RESUMO
We examined the rate and nature of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in humans using sequence data from 64,806 contemporary Icelanders from 2,548 matrilines. Based on 116,663 mother-child transmissions, 8,199 mutations were detected, providing robust rate estimates by nucleotide type, functional impact, position, and different alleles at the same position. We thoroughly document the true extent of hypermutability in mtDNA, mainly affecting the control region but also some coding-region variants. The results reveal the impact of negative selection on viable deleterious mutations, including rapidly mutating disease-associated 3243A>G and 1555A>G and pre-natal selection that most likely occurs during the development of oocytes. Finally, we show that the fate of new mutations is determined by a drastic germline bottleneck, amounting to an average of 3 mtDNA units effectively transmitted from mother to child.
Assuntos
DNA Mitocondrial , Linhagem , Humanos , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Feminino , Islândia , Masculino , Mutação , Taxa de MutaçãoRESUMO
Selective breeding of domestic dogs has generated diverse breeds often optimized for performing specialized tasks. Despite the heritability of breed-typical behavioral traits, identification of causal loci has proven challenging due to the complexity of canine population structure. We overcome longstanding difficulties in identifying genetic drivers of canine behavior by developing a framework for understanding relationships between breeds and the behaviors that define them, utilizing genetic data for over 4,000 domestic, semi-feral, and wild canids and behavioral survey data for over 46,000 dogs. We identify ten major canine genetic lineages and their behavioral correlates and show that breed diversification is predominantly driven by non-coding regulatory variation. We determine that lineage-associated genes converge in neurodevelopmental co-expression networks, identifying a sheepdog-associated enrichment for interrelated axon guidance functions. This work presents a scaffold for canine diversification that positions the domestic dog as an unparalleled system for revealing the genetic origins of behavioral diversity.
Assuntos
Comportamento Animal , Cães , Animais , Cães/genética , Cães/fisiologia , Variação Genética , Fenótipo , LinhagemRESUMO
Reinventing potato from a clonally propagated tetraploid into a seed-propagated diploid, hybrid potato, is an important innovation in agriculture. Due to deleterious mutations, it has remained a challenge to develop highly homozygous inbred lines, a prerequisite to breed hybrid potato. Here, we employed genome design to develop a generation of pure and fertile potato lines and thereby the uniform, vigorous F1s. The metrics we applied in genome design included the percentage of genome homozygosity and the number of deleterious mutations in the starting material, the number of segregation distortions in the S1 population, the haplotype information to infer the break of tight linkage between beneficial and deleterious alleles, and the genome complementarity of the parental lines. This study transforms potato breeding from a slow, non-accumulative mode into a fast-iterative one, thereby potentiating a broad spectrum of benefits to farmers and consumers.
Assuntos
Genoma de Planta , Hibridização Genética , Solanum tuberosum/genética , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Diploide , Fertilidade/genética , Genes de Plantas , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Heterozigoto , Homozigoto , Vigor Híbrido/genética , Mutação/genética , Linhagem , Melhoramento Vegetal , Análise de Componente Principal , Seleção GenéticaRESUMO
We study a patient with the human papilloma virus (HPV)-2-driven "tree-man" phenotype and two relatives with unusually severe HPV4-driven warts. The giant horns form an HPV-2-driven multifocal benign epithelial tumor overexpressing viral oncogenes in the epidermis basal layer. The patients are unexpectedly homozygous for a private CD28 variant. They have no detectable CD28 on their T cells, with the exception of a small contingent of revertant memory CD4+ T cells. T cell development is barely affected, and T cells respond to CD3 and CD2, but not CD28, costimulation. Although the patients do not display HPV-2- and HPV-4-reactive CD4+ T cells in vitro, they make antibodies specific for both viruses in vivo. CD28-deficient mice are susceptible to cutaneous infections with the mouse papillomavirus MmuPV1. The control of HPV-2 and HPV-4 in keratinocytes is dependent on the T cell CD28 co-activation pathway. Surprisingly, human CD28-dependent T cell responses are largely redundant for protective immunity.
Assuntos
Antígenos CD28/deficiência , Padrões de Herança/genética , Papillomaviridae/fisiologia , Pele/virologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Adulto , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Antígenos CD28/genética , Antígenos CD28/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Criança , Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Feminino , Genes Recessivos , Células HEK293 , Homozigoto , Humanos , Imunidade Humoral , Memória Imunológica , Células Jurkat , Queratinócitos/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Oncogenes , Papiloma/patologia , Papiloma/virologia , Linhagem , Sinais Direcionadores de Proteínas , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismoRESUMO
TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) regulates IFN-I, NF-κB, and TNF-induced RIPK1-dependent cell death (RCD). In mice, biallelic loss of TBK1 is embryonically lethal. We discovered four humans, ages 32, 26, 7, and 8 from three unrelated consanguineous families with homozygous loss-of-function mutations in TBK1. All four patients suffer from chronic and systemic autoinflammation, but not severe viral infections. We demonstrate that TBK1 loss results in hypomorphic but sufficient IFN-I induction via RIG-I/MDA5, while the system retains near intact IL-6 induction through NF-κB. Autoinflammation is driven by TNF-induced RCD as patient-derived fibroblasts experienced higher rates of necroptosis in vitro, and CC3 was elevated in peripheral blood ex vivo. Treatment with anti-TNF dampened the baseline circulating inflammatory profile and ameliorated the clinical condition in vivo. These findings highlight the plasticity of the IFN-I response and underscore a cardinal role for TBK1 in the regulation of RCD.
Assuntos
Inflamação/enzimologia , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/deficiência , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/farmacologia , Células A549 , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Apoptose , Autoimunidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Enzima Desubiquitinante CYLD/metabolismo , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Homozigoto , Humanos , Quinase I-kappa B/metabolismo , Imunofenotipagem , Inflamação/patologia , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Mutação com Perda de Função/genética , Masculino , Linhagem , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Proteína Serina-Treonina Quinases de Interação com Receptores/metabolismo , Receptores de Reconhecimento de Padrão/metabolismo , Receptor 3 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Transcriptoma/genética , Vesiculovirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Vesiculovirus/fisiologiaRESUMO
Admixture has played a prominent role in shaping patterns of human genomic variation, including gene flow with now-extinct hominins like Neanderthals and Denisovans. Here, we describe a novel probabilistic method called IBDmix to identify introgressed hominin sequences, which, unlike existing approaches, does not use a modern reference population. We applied IBDmix to 2,504 individuals from geographically diverse populations to identify and analyze Neanderthal sequences segregating in modern humans. Strikingly, we find that African individuals carry a stronger signal of Neanderthal ancestry than previously thought. We show that this can be explained by genuine Neanderthal ancestry due to migrations back to Africa, predominately from ancestral Europeans, and gene flow into Neanderthals from an early dispersing group of humans out of Africa. Our results refine our understanding of Neanderthal ancestry in African and non-African populations and demonstrate that remnants of Neanderthal genomes survive in every modern human population studied to date.
Assuntos
População Negra/genética , Evolução Molecular , Homem de Neandertal/genética , Animais , Fluxo Gênico , Migração Humana , Humanos , Modelos Genéticos , Linhagem , Polimorfismo GenéticoRESUMO
Expansions of amino acid repeats occur in >20 inherited human disorders, and many occur in intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of transcription factors (TFs). Such diseases are associated with protein aggregation, but the contribution of aggregates to pathology has been controversial. Here, we report that alanine repeat expansions in the HOXD13 TF, which cause hereditary synpolydactyly in humans, alter its phase separation capacity and its capacity to co-condense with transcriptional co-activators. HOXD13 repeat expansions perturb the composition of HOXD13-containing condensates in vitro and in vivo and alter the transcriptional program in a cell-specific manner in a mouse model of synpolydactyly. Disease-associated repeat expansions in other TFs (HOXA13, RUNX2, and TBP) were similarly found to alter their phase separation. These results suggest that unblending of transcriptional condensates may underlie human pathologies. We present a molecular classification of TF IDRs, which provides a framework to dissect TF function in diseases associated with transcriptional dysregulation.
Assuntos
Expansão das Repetições de DNA/genética , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Alanina/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases/genética , Expansão das Repetições de DNA/fisiologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Proteínas de Homeodomínio/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Mutação/genética , Linhagem , Sindactilia/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Inborn errors of human interferon gamma (IFN-γ) immunity underlie mycobacterial disease. We report a patient with mycobacterial disease due to inherited deficiency of the transcription factor T-bet. The patient has extremely low counts of circulating Mycobacterium-reactive natural killer (NK), invariant NKT (iNKT), mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT), and Vδ2+ γδ T lymphocytes, and of Mycobacterium-non reactive classic TH1 lymphocytes, with the residual populations of these cells also producing abnormally small amounts of IFN-γ. Other lymphocyte subsets develop normally but produce low levels of IFN-γ, with the exception of CD8+ αß T and non-classic CD4+ αß TH1∗ lymphocytes, which produce IFN-γ normally in response to mycobacterial antigens. Human T-bet deficiency thus underlies mycobacterial disease by preventing the development of innate (NK) and innate-like adaptive lymphocytes (iNKT, MAIT, and Vδ2+ γδ T cells) and IFN-γ production by them, with mycobacterium-specific, IFN-γ-producing, purely adaptive CD8+ αß T, and CD4+ αß TH1∗ cells unable to compensate for this deficit.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa , Imunidade Inata , Interferon gama/imunologia , Mycobacterium/imunologia , Proteínas com Domínio T/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Bases , Linhagem da Célula , Pré-Escolar , Cromatina/metabolismo , Ilhas de CpG/genética , Metilação de DNA/genética , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Feminino , Homozigoto , Humanos , Mutação INDEL/genética , Lactente , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Células Matadoras Naturais/citologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/metabolismo , Mutação com Perda de Função/genética , Masculino , Infecções por Mycobacterium/genética , Infecções por Mycobacterium/imunologia , Infecções por Mycobacterium/microbiologia , Linhagem , Proteínas com Domínio T/química , Proteínas com Domínio T/deficiência , Proteínas com Domínio T/genética , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/imunologia , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMO
We report an ancient genome from the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC). The individual we sequenced fits as a mixture of people related to ancient Iranians (the largest component) and Southeast Asian hunter-gatherers, a unique profile that matches ancient DNA from 11 genetic outliers from sites in Iran and Turkmenistan in cultural communication with the IVC. These individuals had little if any Steppe pastoralist-derived ancestry, showing that it was not ubiquitous in northwest South Asia during the IVC as it is today. The Iranian-related ancestry in the IVC derives from a lineage leading to early Iranian farmers, herders, and hunter-gatherers before their ancestors separated, contradicting the hypothesis that the shared ancestry between early Iranians and South Asians reflects a large-scale spread of western Iranian farmers east. Instead, sampled ancient genomes from the Iranian plateau and IVC descend from different groups of hunter-gatherers who began farming without being connected by substantial movement of people.
Assuntos
DNA Antigo/química , Genoma Humano , Migração Humana , Linhagem , População/genética , Povo Asiático/genética , Evolução Molecular , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , PaquistãoRESUMO
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have focused primarily on populations of European descent, but it is essential that diverse populations become better represented. Increasing diversity among study participants will advance our understanding of genetic architecture in all populations and ensure that genetic research is broadly applicable. To facilitate and promote research in multi-ancestry and admixed cohorts, we outline key methodological considerations and highlight opportunities, challenges, solutions, and areas in need of development. Despite the perception that analyzing genetic data from diverse populations is difficult, it is scientifically and ethically imperative, and there is an expanding analytical toolbox to do it well.
Assuntos
Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/métodos , Técnicas de Genotipagem/métodos , Genética Humana/métodos , Confiabilidade dos Dados , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional/métodos , Genética Populacional/normas , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla/normas , Técnicas de Genotipagem/normas , Genética Humana/normas , Humanos , LinhagemRESUMO
We performed a comprehensive assessment of rare inherited variation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by analyzing whole-genome sequences of 2,308 individuals from families with multiple affected children. We implicate 69 genes in ASD risk, including 24 passing genome-wide Bonferroni correction and 16 new ASD risk genes, most supported by rare inherited variants, a substantial extension of previous findings. Biological pathways enriched for genes harboring inherited variants represent cytoskeletal organization and ion transport, which are distinct from pathways implicated in previous studies. Nevertheless, the de novo and inherited genes contribute to a common protein-protein interaction network. We also identified structural variants (SVs) affecting non-coding regions, implicating recurrent deletions in the promoters of DLG2 and NR3C2. Loss of nr3c2 function in zebrafish disrupts sleep and social function, overlapping with human ASD-related phenotypes. These data support the utility of studying multiplex families in ASD and are available through the Hartwell Autism Research and Technology portal.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Linhagem , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas/genética , Animais , Criança , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Deleção de Genes , Guanilato Quinases/genética , Humanos , Padrões de Herança/genética , Aprendizado de Máquina , Masculino , Núcleo Familiar , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/genética , Fatores de Risco , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Peixe-Zebra/genéticaRESUMO
Heritability is essential for understanding the biological causes of disease but requires laborious patient recruitment and phenotype ascertainment. Electronic health records (EHRs) passively capture a wide range of clinically relevant data and provide a resource for studying the heritability of traits that are not typically accessible. EHRs contain next-of-kin information collected via patient emergency contact forms, but until now, these data have gone unused in research. We mined emergency contact data at three academic medical centers and identified 7.4 million familial relationships while maintaining patient privacy. Identified relationships were consistent with genetically derived relatedness. We used EHR data to compute heritability estimates for 500 disease phenotypes. Overall, estimates were consistent with the literature and between sites. Inconsistencies were indicative of limitations and opportunities unique to EHR research. These analyses provide a validation of the use of EHRs for genetics and disease research.
Assuntos
Registros Eletrônicos de Saúde , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/genética , Algoritmos , Bases de Dados Factuais , Relações Familiares , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/patologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Linhagem , Fenótipo , Característica Quantitativa HerdávelRESUMO
In familial searching in forensic genetics, a query DNA profile is tested against a database to determine whether it represents a relative of a database entrant. We examine the potential for using linkage disequilibrium to identify pairs of profiles as belonging to relatives when the query and database rely on nonoverlapping genetic markers. Considering data on individuals genotyped with both microsatellites used in forensic applications and genome-wide SNPs, we find that â¼30%-32% of parent-offspring pairs and â¼35%-36% of sib pairs can be identified from the SNPs of one member of the pair and the microsatellites of the other. The method suggests the possibility of performing familial searches of microsatellite databases using query SNP profiles, or vice versa. It also reveals that privacy concerns arising from computations across multiple databases that share no genetic markers in common entail risks, not only for database entrants, but for their close relatives as well.
Assuntos
Família , Genética Forense/métodos , Genética Populacional/métodos , Técnicas de Genotipagem/métodos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Feminino , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , Masculino , Repetições de Microssatélites , Modelos Genéticos , Modelos Estatísticos , LinhagemRESUMO
Certain mutations can cause proteins to accumulate in neurons, leading to neurodegeneration. We recently showed, however, that upregulation of a wild-type protein, Ataxin1, caused by haploinsufficiency of its repressor, the RNA-binding protein Pumilio1 (PUM1), also causes neurodegeneration in mice. We therefore searched for human patients with PUM1 mutations. We identified eleven individuals with either PUM1 deletions or de novo missense variants who suffer a developmental syndrome (Pumilio1-associated developmental disability, ataxia, and seizure; PADDAS). We also identified a milder missense mutation in a family with adult-onset ataxia with incomplete penetrance (Pumilio1-related cerebellar ataxia, PRCA). Studies in patient-derived cells revealed that the missense mutations reduced PUM1 protein levels by â¼25% in the adult-onset cases and by â¼50% in the infantile-onset cases; levels of known PUM1 targets increased accordingly. Changes in protein levels thus track with phenotypic severity, and identifying posttranscriptional modulators of protein expression should identify new candidate disease genes.
Assuntos
Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Haploinsuficiência/genética , Mutação/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genética , Convulsões/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idade de Início , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/diagnóstico por imagem , Evolução Molecular , Feminino , Deleção de Genes , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto/genética , Neurônios/metabolismo , Neurônios/patologia , Linhagem , Estabilidade Proteica , Convulsões/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Viruses that are typically benign sometimes invade the brainstem in otherwise healthy children. We report bi-allelic DBR1 mutations in unrelated patients from different ethnicities, each of whom had brainstem infection due to herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), influenza virus, or norovirus. DBR1 encodes the only known RNA lariat debranching enzyme. We show that DBR1 expression is ubiquitous, but strongest in the spinal cord and brainstem. We also show that all DBR1 mutant alleles are severely hypomorphic, in terms of expression and function. The fibroblasts of DBR1-mutated patients contain higher RNA lariat levels than control cells, this difference becoming even more marked during HSV1 infection. Finally, we show that the patients' fibroblasts are highly susceptible to HSV1. RNA lariat accumulation and viral susceptibility are rescued by wild-type DBR1. Autosomal recessive, partial DBR1 deficiency underlies viral infection of the brainstem in humans through the disruption of tissue-specific and cell-intrinsic immunity to viruses.
Assuntos
Encefalopatias Metabólicas Congênitas/genética , Tronco Encefálico/metabolismo , Tronco Encefálico/virologia , RNA/química , RNA/metabolismo , Alelos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Encefalopatias Metabólicas Congênitas/patologia , Tronco Encefálico/patologia , Encefalite Viral/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Feminino , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/patologia , Fibroblastos/virologia , Herpesvirus Humano 1 , Humanos , Interferons/metabolismo , Íntrons/genética , Masculino , Camundongos , Proteínas Mutantes/metabolismo , Mutação/genética , Fases de Leitura Aberta/genética , Linhagem , RNA Nucleotidiltransferases/química , RNA Nucleotidiltransferases/deficiência , RNA Nucleotidiltransferases/genética , Receptor 3 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Replicação ViralRESUMO
Patterns of daily human activity are controlled by an intrinsic circadian clock that promotes â¼24 hr rhythms in many behavioral and physiological processes. This system is altered in delayed sleep phase disorder (DSPD), a common form of insomnia in which sleep episodes are shifted to later times misaligned with the societal norm. Here, we report a hereditary form of DSPD associated with a dominant coding variation in the core circadian clock gene CRY1, which creates a transcriptional inhibitor with enhanced affinity for circadian activator proteins Clock and Bmal1. This gain-of-function CRY1 variant causes reduced expression of key transcriptional targets and lengthens the period of circadian molecular rhythms, providing a mechanistic link to DSPD symptoms. The allele has a frequency of up to 0.6%, and reverse phenotyping of unrelated families corroborates late and/or fragmented sleep patterns in carriers, suggesting that it affects sleep behavior in a sizeable portion of the human population.
Assuntos
Criptocromos/metabolismo , Transtornos do Sono do Ritmo Circadiano/genética , Ritmo Circadiano , Criptocromos/genética , Éxons , Feminino , Deleção de Genes , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Linhagem , Transtornos do Sono do Ritmo Circadiano/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Genetic studies have elucidated critical roles of Piwi proteins in germline development in animals, but whether Piwi is an actual disease gene in human infertility remains unknown. We report germline mutations in human Piwi (Hiwi) in patients with azoospermia that prevent its ubiquitination and degradation. By modeling such mutations in Piwi (Miwi) knockin mice, we demonstrate that the genetic defects are directly responsible for male infertility. Mechanistically, we show that MIWI binds the histone ubiquitin ligase RNF8 in a Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)-independent manner, and MIWI stabilization sequesters RNF8 in the cytoplasm of late spermatids. The resulting aberrant sperm show histone retention, abnormal morphology, and severely compromised activity, which can be functionally rescued via blocking RNF8-MIWI interaction in spermatids with an RNF8-N peptide. Collectively, our findings identify Piwi as a factor in human infertility and reveal its role in regulating the histone-to-protamine exchange during spermiogenesis.
Assuntos
Proteínas Argonautas/genética , Proteínas Argonautas/metabolismo , Azoospermia/genética , Mutação , Animais , Azoospermia/metabolismo , Cromatina/metabolismo , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Técnicas de Introdução de Genes , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Íntrons , Masculino , Camundongos , Linhagem , Protaminas/metabolismo , Proteólise , Espermatogênese , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases , UbiquitinaçãoRESUMO
The molecular basis of the incomplete penetrance of monogenic disorders is unclear. We describe here eight related individuals with autosomal recessive TIRAP deficiency. Life-threatening staphylococcal disease occurred during childhood in the proband, but not in the other seven homozygotes. Responses to all Toll-like receptor 1/2 (TLR1/2), TLR2/6, and TLR4 agonists were impaired in the fibroblasts and leukocytes of all TIRAP-deficient individuals. However, the whole-blood response to the TLR2/6 agonist staphylococcal lipoteichoic acid (LTA) was abolished only in the index case individual, the only family member lacking LTA-specific antibodies (Abs). This defective response was reversed in the patient, but not in interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4)-deficient individuals, by anti-LTA monoclonal antibody (mAb). Anti-LTA mAb also rescued the macrophage response in mice lacking TIRAP, but not TLR2 or MyD88. Thus, acquired anti-LTA Abs rescue TLR2-dependent immunity to staphylococcal LTA in individuals with inherited TIRAP deficiency, accounting for incomplete penetrance. Combined TIRAP and anti-LTA Ab deficiencies underlie staphylococcal disease in this patient.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/administração & dosagem , Lipopolissacarídeos/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/deficiência , Receptores de Interleucina-1/deficiência , Infecções Estafilocócicas/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas/imunologia , Ácidos Teicoicos/metabolismo , Imunidade Adaptativa , Criança , Feminino , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Lipopolissacarídeos/imunologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Masculino , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/análise , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Monócitos/metabolismo , Fator 88 de Diferenciação Mieloide/metabolismo , Linhagem , Fagócitos/metabolismo , Mutação Puntual , Isoformas de Proteínas/análise , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Receptores de Interleucina-1/análise , Receptores de Interleucina-1/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas/tratamento farmacológico , Ácidos Teicoicos/imunologia , Receptor 2 Toll-Like/metabolismo , Receptores Toll-Like/agonistas , Receptores Toll-Like/metabolismoRESUMO
Despite the known importance of zinc for human immunity, molecular insights into its roles have remained limited. Here we report a novel autosomal recessive disease characterized by absent B cells, agammaglobulinemia and early onset infections in five unrelated families. The immunodeficiency results from hypomorphic mutations of SLC39A7, which encodes the endoplasmic reticulum-to-cytoplasm zinc transporter ZIP7. Using CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis we have precisely modeled ZIP7 deficiency in mice. Homozygosity for a null allele caused embryonic death, but hypomorphic alleles reproduced the block in B cell development seen in patients. B cells from mutant mice exhibited a diminished concentration of cytoplasmic free zinc, increased phosphatase activity and decreased phosphorylation of signaling molecules downstream of the pre-B cell and B cell receptors. Our findings highlight a specific role for cytosolic Zn2+ in modulating B cell receptor signal strength and positive selection.
Assuntos
Agamaglobulinemia/imunologia , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/imunologia , Zinco/imunologia , Agamaglobulinemia/genética , Agamaglobulinemia/metabolismo , Animais , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/deficiência , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/genética , Pré-Escolar , Citosol/imunologia , Citosol/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Retículo Endoplasmático/imunologia , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Mutação , Linhagem , Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a group of genetic disorders often overlapping with other neurological conditions. We previously described abnormalities in the branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic pathway as a cause of ASD. Here, we show that the solute carrier transporter 7a5 (SLC7A5), a large neutral amino acid transporter localized at the blood brain barrier (BBB), has an essential role in maintaining normal levels of brain BCAAs. In mice, deletion of Slc7a5 from the endothelial cells of the BBB leads to atypical brain amino acid profile, abnormal mRNA translation, and severe neurological abnormalities. Furthermore, we identified several patients with autistic traits and motor delay carrying deleterious homozygous mutations in the SLC7A5 gene. Finally, we demonstrate that BCAA intracerebroventricular administration ameliorates abnormal behaviors in adult mutant mice. Our data elucidate a neurological syndrome defined by SLC7A5 mutations and support an essential role for the BCAA in human brain function.