Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 34.137
Filtrar
Mais filtros

Intervalo de ano de publicação
1.
Cell ; 165(5): 1037, 2016 May 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27203103

RESUMO

Alirocumab and evolocumab are monoclonal antibodies that block proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a circulating protein that degrades low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. These therapies increase LDL receptors on the cell surface and reduce plasma LDL cholesterol. Both therapies are approved to lower LDL cholesterol, a causative agent for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Anticolesterolemiantes/uso terapêutico , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Humanos
2.
Nature ; 634(8033): 457-465, 2024 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39231480

RESUMO

Hyperlipidaemia is a major risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Risk of cardiovascular events depends on cumulative lifetime exposure to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and, independently, on the time course of exposure to LDL-C, with early exposure being associated with a higher risk1. Furthermore, LDL-C fluctuations are associated with ASCVD outcomes2-4. However, the precise mechanisms behind this increased ASCVD risk are not understood. Here we find that early intermittent feeding of mice on a high-cholesterol Western-type diet (WD) accelerates atherosclerosis compared with late continuous exposure to the WD, despite similar cumulative circulating LDL-C levels. We find that early intermittent hyperlipidaemia alters the number and homeostatic phenotype of resident-like arterial macrophages. Macrophage genes with altered expression are enriched for genes linked to human ASCVD in genome-wide association studies. We show that LYVE1+ resident macrophages are atheroprotective, and identify biological pathways related to actin filament organization, of which alteration accelerates atherosclerosis. Using the Young Finns Study, we show that exposure to cholesterol early in life is significantly associated with the incidence and size of carotid atherosclerotic plaques in mid-adulthood. In summary, our results identify early intermittent exposure to cholesterol as a strong determinant of accelerated atherosclerosis, highlighting the importance of optimal control of hyperlipidaemia early in life, and providing insights into the underlying biological mechanisms. This knowledge will be essential to designing effective therapeutic strategies to combat ASCVD.


Assuntos
Aterosclerose , Dieta Ocidental , Hiperlipidemias , Macrófagos , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto Jovem , Aterosclerose/epidemiologia , Aterosclerose/etiologia , Aterosclerose/genética , Aterosclerose/metabolismo , Aterosclerose/patologia , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , Dieta Ocidental/efeitos adversos , Dieta Ocidental/estatística & dados numéricos , Finlândia/epidemiologia , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Hiperlipidemias/complicações , Hiperlipidemias/epidemiologia , Hiperlipidemias/genética , Hiperlipidemias/metabolismo , Hiperlipidemias/patologia , Incidência , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/patologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Fenótipo , Placa Aterosclerótica/epidemiologia , Placa Aterosclerótica/etiologia , Placa Aterosclerótica/genética , Placa Aterosclerótica/metabolismo , Placa Aterosclerótica/patologia , Fatores de Tempo
3.
Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol ; 64: 135-157, 2024 Jan 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37506332

RESUMO

Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a molecule bound to apolipoprotein(a) with some similarity to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), which has been found to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lp(a) appears to induce inflammation, atherogenesis, and thrombosis. Approximately 20% of the world's population has increased Lp(a) levels, determined predominantly by genetics. Current clinical practices for the management of dyslipidemia are ineffective in lowering Lp(a) levels. Evolving RNA-based therapeutics, such as the antisense oligonucleotide pelacarsen and small interfering RNA olpasiran, have shown promising results in reducing Lp(a) levels. Phase III pivotal cardiovascular outcome trials [Lp(a)HORIZON and OCEAN(a)] are ongoing to evaluate their efficacy in secondary prevention of major cardiovascular events in patients with elevated Lp(a). The future of cardiovascular residual risk reduction may transition to a personalized approach where further lowering of either LDL-C, triglycerides, or Lp(a) is selected after high-intensity statin therapy based on the individual risk profile and preferences of each patient.


Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , Humanos , LDL-Colesterol/metabolismo , LDL-Colesterol/uso terapêutico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Fatores de Risco , Lipoproteína(a)/genética , Lipoproteína(a)/metabolismo , Lipoproteína(a)/uso terapêutico , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas
4.
Am J Hum Genet ; 111(8): 1782-1795, 2024 Aug 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39053457

RESUMO

In Mendelian randomization, two single SNP-trait correlation-based methods have been developed to infer the causal direction between an exposure (e.g., a gene) and an outcome (e.g., a trait), called MR Steiger's method and its recent extension called Causal Direction-Ratio (CD-Ratio). Here we propose an approach based on R2, the coefficient of determination, to combine information from multiple (possibly correlated) SNPs to simultaneously infer the presence and direction of a causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome. Our proposed method generalizes Steiger's method from using a single SNP to multiple SNPs as IVs. It is especially useful in transcriptome-wide association studies (TWASs) (and similar applications) with typically small sample sizes for gene expression (or another molecular trait) data, providing a more flexible and powerful approach to inferring causal directions. It can be applied to GWAS summary data with a reference panel. We also discuss the influence of invalid IVs and introduce a new approach called R2S to select and remove invalid IVs (if any) to enhance the robustness. We compared the performance of the proposed method with existing methods in simulations to demonstrate its advantages. We applied the methods to identify causal genes for high/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL/LDL) using the individual-level GTEx gene expression data and UK Biobank GWAS data. The proposed method was able to confirm some well-known causal genes while identifying some novel ones. Additionally, we illustrated an application of the proposed method to GWAS summary to infer causal relationships between HDL/LDL and stroke/coronary artery disease (CAD).


Assuntos
Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Transcriptoma , Humanos , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Transcriptoma/genética , Análise da Randomização Mendeliana/métodos , Modelos Genéticos , LDL-Colesterol/genética , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Fenótipo
5.
N Engl J Med ; 391(10): 899-912, 2024 Sep 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38804517

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Persons with mixed hyperlipidemia are at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease due to an elevated non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, which is driven by remnant cholesterol in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The metabolism and clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are down-regulated through apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3)-mediated inhibition of lipoprotein lipase. METHODS: We carried out a 48-week, phase 2b, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of plozasiran, a hepatocyte-targeted APOC3 small interfering RNA, in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia (i.e., a triglyceride level of 150 to 499 mg per deciliter and either a low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol level of ≥70 mg per deciliter or a non-HDL cholesterol level of ≥100 mg per deciliter). The participants were assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive plozasiran or placebo within each of four cohorts. In the first three cohorts, the participants received a subcutaneous injection of plozasiran (10 mg, 25 mg, or 50 mg) or placebo on day 1 and at week 12 (quarterly doses). In the fourth cohort, participants received 50 mg of plozasiran or placebo on day 1 and at week 24 (half-yearly dose). The data from the participants who received placebo were pooled. The primary end point was the percent change in fasting triglyceride level at week 24. RESULTS: A total of 353 participants underwent randomization. At week 24, significant reductions in the fasting triglyceride level were observed with plozasiran, with differences, as compared with placebo, in the least-squares mean percent change from baseline of -49.8 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], -59.0 to -40.6) with the 10-mg-quarterly dose, -56.0 percentage points (95% CI, -65.1 to -46.8) with the 25-mg-quarterly dose, -62.4 percentage points (95% CI, -71.5 to -53.2) with the 50-mg-quarterly dose, and -44.2 percentage points (95% CI, -53.4 to -35.0) with the 50-mg-half-yearly dose (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Worsening glycemic control was observed in 10% of the participants receiving placebo, 12% of those receiving the 10-mg-quarterly dose, 7% of those receiving the 25-mg-quarterly dose, 20% of those receiving the 50-mg-quarterly dose, and 21% of those receiving the 50-mg-half-yearly dose. CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized, controlled trial involving participants with mixed hyperlipidemia, plozasiran, as compared with placebo, significantly reduced triglyceride levels at 24 weeks. A clinical outcomes trial is warranted. (Funded by Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals; MUIR ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT04998201.).


Assuntos
Apolipoproteína C-III , Hiperlipidemias , RNA Interferente Pequeno , Terapêutica com RNAi , Triglicerídeos , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Apolipoproteína C-III/antagonistas & inibidores , Apolipoproteína C-III/genética , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Hiperlipidemias/sangue , Hiperlipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , RNA Interferente Pequeno/administração & dosagem , RNA Interferente Pequeno/efeitos adversos , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Terapêutica com RNAi/efeitos adversos , Terapêutica com RNAi/métodos
6.
N Engl J Med ; 391(10): 913-925, 2024 Sep 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38809174

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) inhibits lipoprotein and endothelial lipases and hepatic uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnants. ANGPTL3 loss-of-function carriers have lower levels of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol and a lower risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease than noncarriers. Zodasiran is an RNA interference (RNAi) therapy targeting expression of ANGPTL3 in the liver. METHODS: We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging phase 2b trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of zodasiran in adults with mixed hyperlipidemia (fasting triglyceride level of 150 to 499 mg per deciliter and either an LDL cholesterol level of ≥70 mg per deciliter or a non-HDL cholesterol level of ≥100 mg per deciliter). Eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive subcutaneous injections of zodasiran (50, 100, or 200 mg) or placebo on day 1 and week 12 and were followed through week 36. The primary end point was the percent change in the triglyceride level from baseline to week 24. RESULTS: A total of 204 patients underwent randomization. At week 24, substantial mean dose-dependent decreases from baseline in ANGPTL3 levels were observed with zodasiran (difference in change vs. placebo, -54 percentage points with 50 mg, -70 percentage points with 100 mg, and -74 percentage points with 200 mg), and significant dose-dependent decreases in triglyceride levels were observed (difference in change vs. placebo, -51 percentage points, -57 percentage points, and -63 percentage points, respectively) (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Other differences in change from baseline as compared with placebo included the following: for non-HDL cholesterol level, -29 percentage points with 50 mg, -29 percentage points with 100 mg, and -36 percentage points with 200 mg; for apolipoprotein B level, -19 percentage points, -15 percentage points, and -22 percentage points, respectively; and for LDL cholesterol level, -16 percentage points, -14 percentage points, and -20 percentage points, respectively. We observed a transient elevation in glycated hemoglobin levels in patients with preexisting diabetes who received the highest dose of zodasiran. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with mixed hyperlipidemia, zodasiran was associated with significant decreases in triglyceride levels at 24 weeks. (Funded by Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals; ARCHES-2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04832971.).


Assuntos
Proteína 3 Semelhante a Angiopoietina , Hiperlipidemias , RNA Interferente Pequeno , Terapêutica com RNAi , Triglicerídeos , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteína 3 Semelhante a Angiopoietina/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína 3 Semelhante a Angiopoietina/genética , Proteína 3 Semelhante a Angiopoietina/metabolismo , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Hiperlipidemias/sangue , Hiperlipidemias/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperlipidemias/metabolismo , Injeções Subcutâneas , Fígado/metabolismo , Terapêutica com RNAi/efeitos adversos , Terapêutica com RNAi/métodos , Resultado do Tratamento , Triglicerídeos/sangue , RNA Interferente Pequeno/administração & dosagem , RNA Interferente Pequeno/efeitos adversos
7.
N Engl J Med ; 390(19): 1770-1780, 2024 May 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38587249

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Reducing the levels of triglycerides and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins remains an unmet clinical need. Olezarsen is an antisense oligonucleotide targeting messenger RNA for apolipoprotein C-III (APOC3), a genetically validated target for triglyceride lowering. METHODS: In this phase 2b, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned adults either with moderate hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride level, 150 to 499 mg per deciliter) and elevated cardiovascular risk or with severe hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride level, ≥500 mg per deciliter) in a 1:1 ratio to either a 50-mg or 80-mg cohort. Patients were then assigned in a 3:1 ratio to receive monthly subcutaneous olezarsen or matching placebo within each cohort. The primary outcome was the percent change in the triglyceride level from baseline to 6 months, reported as the difference between each olezarsen group and placebo. Key secondary outcomes were changes in levels of APOC3, apolipoprotein B, non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. RESULTS: A total of 154 patients underwent randomization at 24 sites in North America. The median age of the patients was 62 years, and the median triglyceride level was 241.5 mg per deciliter. The 50-mg and 80-mg doses of olezarsen reduced triglyceride levels by 49.3 percentage points and 53.1 percentage points, respectively, as compared with placebo (P<0.001 for both comparisons). As compared with placebo, each dose of olezarsen also significantly reduced the levels of APOC3, apolipoprotein B, and non-HDL cholesterol, with no significant change in the LDL cholesterol level. The risks of adverse events and serious adverse events were similar in the three groups. Clinically meaningful hepatic, renal, or platelet abnormalities were uncommon, with similar risks in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with predominantly moderate hypertriglyceridemia at elevated cardiovascular risk, olezarsen significantly reduced levels of triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and non-HDL cholesterol, with no major safety concerns identified. (Funded by Ionis Pharmaceuticals; Bridge-TIMI 73a ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT05355402.).


Assuntos
Apolipoproteína C-III , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Hipertrigliceridemia , Oligonucleotídeos , Triglicerídeos , Humanos , Hipertrigliceridemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertrigliceridemia/complicações , Hipertrigliceridemia/sangue , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Feminino , Apolipoproteína C-III/sangue , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Oligonucleotídeos/uso terapêutico , Oligonucleotídeos/efeitos adversos , Idoso , Adulto , Método Duplo-Cego , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/uso terapêutico , Oligonucleotídeos Antissenso/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco de Doenças Cardíacas , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapêutico , Hipolipemiantes/efeitos adversos , Apolipoproteínas B/sangue
8.
Nature ; 593(7859): 429-434, 2021 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34012082

RESUMO

Gene-editing technologies, which include the CRISPR-Cas nucleases1-3 and CRISPR base editors4,5, have the potential to permanently modify disease-causing genes in patients6. The demonstration of durable editing in target organs of nonhuman primates is a key step before in vivo administration of gene editors to patients in clinical trials. Here we demonstrate that CRISPR base editors that are delivered in vivo using lipid nanoparticles can efficiently and precisely modify disease-related genes in living cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). We observed a near-complete knockdown of PCSK9 in the liver after a single infusion of lipid nanoparticles, with concomitant reductions in blood levels of PCSK9 and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of approximately 90% and about 60%, respectively; all of these changes remained stable for at least 8 months after a single-dose treatment. In addition to supporting a 'once-and-done' approach to the reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (the leading cause of death worldwide7), our results provide a proof-of-concept for how CRISPR base editors can be productively applied to make precise single-nucleotide changes in therapeutic target genes in the liver, and potentially in other organs.


Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Edição de Genes , Modelos Animais , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9/genética , Adenina/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Hepatócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Fígado/enzimologia , Mutação com Perda de Função , Macaca fascicularis/sangue , Macaca fascicularis/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9/sangue , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo
9.
PLoS Genet ; 20(4): e1011249, 2024 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38669290

RESUMO

Polygenic scores (PGS) are measures of genetic risk, derived from the results of genome wide association studies (GWAS). Previous work has proposed the coefficient of determination (R2) as an appropriate measure by which to compare PGS performance in a validation dataset. Here we propose correlation-based methods for evaluating PGS performance by adapting previous work which produced a statistical framework and robust test statistics for the comparison of multiple correlation measures in multiple populations. This flexible framework can be extended to a wider variety of hypothesis tests than currently available methods. We assess our proposed method in simulation and demonstrate its utility with two examples, assessing previously developed PGS for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and height in multiple populations in the All of Us cohort. Finally, we provide an R package 'coranova' with both parametric and nonparametric implementations of the described methods.


Assuntos
Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Herança Multifatorial , Humanos , Herança Multifatorial/genética , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Modelos Genéticos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Estatura/genética , Simulação por Computador , Genética Populacional/métodos
10.
Hum Mol Genet ; 33(7): 583-593, 2024 Mar 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38142287

RESUMO

To control genetic background and early life milieu in genome-wide DNA methylation analysis for blood lipids, we recruited Chinese discordant monozygotic twins to explore the relationships between DNA methylations and total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG). 132 monozygotic (MZ) twins were included with discordant lipid levels and completed data. A linear mixed model was conducted in Epigenome-wide association study (EWAS). Generalized estimating equation model was for gene expression analysis. We conducted Weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to build co-methylated interconnected network. Additional Qingdao citizens were recruited for validation. Inference about Causation through Examination of Familial Confounding (ICE FALCON) was used to infer the possible direction of these relationships. A total of 476 top CpGs reached suggestively significant level (P < 10-4), of which, 192 CpGs were significantly associated with TG (FDR < 0.05). They were used to build interconnected network and highlight crucial genes from WGCNA. Finally, four CpGs in GATA4 were validated as risk factors for TC; six CpGs at ITFG2-AS1 were negatively associated with TG; two CpGs in PLXND1 played protective roles in HDL-C. ICE FALCON indicated abnormal TC was regarded as the consequence of DNA methylation in CpGs at GATA4, rather than vice versa. Four CpGs in ITFG2-AS1 were both causes and consequences of modified TG levels. Our results indicated that DNA methylation levels of 12 CpGs in GATA4, ITFG2-AS1, and PLXND1 were relevant to TC, TG, and HDL-C, respectively, which might provide new epigenetic insights into potential clinical treatment of dyslipidemia.


Assuntos
Epigênese Genética , Gêmeos Monozigóticos , Humanos , Epigênese Genética/genética , Gêmeos Monozigóticos/genética , Metilação de DNA/genética , Lipídeos/genética , Triglicerídeos/genética , LDL-Colesterol/genética , China
11.
Circ Res ; 134(4): 411-424, 2024 02 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38258600

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: APOE is a known genetic contributor to cardiovascular disease, but the differential role APOE alleles play in subclinical atherosclerosis remains unclear. METHODS: The PESA (Progression of Early Subclinical Atherosclerosis) is an observational cohort study that recruited 4184 middle-aged asymptomatic individuals to be screened for cardiovascular risk and multiterritorial subclinical atherosclerosis. Participants were APOE-genotyped, and omics data were additionally evaluated. RESULTS: In the PESA study, the frequencies for APOE -ε2, -ε3, and -ε4 alleles were 0.060, 0.844, and 0.096, respectively. This study included a subcohort of 3887 participants (45.8±4.3 years of age; 62% males). As expected, APOE-ε4 carriers were at the highest risk for cardiovascular disease and had significantly greater odds of having subclinical atherosclerosis compared with ε3/ε3 carriers, which was mainly explained by their higher levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol. In turn, APOE-ε2 carriers were at the lowest risk for cardiovascular disease and had significantly lower odds of having subclinical atherosclerosis in several vascular territories (carotids: 0.62 [95% CI, 0.47-0.81]; P=0.00043; femorals: 0.60 [0.47-0.78]; P=9.96×10-5; coronaries: 0.53 [0.39-0.74]; P=0.00013; and increased PESA score: 0.58 [0.48-0.71]; P=3.16×10-8). This APOE-ε2 atheroprotective effect was mostly independent of the associated lower LDL-cholesterol levels and other cardiovascular risk factors. The protection conferred by the ε2 allele was greater with age (50-54 years: 0.49 [95% CI, 0.32-0.73]; P=0.00045), and normal (<150 mg/dL) levels of triglycerides (0.54 [0.44-0.66]; P=4.70×10-9 versus 0.90 [0.57-1.43]; P=0.67 if ≥150 mg/dL). Omics analysis revealed an enrichment of several canonical pathways associated with anti-inflammatory mechanisms together with the modulation of erythrocyte homeostasis, coagulation, and complement activation in ε2 carriers that might play a relevant role in the ε2's atheroprotective effect. CONCLUSIONS: This work sheds light on the role of APOE in cardiovascular disease development with important therapeutic and prevention implications on cardiovascular health, especially in early midlife. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01410318.


Assuntos
Aterosclerose , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Feminino , Apolipoproteína E2/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Apolipoproteínas E/genética , Doenças Cardiovasculares/genética , Genótipo , Aterosclerose/epidemiologia , Aterosclerose/genética , LDL-Colesterol , Alelos
12.
Nature ; 582(7810): 73-77, 2020 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32494083

RESUMO

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol-which is a marker of cardiovascular risk-changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million-4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.


Assuntos
LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Hipercolesterolemia/sangue , Hipercolesterolemia/epidemiologia , Internacionalidade , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Teorema de Bayes , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Isquemia Miocárdica/sangue , Isquemia Miocárdica/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/sangue , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Adulto Jovem
13.
PLoS Genet ; 19(9): e1010934, 2023 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37733769

RESUMO

Findings from genome-wide association studies have facilitated the generation of genetic predictors for many common human phenotypes. Stratifying individuals misaligned to a genetic predictor based on common variants may be important for follow-up studies that aim to identify alternative causal factors. Using genome-wide imputed genetic data, we aimed to classify 158,951 unrelated individuals from the UK Biobank as either concordant or deviating from two well-measured phenotypes. We first applied our methods to standing height: our primary analysis classified 244 individuals (0.15%) as misaligned to their genetically predicted height. We show that these individuals are enriched for self-reporting being shorter or taller than average at age 10, diagnosed congenital malformations, and rare loss-of-function variants in genes previously catalogued as causal for growth disorders. Secondly, we apply our methods to LDL cholesterol (LDL-C). We classified 156 (0.12%) individuals as misaligned to their genetically predicted LDL-C and show that these individuals were enriched for both clinically actionable cardiovascular risk factors and rare genetic variants in genes previously shown to be involved in metabolic processes. Individuals whose LDL-C was higher than expected based on the genetic predictor were also at higher risk of developing coronary artery disease and type-two diabetes, even after adjustment for measured LDL-C, BMI and age, suggesting upward deviation from genetically predicted LDL-C is indicative of generally poor health. Our results remained broadly consistent when performing sensitivity analysis based on a variety of parametric and non-parametric methods to define individuals deviating from polygenic expectation. Our analyses demonstrate the potential importance of quantitatively identifying individuals for further follow-up based on deviation from genetic predictions.


Assuntos
Doença da Artéria Coronariana , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Criança , LDL-Colesterol/genética , Fenótipo , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/genética , Seguimentos , Análise da Randomização Mendeliana , Fatores de Risco , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único
14.
Circulation ; 150(1): 62-79, 2024 Jul 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38950110

RESUMO

Despite data suggesting that apolipoprotein B (apoB) measurement outperforms low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level measurement in predicting atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, apoB measurement has not become widely adopted into routine clinical practice. One barrier for use of apoB measurement is lack of consistent guidance for clinicians on how to interpret and apply apoB results in clinical context. Whereas guidelines have often provided clear low-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets or triggers to initiate treatment change, consistent targets for apoB are lacking. In this review, we synthesize existing data regarding the epidemiology of apoB by comparing guideline recommendations regarding use of apoB measurement, describing population percentiles of apoB relative to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, summarizing studies of discordance between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apoB levels, and evaluating apoB levels in clinical trials of lipid-lowering therapy to guide potential treatment targets. We propose evidence-guided apoB thresholds for use in cholesterol management and clinical care.


Assuntos
Apolipoproteínas B , LDL-Colesterol , Humanos , Apolipoproteínas B/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Doenças Cardiovasculares/sangue , Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores/sangue , Aterosclerose/sangue , Aterosclerose/diagnóstico , Aterosclerose/epidemiologia , Apolipoproteína B-100
15.
Circulation ; 149(3): 217-226, 2024 01 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38014550

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Although low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) remains the primary cholesterol target in clinical practice in children and adults, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) has been suggested as a more accurate measure of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. We examined the associations of childhood non-HDL-C and LDL-C levels with adult ASCVD events and determined whether non-HDL-C has better utility than LDL-C in predicting adult ASCVD events. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 21 126 participants from the i3C Consortium (International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohorts). Proportional hazards regressions were used to estimate the risk for incident fatal and fatal/nonfatal ASCVD events associated with childhood non-HDL-C and LDL-C levels (age- and sex-specific z scores; concordant/discordant categories defined by guideline-recommended cutoffs), adjusted for sex, Black race, cohort, age at and calendar year of child measurement, body mass index, and systolic blood pressure. Predictive utility was determined by the C index. RESULTS: After an average follow-up of 35 years, 153 fatal ASCVD events occurred in 21 126 participants (mean age at childhood visits, 11.9 years), and 352 fatal/nonfatal ASCVD events occurred in a subset of 11 296 participants who could be evaluated for this outcome. Childhood non-HDL-C and LDL-C levels were each associated with higher risk of fatal and fatal/nonfatal ASCVD events (hazard ratio ranged from 1.27 [95% CI, 1.14-1.41] to 1.35 [95% CI, 1.13-1.60] per unit increase in the risk factor z score). Non-HDL-C had better discriminative utility than LDL-C (difference in C index, 0.0054 [95% CI, 0.0006-0.0102] and 0.0038 [95% CI, 0.0008-0.0068] for fatal and fatal/nonfatal events, respectively). The discordant group with elevated non-HDL-C and normal LDL-C had a higher risk of ASCVD events compared with the concordant group with normal non-HDL-C and LDL-C (fatal events: hazard ratio, 1.90 [95% CI, 0.98-3.70]; fatal/nonfatal events: hazard ratio, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.23-3.06]). CONCLUSIONS: Childhood non-HDL-C and LDL-C levels are associated with ASCVD events in midlife. Non-HDL-C is better than LDL-C in predicting adult ASCVD events, particularly among individuals who had normal LDL-C but elevated non-HDL-C. These findings suggest that both non-HDL-C and LDL-C are useful in identifying children at higher risk of ASCVD events, but non-HDL-C may provide added prognostic information when it is discordantly higher than the corresponding LDL-C and has the practical advantage of being determined without a fasting sample.


Assuntos
Aterosclerose , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Masculino , Adulto , Feminino , Criança , Humanos , LDL-Colesterol , Estudos Prospectivos , Colesterol , Aterosclerose/diagnóstico , Aterosclerose/epidemiologia , Lipoproteínas , Fatores de Risco , HDL-Colesterol
16.
Circulation ; 149(5): 354-362, 2024 01 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37850379

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disease characterized by extremely high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a high risk of premature cardiovascular events. The proof-of-concept study ORION-2 (A Study of Inclisiran in Participants With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia) showed that inclisiran, a small interfering RNA that prevents production of the hepatic PCSK9 protein (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9), could lead to durable reductions in LDL-C levels when added to statins and ezetimibe in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. METHODS: ORION-5 was a phase 3, 2-part, multicenter study in 56 patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and elevated LDL-C levels despite maximum tolerated doses of LDL-C-lowering therapies with or without lipoprotein apheresis. Patients eligible for part 1 (double-blind, 6 months) were randomized 2:1 to receive either 300 mg of inclisiran sodium (equivalent to 284 mg of inclisiran) or placebo. Placebo-treated patients from part 1 were transitioned to inclisiran in part 2 (open-label, 18 months). The primary end point was the percentage change in LDL-C levels from baseline to day 150. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 42.7 years, and 60.7% were women. The mean baseline LDL-C levels were 294.0 mg/dL and 356.7 mg/dL in the inclisiran and placebo groups, respectively. The placebo-corrected percentage change in LDL-C level from baseline to day 150 was -1.68% (95% CI, -29.19% to 25.83%; P=0.90), and the difference was not statistically significant between the inclisiran and placebo groups. The placebo-corrected percentage change in PCSK9 levels from baseline to day 150 was -60.6% with inclisiran treatment (P<0.0001); this was sustained throughout the study, confirming the effect of inclisiran on its biological target of PCSK9. No statistically significant differences between the inclisiran and placebo groups were observed in the levels of other lipids and lipoproteins (apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Adverse events and serious adverse events did not differ between the inclisiran and placebo groups throughout the study. CONCLUSIONS: Inclisiran treatment did not reduce LDL-C levels in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia despite substantial lowering of PCSK9 levels. Inclisiran was well-tolerated, and the safety findings were consistent with previously reported studies and the overall safety profile. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03851705.


Assuntos
Anticolesterolemiantes , Hipercolesterolemia Familiar Homozigota , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Masculino , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9/metabolismo , LDL-Colesterol , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/efeitos adversos , RNA Interferente Pequeno/efeitos adversos , Colesterol , Anticolesterolemiantes/efeitos adversos
17.
Circulation ; 149(6): 417-426, 2024 02 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37970713

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Tools for mortality prediction in patients with the severe hypercholesterolemia phenotype (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥190 mg/dL) are limited and restricted to specific racial and ethnic cohorts. We sought to evaluate the predictors of long-term mortality in a large racially and ethnically diverse US patient cohort with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥190 mg/dL. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients with a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol ≥190 mg/dL seeking care at Montefiore from 2010 through 2020. Patients <18 years of age or with previous malignancy were excluded. The primary end point was all-cause mortality. Analyses were stratified by age, sex, and race and ethnicity. Patients were stratified by primary and secondary prevention. Cox regression analyses were used to adjust for demographic, clinical, and treatment variables. RESULTS: A total of 18 740 patients were included (37% non-Hispanic Black, 30% Hispanic, 12% non-Hispanic White, and 2% non-Hispanic Asian patients). The mean age was 53.9 years, and median follow-up was 5.2 years. Both high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and body mass index extremes were associated with higher mortality in univariate analyses. In adjusted models, higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels were associated with an increased 9-year mortality risk (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.08 [95% CI, 1.05-1.11] and 1.04 [95% CI, 1.02-1.06] per 20-mg/dL increase, respectively). Clinical factors associated with higher mortality included male sex (adjusted HR, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.08-1.58]), older age (adjusted HR, 1.19 per 5-year increase [95% CI, 1.15-1.23]), hypertension (adjusted HR, 2.01 [95% CI, 1.57-2.57]), chronic kidney disease (adjusted HR, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.36-2.09]), diabetes (adjusted HR, 1.79 [95% CI, 1.50-2.15]), heart failure (adjusted HR, 1.51 [95% CI, 1.16-1.95]), myocardial infarction (adjusted HR, 1.41 [95% CI, 1.05-1.90]), and body mass index <20 kg/m2 (adjusted HR, 3.36 [95% CI, 2.29-4.93]). A significant survival benefit was conferred by lipid-lowering therapy (adjusted HR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.42-0.77]). In the primary prevention group, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol <40 mg/dL was independently associated with higher mortality (adjusted HR, 1.49 [95% CI, 1.06-2.09]). Temporal trend analyses showed a reduction in statin use over time (P<0.001). In the most recent time period (2019-2020), 56% of patients on primary prevention and 85% of those on secondary prevention were on statin therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In a large, diverse cohort of US patients with the severe hypercholesterolemia phenotype, we identified several patient characteristics associated with increased 9-year all-cause mortality and observed a decrease in statin use over time, in particular for primary prevention. Our results support efforts geared toward early recognition and consistent treatment for patients with severe hypercholesterolemia.


Assuntos
Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases , Hipercolesterolemia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hipercolesterolemia/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/uso terapêutico , Estudos Retrospectivos , LDL-Colesterol , HDL-Colesterol , Fenótipo , Fatores de Risco
18.
Circulation ; 149(5): 343-353, 2024 01 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37860863

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by severely elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels due to profoundly defective LDL receptor (LDLR) function. Given that severely elevated LDL-C starts in utero, atherosclerosis often presents during childhood or adolescence, creating a largely unmet need for aggressive LDLR-independent lipid-lowering therapies in young patients with HoFH. Here we present the first evaluation of the efficacy and safety of evinacumab, a novel LDLR-independent lipid-lowering therapy, in pediatric patients with HoFH from parts A and B of a 3-part study. METHODS: The phase 3, part B, open-label study treated 14 patients 5 to 11 years of age with genetically proven HoFH (true homozygotes and compound heterozygotes) with LDL-C >130 mg/dL, despite optimized lipid-lowering therapy (including LDLR-independent apheresis and lomitapide), with intravenous evinacumab 15 mg/kg every 4 weeks. RESULTS: Evinacumab treatment rapidly and durably (through week 24) decreased LDL-C with profound reduction in the first week, with a mean (SE) LDL-C reduction of -48.3% (10.4%) from baseline to week 24. ApoB (mean [SE], -41.3% [9.0%]), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-48.9% [9.8%]), and total cholesterol (-49.1% [8.1%]) were similarly decreased. Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 10 (71.4%) patients; however, only 2 (14.3%) reported events that were considered to be treatment-related (nausea and abdominal pain). One serious treatment-emergent adverse event of tonsillitis occurred (n=1), but this was not considered treatment-related. CONCLUSIONS: Evinacumab constitutes a new treatment for pediatric patients with HoFH and inadequately controlled LDL-C despite optimized lipid-lowering therapy, lowering LDL-C levels by nearly half in these extremely high-risk and difficult-to-treat individuals. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT04233918.


Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais , Anticolesterolemiantes , Hipercolesterolemia Familiar Homozigota , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II , Adolescente , Humanos , Criança , LDL-Colesterol/genética , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/diagnóstico , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/tratamento farmacológico , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/genética , Anticolesterolemiantes/efeitos adversos , Homozigoto
19.
Circulation ; 149(3): 192-203, 2024 01 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37632469

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Lipoprotein(a) is a risk factor for cardiovascular events and modifies the benefit of PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9) inhibitors. Lipoprotein(a) concentration can be measured with immunoassays reporting mass or molar concentration or a reference measurement system using mass spectrometry. Whether the relationships between lipoprotein(a) concentrations and cardiovascular events in a high-risk cohort differ across lipoprotein(a) methods is unknown. We compared the prognostic and predictive value of these types of lipoprotein(a) tests for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). METHODS: The ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial (Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcomes After an Acute Coronary Syndrome During Treatment With Alirocumab) compared the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab with placebo in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome. We compared risk of a MACE in the placebo group and MACE risk reduction with alirocumab according to baseline lipoprotein(a) concentration measured by Siemens N-latex nephelometric immunoassay (IA-mass; mg/dL), Roche Tina-Quant turbidimetric immunoassay (IA-molar; nmol/L), and a noncommercial mass spectrometry-based test (MS; nmol/L). Lipoprotein(a) values were transformed into percentiles for comparative modeling. Natural cubic splines estimated continuous relationships between baseline lipoprotein(a) and outcomes in each treatment group. Event rates were also determined across baseline lipoprotein(a) quartiles defined by each assay. RESULTS: Among 11 970 trial participants with results from all 3 tests, baseline median (Q1, Q3) lipoprotein(a) concentrations were 21.8 (6.9, 60.0) mg/dL, 45.0 (13.2, 153.8) nmol/L, and 42.2 (14.3, 143.1) nmol/L for IA-mass, IA-molar, and MS, respectively. The strongest correlation was between IA-molar and MS (r=0.990), with nominally weaker correlations between IA-mass and MS (r=0.967) and IA-mass and IA-molar (r=0.972). Relationships of lipoprotein(a) with MACE risk in the placebo group were nearly identical with each test, with estimated cumulative incidences differing by ≤0.4% across lipoprotein(a) percentiles, and all were incrementally prognostic after accounting for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (all spline P≤0.0003). Predicted alirocumab treatment effects were also nearly identical for each of the 3 tests, with estimated treatment hazard ratios differing by ≤0.07 between tests across percentiles and nominally less relative risk reduction by alirocumab at lower percentiles for all 3 tests. Absolute risk reduction with alirocumab increased with increasing lipoprotein(a) measured by each test, with significant linear trends across quartiles. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with recent acute coronary syndrome, 3 lipoprotein(a) tests were similarly prognostic for MACE in the placebo group and predictive of MACE reductions with alirocumab at the cohort level. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT01663402.


Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda , Anticolesterolemiantes , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases , Humanos , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9 , LDL-Colesterol , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/diagnóstico , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/epidemiologia , Lipoproteína(a) , Resultado do Tratamento , Anticolesterolemiantes/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/uso terapêutico
20.
Circulation ; 150(9): 724-735, 2024 Aug 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39186530

RESUMO

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disease that leads to elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and risk of coronary heart disease. Current therapeutic options for FH remain relatively limited and only partially effective in both lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and modifying coronary heart disease risk. The unique characteristics of nucleic acid therapies to target the underlying cause of the disease can offer solutions unachievable with conventional medications. DNA- and RNA-based therapeutics have the potential to transform the care of patients with FH. Recent advances are overcoming obstacles to clinical translation of nucleic acid-based medications, including greater stability of the formulations as well as site-specific delivery, making gene-based therapy for FH an alternative approach for treatment of FH.


Assuntos
Terapia Genética , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II , Humanos , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/terapia , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/genética , Hiperlipoproteinemia Tipo II/tratamento farmacológico , Terapia Genética/métodos , Animais , LDL-Colesterol/sangue
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA