical duties and is not known to have diabetes or hypertension.

Plombage for Hemoptysis Control in Pulmonary Aspergilloma: Safety and Effectiveness of Forgettable Surgery in High-Risk Patients.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate plombage surgery for hemoptysis control in pulmonary aspergilloma in high-risk patients. METHODS: This study was carried out on 75 pulmonary aspergilloma patients presenting with hemoptysis that underwent a plombage surgery for approximately 7 years (November 2011-September 2018) at Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital. They revisited the hospital 6 months after plombage surgery and considered plombage removal. The group whose plombage was removed was compared with that whose plombage was retained 6 and 24 months after surgery. RESULTS: Hemoptysis reduced significantly after surgery. Hemoptysis ceased in 91.67% of the patients and diminished in 8.33% of the patients 6 months after surgery. Similarly, hemoptysis ceased in 87.32% of the patients and diminished in 12.68% of the patients 24 months after surgery. Body mass index (BMI) index, Karnofsky score, and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) increased. Plombage surgery was performed with operative time of 129.5 ± 36.6 min, blood loss during operation of 250.7 ± 163.1 mL, and the number of table tennis balls of 4.22 ± 2.02. No deaths related to plombage surgery were recorded. Plombage was removed in 29 cases because of patients' requirements (89.8%), infection (6.8%), and pain (3.4%). There were no patient developing complications after the treatment and there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Plombage surgery is safe and effective for hemoptysis control in pulmonary aspergilloma. To minimize the risk of long-term complications, surgeons should remove the plombage 6 months after the initial operation.

Prompt and successful toxin-targeting treatment of three patients with necrotizing pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes.

Three patients with extensive necrotizing pneumonia due to Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains and with aggravating factors (leukopenia count of less than 3x10(9)/liter in all three cases and hemoptysis in two cases) were successfully treated with toxin-suppressing agents introduced rapidly after hospital admission.

Management of a thoracic endograft infection through an ascending to descending extra-anatomic aortic bypass and endograft explantation.

A 52-year-old man presented 33 months after thoracic aortic endovascular repair with hemoptysis and was found to have an aortobronchial fistula secondary to a mycotic aneurysm. The endograft infection was managed in a two-stage fashion. During the initial stage, the patient underwent an ascending-to-descending thoracic aortic bypass. Neither cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermic circulatory arrest, nor aortic cross-clamping were used. During the same hospitalization, the patient underwent successful endograft explantation through a left thoracotomy. Imaging at 6 months demonstrated no anastomotic concerns and resolution of residual pulmonary inflammation. Thoracic aortic endograft infections necessitating endograft removal can potentially be successfully and safely managed without the need for cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermic circulatory arrest, or interruption of aortic blood flow.