Volatile compositions and glandular trichomes of Zataria multiflora in different phenological stages under normal and drought stress conditions.

BACKGROUND: Zataria multiflora Boiss. is a medicinal and aromatic plant from the Lamiaceae family. It is extensively used in Iranian traditional medicine, mostly as a replacement for Thyme species. This study was focused on the analysis of chemical composition and the distribution and types of trichomes of Z. multiflora grown under different conditions. Equilibrium headspace analysis in combination with GC-FID-MS was used to identify volatile compounds released by aerial parts of Z. multiflora in development stages of 50 and 100% flowering under normal and drought-stress conditions. RESULTS: The main constituents were p-cymene (20.06-27.40%), γ-terpinene (12.44-16.93%), and α-pinene (6.91-16.58%) and thymol (8.52-9.99%). The highest content of p-cymene (27.40%) and thymol (9.99%) was observed in the 50% flowering stage at the 90% field capacity, while the maximum γ-terpinene (16.93%) content was recorded in the 100% flowering stage under normal conditions. Using the SEM method, it was found that peltate glandular and non-glandular trichomes are distributed on the surface of the leaf, stem, and outer side of the calyx. However, capitate trichomes only are detected on the stem and calyx in the 100% flowering and beginning of blooming stages, respectively. The type and structure of trichomes do not vary in different development stages, but they differ in density. The highest number of leaf peltate glandular trichomes was observed in the vegetative and beginning of blooming stages at 50% and 90% field capacity, respectively. Non-glandular trichomes of the stem were observed with high density in both normal and stress conditions, which are more densely in 90% field capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Since this plant has strong potential to be used in the food and pharmacological industries, this study provides valuable information for its cultivation and harvesting at specific phenological stages, depending on desired compounds and their concentrations.

Antimicrobial properties of essential oil extracted from Schizonepeta annua against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via membrane disruption.

Schizonepeta annua (Pall.) Schischk. has long been traditionally employed in China for its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and soothing properties. This study evaluates the antibacterial properties of essential oil extracted from Schizonepeta annua (SEO) and oregano (OEO) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). SEO and OEO demonstrated substantial antibacterial efficacy, with SEO exhibiting significantly enhanced antibacterial activity due to its complex composition. Mechanistic investigations revealed that both essential oils disrupt bacterial membrane integrity and biosynthetic pathways, leading to the extrusion of intracellular contents. Metabolomic analyses using GC-Q-TOF-MS highlighted SEO's selective targeting of bacterial membranes, while non-targeted metabolomics indicated significant effects on MRSA's amino acid metabolism and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis. These findings suggest that SEO causes considerable damage to MRSA cell membranes and affects amino acid metabolism, supporting its traditional use and highlighting its potential in treating infections. Our results offer robust theoretical support for SEO's role as an antimicrobial agent and establish a solid foundation for its practical application in combating multidrug-resistant infections.

Unusual immunosuppressive pyridine-containing bisnor- (c23), tetranor- (c21) and pentanor- (c20) sesterterpenoids from Tibetan Leucosceptrum canum.

An unusual pyridine-containing sesterterpenoid, leucosceptrodine (1), and five new nor-leucosceptrane sesterterpenoids, including bisnor- (C23, 2), tetranor- (C21, 3) and pentanor- (C20, 4-6) skeletons, were isolated from the leaves of Tibetan Leucosceptrum canum. Their structures including their absolute configurations were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses and quantum chemical calculations. A single crystal of one epimer (5) was crystallized from a pair of inseparable epimers, and its structure including its absolute configuration was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The immunosuppressive activities of compounds 1-4 with different potencies were evaluated by inhibiting the secretion of cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages.

Effects of Thymbra spicata extract and Thymol on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice (insights to the liver function, antioxidant, and behavioral responses).

Safe chemicals for drug withdrawal can be extracted from natural sources. This study investigates the effects of clonidine and Thymbra spicata extract (TSE) on mice suffering from morphine withdrawal syndrome. Thymol, which is the active constituent in TSE, was also tested. A total of 90 mice were divided into nine groups. Group 1 was the control group, while Group 2 was given only morphine, and Group 3 received morphine and 0.2 mg/kg of clonidine. Groups 4-6 were given morphine along with 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg of TSE, respectively. Groups 7-9 received morphine plus 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg of Thymol, respectively, for 7 days. An oral naloxone challenge of 3 mg/kg was used to induce withdrawal syndrome in all groups. Improvement of liver enzyme levels (aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and alanine transaminase) (p < .01) and behavioral responses (frequencies of jumping, frequencies of two-legged standing, Straub tail reaction) (p < .01) were significantly observed in the groups receiving TSE and Thymol (Groups 4-9) compared to Group 2. Additionally, antioxidant activity in these groups was improved compared to Group 2. Nitric oxide significantly decreased in Groups 4 and 6 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (p < .01). Superoxide dismutase increased dramatically in Groups 5, 8, and 9 compared to Groups 2 and 3 (p < .01). Groups 5-9 were significantly different from Group 2 in terms of malondialdehyde levels (p < .01). Certain doses of TSE and Thymol were found to alleviate the narcotics withdrawal symptoms. This similar effect to clonidine can pave the way for their administration in humans.

Green Synthesis of Dracocephalum kotschyi-Coated Silver Nanoparticles: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Anticancer Potentials.

BACKGROUND The environmentally friendly production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has gained significant attention as a sustainable alternative to traditional chemical methods. This study focused on synthesizing AgNPs using extract of Dracocephalum kotschyi (D. kotschyi), a medicinal plant. MATERIAL AND METHODS The biosynthesis of AgNPs was monitored using UV-visible spectrophotometry. The role of phytoconstituents from D. kotschyi in stabilizing AgNPs was analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) spectroscopy was used to determine the size, charge, and polydispersity of the nanoparticles, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to assess their morphology. We evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of the synthesized AgNPs against various bacteria, their antioxidant properties via a 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, and their cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cervical cancer cell line. RESULTS The formation of AgNPs was indicated by a color change and the emergence of a surface plasmon resonance peak at 418 nm. The nanoparticles demonstrated significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anticancer activities. Morphology, size, and shape analysis revealed nearly spherical particles with an average size of 43 nm. FTIR confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds in the extract, serving as reducing and capping agents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the crystalline structure of the nanoparticles. Antimicrobial assessments showed effectiveness against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The DPPH scavenging assay demonstrated efficient antioxidant activity, and potent apoptotic anticancer effects were observed on cervical cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS The extract of D. kotschyi was effective as a reducing agent in the environmentally friendly synthesis of AgNPs, which exhibited noteworthy antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. These findings suggest potential biomedical applications for the synthesized AgNPs.

Essential oil vapor phase approach for antimicrobial evaluation using Hesperozygis myrtoides (A. St.-Hill. ex Benth.) Epling (Lamiaceae) as a model.

The demand for less hazardous and environmentally friendly surface disinfectants is growing and essential oils may be efficient alternatives. Vapor phase assay is a promising technique which explore the volatility of essential oils for determining the antimicrobial activity. In this study, we modified the conditions of the inverted Petri dish technique to evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). As a proof of concept, the antimicrobial activity of Hesperozygis myrtoides essential oil (HM) was studied for the first time in the vapor phase. According to the established protocol the oil volatilization dynamics was used to determine the major compounds in the vapor phase. After 270 min, the relative percentage was like that observed in the crude oil analysis. The HM was also evaluated for safety (IC50=921.2 µg ml-1), being considered safe in case of acute oral exposure. The oil vapors completely inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (MIC=0.39 mg l-1), Candida albicans (MIC=0.83 mg l-1), Aspergillus brasiliensis (MIC=378 mg l-1) and Bacillus subtilis (MIC=704.8 mg l-1). This protocol offers an economical and efficient alternative for antimicrobial activity and safety determination of essential oils, can be used for the evaluation of several applications of essential oils, as disinfectant agent in inhabited environments.

Luminous blue carbon quantum dots employing Anisomeles indica (catmint) induce apoptotic signaling pathway in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells.

Herein, luminous blue carbon quantum dots (CDs) employing Anisomeles indica (Catmint) were reported with imaging, self-targeting, and therapeutic effects on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC, MDA-MB-231) cells. The salient features of CDs generated from catmint are as follows: i) optical studies confirm CDs with excitation-dependent emission; ii) high-throughput characterization authenticates the formation of CDs with near-spherical shape with diameter ranging between 5 and 15 nm; iii) CDs induce cytotoxicity (3.22 ± 0.64 µg/ml) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC, MDA-MB-231) cells; iv) fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that CDs promote apoptosis by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential; v) CDs significantly up-regulate pro-apoptotic gene expression levels such as caspases-8/9/3. Finally, our work demonstrates that catmint-derived CDs are prospective nanotheranostics that augment cancer targeting and imaging.

Bioactivities of essential oil extracted from Elsholtzia densa Benth. And its main components against Tribolium castaneum eggs and pupae.

This study aimed to develop a relatively natural and safe botanical insecticide for controlling the storage pest Tribolium castaneum in the egg and pupal stages. It examined how Elsholtzia densa Benth. essential oil (EO) and its primary components, ß-caryophyllene and limonene, affected T. castaneum eggs and pupae through contact and fumigation. Among th, the contact activities of ß-caryophyllene against T. castaneum eggs and pupae are LD50 (median lethal dose, 50%) = 0.156 mg/cm2 and ED50 (median effective dose, 50%) = 16.35 mg/pupa respectively. The study also investigated the effect of ß-caryophyllene and limonene on T. castaneum eggs and pupae through synergistic contact and fumigation. When the mixing ratio of ß-caryophyllene and limonene was 7:1, the LD50 value of contact activity against T. castaneum eggs was reduced to 0.100 mg/cm2, displaying an obvious synergistic effect. Experiments were conducted to investigate the antitoxic effect of ß-caryophyllene on T. castaneum eggs and pupae, as well as its effects on the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase, succinate dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterase in T. castaneum pupae. Finally, the molecular docking techniques were employed to confirm the aforementioned effects on enzyme function. The findings of this study might help improve storage pest control with T. castaneum and create eco-friendly insecticides using E. densa EO, ß-caryophyllene, and limonene.

Hypolipidemic Effects of Mesona chinensis Benth Polysaccharides with Different Structures and Molecular Weights.

Four novel Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharides were isolated using aqueous alcohol precipitation. Their molecular weights were determined using high-performance gel permeation chromatography: MA1 (2.3 kDa), MA2 (80.5 kDa), MA3 (180.9 kDa), and MA4 (635.2 kDa), and their compositions were analyzed using GC-MS. The polysaccharides were mainly D-glucose, D-galactose, L-Rhamnose, D-arabinose, D-xylose, and D-mannose. The structural characteristics were further analyzed using infrared spectrophotometry and were identified as a type of pyrrhic sugar. An insulin-induced insulin resistance model of HepG2 cells and oleic acid-induced fat accumulation model of insulin were established to evaluate the hypolipidemic effects. Three Bacteroides spp. [Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (BT), B. ovatus (BO), and B. cellulosilyticus (BC)] that were negatively correlated with lipid-lowering activity were used to evaluate the lipid-lowering activity of polysaccharides. The Bacteroides metabolites of MA1 and MA2 exhibited hypolipidemic effects and antioxidant activities and could potentially be used as lipid-lowering supplements.

Bioactivities and Synergistic Effect of Elsholtzia ciliata Essential Oil and Its Main Components against Lasioderma serricorne.

Investigations have shown that storage bugs seriously harm grains during storage. In the interim, essential oils (EOs) have been proven to be a good botanical pesticide. The anti-Lasioderma serricorne properties of Elsholtzia ciliata essential oil, which was obtained by steam distillation, were evaluated using DL-limonene, carvone, and their two optical isomer components using contact, repelling, and fumigation techniques. Simultaneously, the fumigation, contact, and repellent activities of carvone and its two optical isomers mixed with DL-limonene against L. serruricorne were evaluated. The results showed that E. ciliata, its main components (R-carvone, DL-limonene), and S-carvone exhibited both fumigations (LC50 = 14.47, 4.42, 20.9 and 3.78 mg/L) and contact (LD50 = 7.31, 4.03, 28.62 and 5.63 µg/adult) activity against L.serricorne. A binary mixture (1:1) of R-carvone and DL-limonene displayed an obvious synergistic effect. A binary mixture (1:1) of carvone and its two optical isomers exhibited an obvious synergistic effect, too. Furthermore, the repellent activity of the EO, carvone, and its two optical isomers, DL-limonene, and a combination of them varied. To stop insect damage during storage, E. ciliata and its components can be utilized as bio-insecticides.

Chemical and Bioactive Evaluation of Essential Oils from Edible and Aromatic Mediterranean Lamiaceae Plants.

The Lamiaceae family, which includes several well-known aromatic plants, is scientifically relevant due to its essential oils (EOs). In this work, four EOs from Mediterranean species, namely Origanum vulgare L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus vulgaris L., were evaluated for their volatile profiles and the biological activity in vitro to assess their potential use in the food and cosmetic sector. GC/MS analysis revealed dominant compounds, such as carvacrol, thymol, and eucalyptol. Regarding biological action, the samples exhibited antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities, with O. vulgare and T. officinalis standing out. T. vulgaris showed the lowest EC50 in the reducing power assay, and O. vulgare had the lowest EC50 in the DPPH assay. Most EOs also displayed excellent anti-inflammatory responses and antifungal properties, with O. vulgare and T. vulgaris also demonstrating antibacterial activity. All EOs from Mediterranean species showed cytotoxicity against tumoral cell lines. Overall, the selected EOs stood out for their interesting bioactivities, with the obtained results underscoring their potential as natural preservatives and bioactive agents in various industrial applications, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

Anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory efficacy of Micromeria biflora Benth extract and its fractions in rats by restoring oxidative stress, metalloproteinases, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines network.

Micromeria biflora (M.B) Benth has proven anti-inflammatory efficacy, thereby, the goal of the current investigation was to assess the anti-arthritic potential of M.B ethanolic extract and fractions as well as to investigate the likely mechanism of action. The effectiveness of M.B against acute arthritic manifestations was assessed using an arthritic model prompted by formaldehyde, whereas a chronic model was developed using an adjuvant called Complete Freund's in Sprague-Dawley rats. Weekly evaluations were conducted for parameters involving paw volume, body weight, and arthritic score; at the completion of the CFA model, hematological, biochemical and oxidative stress parameters as well as the level of various mediators (PGE2, IL-1ß, TNFα, IL6, MMP2, 3, 9, VEGF, NF-ĸB, IL-10, and IL-4) were evaluated. The results demonstrated the plant's ability to treat arthritis by showing a significant decrease in paw volume, arthritic score, and histological characteristics. The levels of NF-ĸB, MMP2, 3, 9, IL6, IL1ß, TNFα, and VEGF were all significantly reduced after treatment with plant extract and fractions. Plant extract and its fractions substantially preserved body weight loss, oxidative stress markers and levels of IL-4 and 1L-10. PGE2 levels were also shown to be reduced in the treatment groups, supporting the M.B immunomodulatory ability. Hematological and biochemical indicators were also normalized after M.B administration. Outcomes of the study validated the anti-arthritic and immunomodulatory attributes of M.B probably through modulating oxidative stress, inflammatory, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory biomarkers.

Regulatory effect of Balanites aegyptiaca ethanol extract on oxidant/antioxidant status, inflammatory cytokines, and cell apoptosis gene expression in goat abomasum experimentally infected with Haemonchus Contortus.

This experiment aimed to assess the regulatory effects of treatment with Balanites aegyptiaca fruit ethanol extract (BA-EE) on oxidant/antioxidant status, anti-inflammatory cytokines, and cell apoptosis gene expression in the abomasum of Haemonchus contortus-infected goats. Twenty goat kids were assigned randomly to four equal groups: (G1) infected-untreated, (G2) uninfected-BA-EE-treated, (G3) infected-albendazole-treated, (G4) infected-BA-EE-treated. Each goat in (G1), (G3), and (G4) was orally infected with 10,000 infective third-stage larvae. In the fifth week postinfection, single doses of albendazole (5 mg/kg.BW) and BA-EE (9 g/kg.BW) were given orally. In the ninth week postinfection, the animals were slaughtered to obtain abomasum specimens. The following oxidant/antioxidant markers were determined: malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT). The mRNA gene expression of cytokines (IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α) and cell apoptosis markers (Bax, Bcl-2) were estimated. (G1) showed significantly reduced GSH content and GST and SOD activities but a markedly increased MDA level. (G3) and (G4) revealed a markedly lower MDA level with pronouncedly elevated GSH, SOD, and GST levels. The antioxidant properties of BA-EE were superior to those of albendazole. The mRNA gene expressions of IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and Bax-2 were upregulated in (G1) but downregulated in (G3) and (G4). Bcl-2 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio expression followed a reverse course in the infected and both treated groups. We conclude that BA-EE treatment has a protective role in the abomasum of H. contortus-infected goats. This could be attributed to its antioxidant properties and ability to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell apoptosis.

[Study on anti-inflammatory activity of phenolic acids from Leucas ciliata].

The chemical constituents from Leucas ciliata belonging to Leucas genus in Lamiaceae were systematically explored by silica gel column chromatography, ODS column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography, and preparative high performance liquid chromatography, and seventeen phenolic acids were isolated. The chemical structures of the compounds were identified by their physicochemical properties, spectroscopic data, and literature. They were 4-hydroxyphenethyl ethyl succinate(1), 4-hydroxyphenethyl methyl succinate(2), 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethyl acetate(3), p-hydroxyphenylethyl anisate(4), cassia cis-trans diphenylpropanoid(5), p-coumaric acid(6), 3,4-dihydroxybenzenepropionic acid methyl ester(7), caffeic acid(8), trans-p-hydroxyl ethyl cinnamate(9), methyl p-hydroxybenzeneacetate(10), 4-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol(11), syringic acid(12), vanillin(13), protocatechuic acid(14), salicylic acid(15), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde(16), and diorcinol(17). Among them, compound 1 was new, and compounds 2-10, 12, 14, and 16-17 were isolated from the plants belonging to Leucas genus for the first time. All compounds were obtained from L. ciliata for the first time. The anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 1-17 on NO production in lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced mouse leukemia cells of monocyte macrophage(RAW264. 7) cells was evaluated. The results showed that compounds 5, 7, and 9 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity, with IC50values of(10. 14±0. 36)-(21. 17±0. 11) µmol·L~(-1).

[Synergistic effect and compatibility structure of active anti-inflammatory ingredients from Lamiophlomis rotata based on network pharmacology and component structure theory].

The synergistic effect and compatibility structure of active anti-inflammatory ingredients(iridoid glycosides: shanzhiside methylester and 8-O-acetylshanzhiside methyl ester, flavonoid glycoside: luteoloside, and phenylethanoid glycoside: forsythoside B) from Lamiophlomis rotata were explored based on network pharmacology and component structure theory. In network pharmacology, CTD, SwisseTargetPrediction, and PharmMapper databases were used to collect and screen the targets of all active ingredients. The inflammation-related targets were obtained from CTD and GeneCards databases. The core targets were obtained by Venny 2.1.0, STRING, and Cytoscape 3.9.1. Core targets were annotated by the GO function and enriched by the KEGG pathway based on the DAVID database. In terms of component structure, based on a uniform design method and xylene-induced ear swelling model in mice, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were taken as the dependent variables, and the compatibility relationship among anti-inflammatory ingredients from L. rotata was explored through the quadratic polynomial stepwise regression. In addition, in vivo pharmacological experiments were conducted to verify the results. A network pharmacology study showed that compared with a single ingredient, the combined action of the three ingredients can synergistically exert anti-inflammatory effects through more biological processes, pathways, and targets. Component structure study showed that the optimal structural ratio of shanzhiside methylester and 8-O-acetylshanzhiside methyl ester in the iridoid glycoside ingredient was 1.21∶1. The optimal structural ratio among the three types of ingredients(iridoid glycosides∶phenylethanol glycoside∶flavonoid glycoside) was 4.8∶1.6∶1. In conclusion, each anti-inflammatory ingredient from L. rotata can work synergistically, and there is an optimal compatibility ratio relationship among these ingredients. This work provides a new experimental basis for the intrinsic quality control of L. rotata.

Discovery of Unusual Sesterterpenoids from Colquhounia coccinea var. mollis and Their Metabolic Implications.

Three unusual sesterterpenoids featuring unprecedented rearranged colquhounane (C25) and tetranorcolquhounane (C21) frameworks, colquhounoids E (1) and F (3) and norcolquhounoid F (2), were isolated from a Lamiaceae medicinal plant Colquhounia coccinea var. mollis. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculations. A biomimetic inspired regioselective cyclopropane cleavage was achieved under acidic conditions. The immunosuppressive activities of these new sesterterpenoids were also evaluated.

Phenylethanoid Glycosides from Caryopteris aureoglandulosa and Their Biological Activities.

This study describes the isolation and identification of two novel phenylethanoid glycosides, aureoglanduloside A (1) and aureoglanduloside B (2), as well as a newly discovered diterpene glycoside, aureoglanduloside C (29). Additionally, 31 known compounds were isolated from the n-butyl alcohol (BuOH) soluble fraction of Caryopteris aureoglandulosa whole dried plants. Their structures were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HR-ESI-MS). Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of all phenylethanoid glycosides were evaluated. Specifically, compounds 2 and 10-12 exhibited the ability to promote the phagocytosis of myelin by microglia, and compounds 2, 10-11, and 24 showed the ability to promote the phagocytosis of myelin by astrocytes.

Elsholblanosides A-D, Four New Oleuropeic Acid Derivatives Isolated from Elsholtzia blanda and Their Inhibition of NO Production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 Cells.

Phytochemical investigation on the aerial parts of Elsholtzia blanda Benth. afforded four new oleuropeic acid derivatives (1-4), named as elsholblanosides A-D, respectively, together with 11 known compounds (5-15). Their structures were determined based on extensive analyses of HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and ECD spectra. Compounds 1-4 and 14 showed moderate NO production inhibition in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells with their IC50 values ranging from 23.2 to 86.33 µM, compared to that of the positive control compound, dexamethasone, IC50 value of 16.9 µM.

Polycephalums A and B, New Anticoagulant Constituents Isolated from Clinopodium polycephalum.

Two previously undescribed compounds (1 and 2) were isolated from Clinopodium polycephalum, a medicinal plant distributed in southwestern and eastern China. Their structures were elucidated using MS analyses and extensive 2D-homo and heteronuclear NMR data interpretations. Both compounds 1 and 2 could significantly shorten APTT and PT, and their procoagulant effect was comparable to that of positive drugs. At the same time, compound 2 had certain antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 2.25±0.05 µM in ABTS assay).

Relationship Between Phenolic Content Determined by LC/MS/MS and Antioxidant Capacity and Enzyme Inhibition of Cyclotrichium niveum L.

Cyclotrichium niveum (Boiss.) Manden & Scheng belonging to the Lamiaceae family, which is an endemic species in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey, has an important place in terms of ethno-botany. The phytochemical composition of the plant, inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (which hydrolyzes the neurotransmitter acetylcholine), inhibition of paraoxonase for antiatherosclerotic activity (hPON 1) (which detoxifies organophosphates), and antioxidant capacity were all investigated in this study. Phytochemical content was determined by LC/MS/MS, and enzyme inhibition and antioxidant capacity studies were determined by spectrophotometer. Antioxidant capacity of C. niveum extracts (methanol, hexane, and water) was determined by applying ABTS⋅+ , DPPH⋅, FRAP, and CUPRAC methods. Both the water and the methanol extracts of the C. niveum exhibited significant inhibition on the AChE (IC50 value for methanol and water extract 0.114±0.14 mg/mL (R2:0.997) and 0.178±0.12 mg/mL (R2 : 0.994), respectively). In contrast, the methanol and water extracts of the C. niveum did not exhibit the inhibition effect on hPON 1. The highest activity for ABTS⋅+ was 66.53 % in the water extract, and DPPH⋅ was 55.03 % in the methanol extract. In the metal-reducing power assay, the absorbance was 0.168±0.04 for FRAP water extract and 0.621±0.01 for CUPRAC methanol extract. According to LC/MS/MS analyses, hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, syringic acid, acetohydroxamic acid and luteolin determined in the plant extract. As a consequence, C. niveum which has antioxidant, anti-atherogenic and anti-neurodegenerative properties has the potential to be used as a natural medication instead of synthetic drugs used in Alzheimer's patients.