Multivariate analysis of alveolar bone dehiscence and fenestration in anterior teeth after orthodontic treatment: A retrospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of fenestration and dehiscence between pre- and post-orthodontic treatment and to explore the factors related to fenestration and dehiscence in the anterior teeth after treatment. METHODS: This study included 1000 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 500 patients before (T1) and after (T2) orthodontic treatment. These images were imported into Dolphin 11.9 software to detect alveolar fenestration and dehiscence in the anterior teeth area. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were performed to compare the prevalence of alveolar bone defects between time points T1 and T2. A total of 499 patients were selected for logistic regression analysis to examine the correlation among age, sex, crowding, sagittal facial type, extraction, miniscrew use and fenestration or dehiscence post-treatment. RESULTS: Except for the maxillary lingual fenestration and labial fenestration of mandibular canines, a significant change in the prevalence of fenestration and dehiscence was noted between time points T1 and T2 (P < .025). Multinomial logistic regression showed that age, miniscrew use and extraction highly influenced the prevalence of anterior lingual dehiscence (P < .05). Dehiscence of the mandibular labial side (skeletal Class III vs. I, OR = 2.368, P = .000) and fenestration of the mandibular lingual side (skeletal Class II vs. I, OR = 2.344, P = .044) were strongly correlated with the sagittal facial type. Dehiscence of the maxillary labial side (moderate vs. mild, OR = 1.468, P = .017) was significantly associated with crowding. CONCLUSIONS: Older age, maxillary moderate crowding, skeletal Class III, extraction and miniscrew potentially significantly affect the prevalence of anterior teeth dehiscence. Adult females, skeletal Class III patients on the mandibular labial side and skeletal Class II patients on the mandibular lingual side should be monitored for anterior teeth fenestration.

Orthognathic Surgery Trending: Retrospective Ten Years Cases Analysis in Nineveh Province, Iraq.

AIMS: The study aimed at analyzing patient's case sheets in regard to the incidence of skeletal discrepancy present in cases and its relation with the demographic profile of the sample. All these are chronicled for more than 10 years periods. METHODOLOGY: This is a retrospective study analysis of the orthognathic case sheets for more than 10 years period. The total numbers of patients are 678. Patient's case sheet was already prepared by the Multi-Disciplinary Team Orthognathic Surgery Clinic in Al-Salam Teaching Hospital, which is the only authorized committee in Nineveh Health Directorate. RESULTS: The highest age percentage is between (18 and 27 y/76%). Angle class III cases are the uppermost cases (36%) from the total. A significant P value is clear at the level ≤0.05 and ≤0.01 between surgery type and discrepancy in anterior segmental osteotomies (upper and lower) which is performed in bi-maxillary protrusion cases and Angle class II cases (0.01**). Similarly, anterior segmental osteotomies (upper jaw only) which are indicated in both open bite and Angle Class II cases documented as a statistically significant P value (0.02*). The positive correlation is shown in all variables with the disharmony or facial discrepancies. Esthetic and beauty as causes for treatment recorded more than function in relation to time series. CONCLUSION: This study documents that patients with skeletal class III accounted for the largest percentage (64%) in the study group. A high increase in patients number seeking treatment for their discrepancy is obvious with time from 2009 till 2022.

Characterizing infraocclusion in primary molars: prevalence, accompanying findings, and infraocclusion severity and treatment implications.

BACKGROUND: This manuscript investigates the prevalence, classification, accompanying findings, and treatment modalities associated with infraoccluded primary molars. The aim of this study categorizing primary molars based on the severity of infraocclusion and assessing their respective treatment interventions across different severity groups. METHODS: The classification, treatment types, accompanying findings, and the condition of succeeding premolars of infraoccluded molars were documented. Chi-square tests, including Fisher's Exact Chi-square test, Fisher Freeman Halton Exact Chi-square test, and One Sample Chi-square test, were conducted. The predetermined significance level was less than 0.05. RESULTS: The study population consisted of 3132 subjects aged 3 to 15 years, with a prevalence of 4.3% for infraocclusion. Infraocclusion typically manifests between 6 and 9 years of age and predominantly affects mandibular primary molars. Treatment interventions varied based on infraocclusion severity, with more invasive procedures required for severe cases. Accompanying findings associated with infraocclusion include adjacent teeth tipping, significant deviation in midline shifts towards the affected side and increased caries. Additionally, succeeding premolar agenesis was observed in 2% of infraoccluded molars, with extraction rates higher in cases where the successor tooth was mesially or distally located. CONCLUSIONS: The study offers novel insights to dental practitioners concerning the severity and distribution of treatment interventions for infraocclusion. It suggests that more severe cases may necessitate more invasive procedures, with the aim of enhancing patient outcomes through timely intervention and personalized therapeutic strategies.

Comparison of the prevalence of malocclusion and oral habits between children with cerebral palsy and healthy children.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral palsy (CP) represents for children an important problem of health and affects roughly 2 per 1000 live births and is the most common pediatric developmental motor disability. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, type and severity of malocclusion and oral habits in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) and to compare them with a control group of healthy children in Sana'a city. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, case-control study was made of two groups, a cerebral palsy and a control group. The study population consisted of 60 children who had CP, and a control group of 60 matched children with no physical or mental disabilities. Data were collected using a questionnaire and assessment for malocclusion was done clinically. The patients were compared with equal number of age-matched controls. The inclusion criteria were individuals aged over 6 years; absence of previous orthodontic treatment; no missing permanent first molars. RESULTS: Results showed an increased prevalence of malocclusion in children with cerebral palsy. Molar class II relationship was statistically higher in cerebral palsy children than healthy control (P = 0.001). Cerebral palsied children are likely to have a significantly increased protrusion of the anterior teeth (P < 0.001) when compared with normal children. Mouth breathing and Tongue thrust. Habits were significantly higher in the CP group (p = 0.0001) when compared with normal children. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of malocclusion was higher in children with Cerebral palsy than in normal children, and the present study concludes that in children with Cerebral Palsy, more oral Habits problems due to oral motor dysfunctions are common and problems of mouth breathing and Tongue thrust produce different malocclusion and poor oral hygiene complications in these children.

Do symptoms and signs of temporomandibular disorders have an association with breathing pattern: a cross-sectional study on Turkish children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: This paper aimed to explore the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) signs/symptoms, and to investigate the possible link between signs/symptoms of TMDs and mouth breathing (MB) by evaluating along with other risk factors, in a Turkish subpopulation of children and adolescence. METHODS: This study was conducted with the archival data of the patients who applied with orthodontic complaints. Data on demographic characteristics, family-related factors, systemic status, occlusion, breathing patterns, oral habits, and bruxism were retrieved from the archival records. RESULTS: Nine hundred forty-five children and adolescents with a mean age of 14.82 ± 2.06 years were included in the study. Of the participants, 66% were girls, 60.4% were delivered by C-section, 8.4% of the participants had at least one systemic disease, 9.2% of the participants had allergy, and 4.3% of the participants' parents were divorced, 18.7% have an oral habit, 6.6% have bruxism, 29.8% have malocclusion and 14.1% have MB. Eight-point-five percent of participants have signs/symptoms of TMD. Among them 2.9% have pain, 3.7% have joint sounds, 1.4% have deflection, and 3.9% have deviation. Evaluation of the risk factors revealed a significant relation between the signs/symptoms of TMD and bruxism (OR 8.07 95% CI 4.36-14.92), gender (OR 2.01 95% CI 1.13-3.59), marital status of parents (OR 2.62 95% CI 1.07-6.42), and MB (OR 3.26 95% CI 1.86-5.71). CONCLUSIONS: According to the study's findings, girls and those with bruxism, divorced parents, and MB behavior are more likely to have signs/symptoms of TMD. Age found to have significant effect on the occurrence of the signs/symptoms of TMD alone, but together with other factors the effect of the age is disappeared. Early screening and intervention of MB as well as the signs/symptoms of TMD can help to limit detrimental effects of these conditions on growth, and quality of life of children and adolescents.

A comprehensive national survey on malocclusion prevalence among Palestinian children.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic features among schoolchildren in the West Bank, Palestine. METHODS: A stratified cluster sample of 1278 schoolchildren (620 males, 658 females, mean age 12 years and 5 months (± 0.5)) were examined. Candidates who had not received any previous orthodontic treatment were only included. Dental anomalies like missing and ectopic teeth were recorded. The anteroposterior occlusal relationship was assessed based on Angle classification. Overjet and overbite were measured. Crowding and spacing were recorded subjectively. In addition, crossbite, openbite, and midline displacement were recorded. The chi-square test and descriptive analysis were used statistically. RESULTS: The study found Angle Class I molar relationship in 65%, Class II div 1 in 17%, Class II div 2 in 6%, and Class III in 12% of the sample. An overjet (OJ) of more than 4 mm was present in 17%, and 4% had OJ of more than 6 mm; an OJ of at least 0 mm or less in 36%, and 6% had a reverse OJ. A normal overbite was observed in 53%, while 28% had an increase and 19% had a decreased overbite. An anterior openbite (AOB) was present in 9%, and a scissor bite or anterior crossbite in 6% and 14%, respectively. A posterior crossbite was observed in 12% (9% unilateral and 3% bilateral). Midline displacement was found in (9%). Crowding was observed in 35% and 31% and spacing in 24% and 15% of the maxillary and mandibular arches, respectively. A statistically significant relationship between gender and midline shift, a diastema, spacing in the upper arch, and most dental anomalies was found; males were more affected (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study reported a high prevalence of malocclusion among schoolchildren in Palestine. A collaborative effort should be directed to obtain more monitoring and surveillance of malocclusion more frequently to prevent and control the exacerbation of the problem.

Prevalence of malocclusion and oral health-related factors among pre-school children in Northern Albania.

The aim of the present study was to investigate prevalence and association between malocclusion and caries among pre-school children aged 4-6 years frequenting public kindergartens in Shkodër, the largest city in North Albania. The sample for this descriptive and cross-sectional study included 389 pre-school children aged 4-6 years frequenting 20 public kindergartens in Shkodër, the largest city in North Albania. The participants were divided into two groups according to their caries experience evaluated, as determined by decayed-missing-filled index dmf (World Health Organization criteria) score. Those with dmf score of zero were considered to be free of caries. The prevalence of children with at least one malocclusion trait was 89%. The prevalence of caries was 66% (mean dmf score: 3.63). Increased overbite (43%), followed by increased overjet, were the most prevalent malocclusion traits observed in children with a dmf of zero. Among children with caries, the most prevalent trait was increased overjet (42%) and increased overbite. Almost half of the entire study population had a straight terminal plane and class I canine relationship. There was a similar prevalence of bilateral crossbite. Significant changes (p = 0.008) were observed between the groups with regards to the absence of spacing in the maxillary anterior region. Regression analysis further revealed that children with an absence of maxillary spacing were 2.564-fold more likely to have caries; those with a deepbite were 0.814-fold more likely to have caries. More than half of the children had caries. Increased overjet, overbite, crossbite and maxillary crowding were malocclusion traits observed in the population included in this study. A positive association was identified between maxillary crowding, deepbite and caries. The association between malocclusion and caries, highlights the necessity for an increased awareness of these two conditions that are commonly found among children of pre-school age.

[Subjective oral health, malocclusions and oral health related quality of life in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy]. / De subjectieve mondgezondheid, malocclusies en orale kwaliteit van leven van patiënten met Duchenne-spierdystrofie.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a hereditary progressive neuromuscular disorder. Deterioration and weakening of the muscles is also present in orofacial muscles. Both weakness of the muscles and the fact that patients become more dependent of care, can make oral care more difficult. At this moment, it is unknown how patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy experience their oral health and which problems regarding oral health and oral care may impact their oral health related quality of life. In this cross-sectional study, we found that, despite a high percentage of gingivitis, a high percentage of patients who experience halitosis and a high percentage of malocclusions, patients score their oral health related quality of life as good.

PREVALENCE OF DENTITION, DENTAL ARCHES AND DENTAL ANOMALIES.

Malocclusion can have a negative impact on children's quality of life. Patients with severe malocclusions tend to smile less and look for ways to improve their smile. The mentioned study was conducted in 400 patients aged 3 to 18 years, who applied to the dental clinic for orthodontic treatment regardless of age and gender. The aim of the study was the prevalence of occlusion, dental arches and dental anomalies, most often combined occlusion anomalies, functional disorders, carious and filled teeth and periodontal diseases in the examined patients. According to the results of the research, it was established that the majority of the examined patients were female. Among occlusion anomalies, occlusion class II subclass I was detected with the highest frequency. Almost 11% of the examined had a functional disturbances oral and maxillofacial system. 6% of the examined have an anomaly of the shape of the crown of the teeth. 6.25% of cases have microdontia and 5.5% have macrodontia. 1.17% showed pathological wear and 24.55 enamel hypoplasia. 1% supernumerary tooth, of which 0.75% supernumerary tooth between central incisors, 0.25% supernumerary tooth in other area. Persistent tooth in 3.25% of cases. 5% of retentive teeth are one or several teeth at the same time. 26.75% have one or more dystopian postures. Diastema was detected in 19.75%. Most of the examined patients were female, which is explained by the perception of patients and their parents regarding facial aesthetics in relation to gender. Most of the patients turn to orthodontics in cases of occlusal anomalies that are more aesthetically pronounced and easily perceived by others. In the studied society, oral health and oral care skills are given less importance, as evidenced by high rates of periodontal diseases, caries, and filled teeth. In the mentioned population, it is very important to raise the level of knowledge of the importance of oral health, which is possible by conducting educational events in kindergartens, schools, public gathering places, dental clinics.

Gender differences in the association between malocclusion traits and oral health-related quality of life in Finnish adults.

We aimed to evaluate the gender-specific associations of malocclusion traits with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among Finnish adults. Data were obtained from the Health 2000 Survey, Finland. Included participants (n = 3993) were ≥30 years old with OHRQoL and occlusion data. OHRQoL was measured using the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14). OHIP-14 severity mean score, prevalence of impacts, and means of seven dimensions were outcomes. Explanatory variables were any malocclusion trait, increased overjet, negative overjet, open bite, deep bite, and crossbite/scissor bite. Logistic (prevalence) and cumulative (severity) regression models were adjusted for age, decayed teeth, deep periodontal pocket, occluding pairs, orthodontic treatment, and self-perceived health. Gender modified the association between any malocclusion trait and OHRQoL, with the association being stronger in females. Females without any malocclusion trait (OR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.14-2.28) or without crossbite/scissor bite (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.16-2.43) had better OHRQoL (lower prevalence) than those with malocclusions. Males without increased overjet (OR 1.50, 95% CI = 1.04-2.17) had lower mean OHIP-14 severity score than males with increased overjet, after adjustments. The association between psychological and physical disability and malocclusion traits was different between males and females. Gender differences in the impact of malocclusion traits should be considered when assessing orthodontic treatment need.

Incompetent lip seal and nail biting as risk factors for malocclusion in Japanese preschool children aged 3-6 years.

BACKGROUND: Malocclusion is a multifactorial condition associated with genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of occlusal traits, oral habits, and nose and throat conditions by age and to assess the association between malocclusion and its environmental factors in Japanese preschool children. METHODS: A total of 503 Japanese children (258 boys and 245 girls aged 3-6 years) were recruited. Occlusal traits were assessed visually to record sagittal, vertical, and transverse malocclusion, and space discrepancies. Lip seal was recorded by an examiner, and oral habits (finger sucking, lip sucking or lip biting, nail biting, chin resting on a hand) and nose and throat conditions (tendency for nasal obstruction, allergic rhinitis, palatine tonsil hypertrophy) were assessed by a questionnaire completed by the parents. The prevalence of each item was calculated, and binary logistic regression was used to examine the factors related to malocclusion. RESULTS: 62.0% of preschool children in the present study exhibited malocclusion, and 27.8% exhibited incompetent lip seal. Nail biting was the most frequent oral habit with a prevalence of 18.9%. Nasal obstruction was recorded in 30.4% of children. The results of binary logistic regression showed that incompetent lip seal was significantly related to malocclusion, and that nail biting was significantly negatively related. CONCLUSIONS: Incompetent lip seal is significantly associated with malocclusion, but nail biting may not necessarily be a deleterious habit for the occlusion in Japanese preschool children.

Occlusal characteristics and oral health-related quality of life in adults operated due to sagittal synostosis in childhood: a case-control study with 26 years of follow-up.

PURPOSE: The aim of this case-control study was to investigate occlusal characteristics, received orthodontic treatment, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), and satisfaction with dental esthetics in adults operated due to sagittal synostosis. METHODS: The study group consisted of 40 adults (25 males, 15 females, mean age 27.4 years, range 18-41) who were operated due to isolated sagittal synostosis in childhood. The control group comprised 40 age and gender-matched adults. Occlusal characteristics were evaluated clinically during study visits. Information on the previous orthodontic treatment was collected from dental records. OHRQoL was measured using the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14), and satisfaction with dental esthetics was evaluated using a visual analogue scale. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the patient group and the controls in malocclusion traits (overjet, overbite, molar relationships, crossbite, scissor bite), previous orthodontic treatment, pre-treatment malocclusion diagnoses, OHIP variables, or satisfaction with dental esthetics. However, there was a tendency toward increased overjet and overbite in scaphocephalic patients. CONCLUSION: It seems that adults with scaphocephaly operated in childhood do not differ from the average population in terms of occlusion, received orthodontic treatment, or oral health-related well-being.

Temporomandibular joint articular disc position and shape in skeletal Class III.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the position and shape of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) articular disc among the sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns in Angle Class III, Class III subdivision malocclusion and normal occlusion. The null hypothesis was that there was no difference in disc position and shape in different (1) malocclusions and (2) skeletal patterns. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study evaluated 105 patients divided into 3 groups: Class III (33, 9.39 ± 1.96 years), Class III subdivision (45, 9.51 ± 1.59 years) and a normal occlusion (27, 10.24 ± 0.87 years) was included as healthy control. Severity of the maxilla-mandibular anteroposterior discrepancy and vertical facial pattern were determined using 2D cephalometry, and the position and shape of the articular discs were evaluated in magnetic resonance images. Statistical parametric and non-parametric tests and Kappa analysis for intra-observer and inter-observer assessment were used (p ≤ .05). RESULTS: Significant between-group differences were found in articular disc position. In the normal occlusion group, all the articular discs were well positioned. In Class III and Class III subdivision, the discs were displaced in 30.3% and 12.2% of the TMJs, respectively. Sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns did not affect the findings significantly. The Class III subdivision malocclusion group is probably different from the other groups, showing 97.7% of biconcave discs in both TMJs. CONCLUSION: The longitudinal follow-up of this sample becomes relevant as the two groups with malocclusion in the pre-peak phase of pubertal growth showed differences in the prevalence of displacement and form of the articular disc, with no association with their vertical facial characteristics.

Relationship between aesthetic concern and self-esteem in adolescents with severe malocclusion.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between aesthetic concern and self-esteem in adolescents with severe malocclusion. METHODS: A cross-sectional study developed with 543 adolescents from 11 to 13 years of age and severe malocclusion was selected. Dental aesthetic index (DAI) diagnosed the malocclusion and selected the groups with greater severity (DAI 3 and 4). Aesthetic concern was assessed using the oral aesthetic subjective impact scale (OASIS) and considered an outcome variable. The global negative self-evaluation (GSE) evaluated self-esteem. The variables were analysed using Poisson multiple regression and the model adjustment determined by the Akaike information criterion (AICC). The effect of each variable on OASIS was expressed as a prevalence ratio (PR) with 95% confidence intervals. The analyses were performed using the R program with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: A significant association was observed between aesthetic concern scores and self-esteem (p<.05). Individuals with low self-esteem had OASIS scores 14% higher (PR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.08-1.21). There was no significant association between OASIS and gender and age (p>.05). CONCLUSIONS: Self-esteem modulates how the individual perceives malocclusion. Adolescents with severe and very malocclusion and low self-esteem have greater aesthetic concerns.

Malocclusions, pathologic tooth migration, and the need for orthodontic treatment in subjects with stage III-IV periodontitis. A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Literature is scarce on malocclusion prevalence and orthodontic treatment need (OTN) in subjects with stage III-IV periodontitis. Study aims were to assess prevalence of primary and secondary malocclusions in subjects with stage III-IV periodontitis and OTN based on pathologic tooth migration (PTM) and occlusal trauma of anterior teeth (AT). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and twenty-one subjects with stage III-IV periodontitis were examined. A comprehensive periodontal-orthodontic examination was performed. Exclusion criteria: age <30 years, removable prosthetics, uncontrolled diabetes, pregnancy/lactation, and oncologic disease. RESULTS: Class II malocclusion was found in 49.6% (Class II div 1-20.7%, Class II div 2-9.9%, subdivision Class II-19.0%), Class I-31.4%, Class III-10.7%, no malocclusion-8.3% of subjects. PTM was observed in 74.4% of maxillary and 60.3% of mandibular AT. Spacing and extrusion were the main types of PTM of AT. Odds ratio for PTM of maxillary AT was 9.3 in cases with >30% of sites with clinical attachment loss ≥5 mm (P = 0.001). Spacing of maxillary AT was influenced by periodontitis, Class III malocclusion, and lost teeth. Tongue habit had impact on spacing of mandibular AT. Dental Health Component of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need yielded that OTN was found in >50% and OTN due PTM, occlusal trauma and impaired function in 66.1% of subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The most prevalent malocclusion was Class II. Spacing and extrusion were prevalent types of PTM of AT. OTN was found in more than half of the subjects. The study highlights the need for preventive measures for PTM in subjects with stage III-IV periodontitis.

Prevalence and influencing factors of malocclusion in adolescents in Shanghai, China.

BACKGROUND: The main purpose of the study was to investigate the prevalence and related risk factors of malocclusion in permanent dentition among adolescents in Shanghai, and provide basic data for government's preventive strategies and intervention plans. METHODS: 1799 adolescents aged 11-15 years old from 18 middle schools in 6 districts of Shanghai were recruited to investigate oral health status and related risk factors using cluster random sampling method in 2021. Malocclusion and caries were examined by on-site inspection. The investigation criteria referred to Bjoerk and the recommendation of the WHO. The malocclusion inspection items included molars relationship, canine relationship, overbite, overjet, midline displacement, anterior crossbite, posterior crossbite, scissors bite, crowding and spacing. The subjects were asked to fill in a questionnaire including parents' education level, oral health behaviors and dietary habits. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the relationship between malocclusion and risk factors. RESULTS: 1799 adolescents were included in the study and the prevalence of malocclusion in adolescents in Shanghai was 83.5%, and the proportion of molar relationship class I, class II, and class III was 48.9%, 14.7%, and 19.0%, respectively. The most common occlusal characteristic of malocclusion was anterior crowding, followed by midline irregularities and deep overbite, with prevalence rates of 44.8%, 39.0% and 38.6%, respectively. The prevalence rate of adolescents with caries was 34.3%. Those who had dental caries and preferred soft food were more likely to have abnormal occlusal characteristics (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of malocclusion in adolescents in Shanghai is high, so it is of great significance to strengthen oral health education, allocate proper preventive strategies and carry out the early correction if necessary.

Influence of bad oral habits upon the development of posterior crossbite in a preschool population.

BACKGROUND: A study is made of posterior crossbite in deciduous dentition and its possible association to extrinsic factors (bad oral habits). METHODS: A total of 1168 Spanish children between 3 and 6 years of age were included in the study. Exploration of the oral cavity was performed to assess the presence of crossbite (uni- or bilateral and/or functional), and a questionnaire was administered to the parents or caregivers to determine the presence of bad oral habits and their duration. RESULTS: In occlusion, 19.7% of the cases (n = 230) presented uni- or bilateral posterior crossbite. On adopting centric relation confronting the midlines, crossbite persisted in 165 children, indicating that 65 cases were due to premature contacts (functional crossbite). The identified favoring factors were pacifier use, thumb sucking, oral breathing and tongue thrusting or immature swallowing. DISCUSSION: Most studies in the literature report a relationship between posterior crossbite and bad oral habits. The proportion of posterior crossbites identified in our study (16.6%) is consistent with the data published by authors such as Kobayashi, Limeira or Paolantonio, among others, but differs from the results of Zhifei Zhou, Peres or Germa. In coincidence with most studies, we recorded a statistically significant association between posterior crossbite and bad oral habits. CONCLUSIONS: Bad oral habits favor the appearance of posterior crossbite, and the duration of the habit, its intensity (in the case of thumb sucking) and type (in the case of pacifier use) act as influencing factors. Functional study characterized the types of posterior crossbites and identified those attributable to premature contacts. This aspect has not been addressed by previous studies, and we consider the findings to be very interesting for analyzing and identifying the features of true crossbites.

Pediatric sleep-disordered breathing in Shanghai: characteristics, independent risk factors and its association with malocclusion.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and independent risk factors of SDB, and explore its association with malocclusion among 6-11-year-old children in Shanghai, China. METHODS: A cluster sampling procedure was adopted in this cross-sectional study. Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) was applied to evaluate the presence of SDB. Questionnaires including PSQ, medical history, family history, and daily habits/environment were completed by parents under instruction, and oral examinations were implemented by well-trained orthodontists. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to identify independent risk factors for SDB. Chi-square tests and Spearman's Rank Correlation were used to estimate the relationship between SDB and malocclusion. RESULTS: A total of 3433 subjects (1788 males and 1645 females) were included in the study. The SDB prevalence was about 17.7%. Allergic rhinitis (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.09-1.79), adenotonsillar hypertrophy (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.82-3.19), paternal snoring (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.53-2.53), and maternal snoring (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.05-1.73) were independent risk factors for SDB. The SDB prevalence was higher in children with retrusive mandibles than in proper or excessive ones. No significant difference was observed in the correlation between SDB and lateral facial profile, mandible plane angle, constricted dental arch form, the severity of anterior overjet and overbite, degree of crowding and spacing, and the presence of crossbite and open bite. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of SDB in primary students in the Chinese urban population was high and highly associated with mandible retrusion. The independent risk factors included Allergic rhinitis, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, paternal snoring, and maternal snoring. More efforts should be made to enhance public education about SDB and related dental-maxillofacial abnormalities.

Association of congenitally missing teeth with adult temporomandibular disorders in the urban health checkup population.

BACKGROUND: Congenitally missing tooth is the most common dental abnormality which leaves spaces in the arch, leads to numerous forms of malocclusion due to the Bolton index discrepancy and is even associated with abnormal craniofacial morphology. Even though the roles of malocclusion and tooth loss in temporomandibular disorders (TMD) development remain controversial, basic researches have found some common molecules are involved in osteoarthritis and dental agenesis. However, the association of congenitally missing teeth with TMD is unknown. We hence investigated the association of congenitally missing teeth with TMD. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of 586 control participants (male: 287, female: 299, 38.33 ± 11.65 years) and 583 participants with non-third molar congenitally missing teeth (male: 238, female: 345, 39.13 ± 11.67 years) who consecutively received routine dental and TMD checkup according to Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Axis I in Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital was performed. Logistic regression analysis was used to study the association of congenitally missing teeth with TMD. RESULTS: The congenitally missing teeth group included 581 hypodontia and 2 oligodontia participants. The congenitally missing anterior teeth participants, the congenitally missing posterior teeth participants and participants with both congenitally missing anterior and posterior teeth accounted for 88.34%, 8.40% and 3.26% of the congenitally missing teeth group respectively. Congenitally missing teeth group had greater ratios of females and orthodontic history. Participants with congenitally missing teeth had a significantly higher prevalence of overall TMD (67.24%) in comparison to control participants (45.90%). After adjusting age, gender, presence of congenitally missing teeth, number of congenitally missing teeth, number of non-congenitally missing teeth, number of dental quadrants with missing teeth, visible third molar and orthodontic history, the variables of age, gender, presence of congenitally missing teeth and number of dental quadrants with missing teeth were significant for overall TMD. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed congenitally missing tooth was significantly related with overall TMD [odds ratio (OR):1.689(1.080-2.642), P = 0.022], intra-articular TMD [OR: 1.711(1.103-2.656), P = 0.017] and pain-related TMD [OR: 3.093(1.321-7.239), P = 0.009]. CONCLUSION: Congenitally missing tooth is a risk factor for TMD. When treating the congenitally missing teeth population, TMJ evaluation and multidisciplinary strategies are necessary.

Gender Dimorphism of Skeletal Measurements and Dental Angle Classification in Orthodontic Patients.

AIM: The present study aimed to evaluate gender dimorphism of the skeletal and dental angles and measurements among different types of malocclusions in the Population of Jizan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cephalometric data were retrieved from the archived records of 272 dental patients, comprising 134 males and 138 females. Skeletal and dental malocclusions in both the sub-groups were digitally studied. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The measurement reliability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). Non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to evaluate the difference in skeletal and dental parameters between genders. The Chi-square test was done to determine the difference in malocclusion patterns amongst the gender. RESULTS: Statistical significance was noted in dental malocclusion (p-value = 0.003) and facial height, with females having a steeper mandible plan than males. The Sella-nasion-Nasion-Vertical line angles were reported high in females with no statistical significance. Linear cephalometric values were measured higher in males than females, whereas angular values and facial height parameters were lower in females than male. CONCLUSION: Within the limitation of this study, it could be concluded that there is a prominent difference measured in facial profiles of males and females with higher facial height in males. Clinical significance and limitations: These clinical outcomes will help orthodontists to analyze the accurate base angles and points to draft proper treatment plans considering the variation in the profile of males and females.