RESUMO
Sneezing and coughing are primary symptoms of many respiratory viral infections and allergies. It is generally assumed that sneezing and coughing involve common sensory receptors and molecular neurotransmission mechanisms. Here, we show that the nasal mucosa is innervated by several discrete populations of sensory neurons, but only one population (MrgprC11+MrgprA3-) mediates sneezing responses to a multitude of nasal irritants, allergens, and viruses. Although this population also innervates the trachea, it does not mediate coughing, as revealed by our newly established cough model. Instead, a distinct sensory population (somatostatin [SST+]) mediates coughing but not sneezing, unraveling an unforeseen sensory difference between sneezing and coughing. At the circuit level, sneeze and cough signals are transmitted and modulated by divergent neuropathways. Together, our study reveals the difference in sensory receptors and neurotransmission/modulation mechanisms between sneezing and coughing, offering neuronal drug targets for symptom management in respiratory viral infections and allergies.
Assuntos
Tosse , Espirro , Animais , Camundongos , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/metabolismo , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/fisiologia , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/virologia , Masculino , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , Mucosa Nasal/metabolismo , Feminino , Traqueia/virologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Humanos , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismoRESUMO
The mode of acquisition and causes for the variable clinical spectrum of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain unknown. We utilized a reverse genetics system to generate a GFP reporter virus to explore severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogenesis and a luciferase reporter virus to demonstrate sera collected from SARS and COVID-19 patients exhibited limited cross-CoV neutralization. High-sensitivity RNA in situ mapping revealed the highest angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression in the nose with decreasing expression throughout the lower respiratory tract, paralleled by a striking gradient of SARS-CoV-2 infection in proximal (high) versus distal (low) pulmonary epithelial cultures. COVID-19 autopsied lung studies identified focal disease and, congruent with culture data, SARS-CoV-2-infected ciliated and type 2 pneumocyte cells in airway and alveolar regions, respectively. These findings highlight the nasal susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 with likely subsequent aspiration-mediated virus seeding to the lung in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. These reagents provide a foundation for investigations into virus-host interactions in protective immunity, host susceptibility, and virus pathogenesis.
Assuntos
Betacoronavirus/genética , Infecções por Coronavirus/patologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Pneumonia Viral/patologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Sistema Respiratório/virologia , Genética Reversa/métodos , Idoso , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/patogenicidade , COVID-19 , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Chlorocebus aethiops , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/terapia , Fibrose Cística/patologia , DNA Recombinante , Feminino , Furina/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunização Passiva , Pulmão/metabolismo , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mucosa Nasal/metabolismo , Mucosa Nasal/patologia , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , Pandemias , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Sistema Respiratório/patologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Células Vero , Virulência , Replicação Viral , Soroterapia para COVID-19RESUMO
There is pressing urgency to understand the pathogenesis of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus clade 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the disease COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and in concert with host proteases, principally transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), promotes cellular entry. The cell subsets targeted by SARS-CoV-2 in host tissues and the factors that regulate ACE2 expression remain unknown. Here, we leverage human, non-human primate, and mouse single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets across health and disease to uncover putative targets of SARS-CoV-2 among tissue-resident cell subsets. We identify ACE2 and TMPRSS2 co-expressing cells within lung type II pneumocytes, ileal absorptive enterocytes, and nasal goblet secretory cells. Strikingly, we discovered that ACE2 is a human interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) in vitro using airway epithelial cells and extend our findings to in vivo viral infections. Our data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 could exploit species-specific interferon-driven upregulation of ACE2, a tissue-protective mediator during lung injury, to enhance infection.
Assuntos
Células Epiteliais Alveolares/metabolismo , Enterócitos/metabolismo , Células Caliciformes/metabolismo , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Mucosa Nasal/citologia , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/genética , Adolescente , Células Epiteliais Alveolares/imunologia , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , Animais , Betacoronavirus/fisiologia , COVID-19 , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Criança , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Enterócitos/imunologia , Células Caliciformes/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Interferon Tipo I/imunologia , Pulmão/citologia , Pulmão/patologia , Macaca mulatta , Camundongos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Pandemias , Peptidil Dipeptidase A/metabolismo , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Receptores Virais/genética , SARS-CoV-2 , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Análise de Célula Única , Tuberculose/imunologia , Regulação para CimaRESUMO
The heterogeneous cellular microenvironment of human airway chronic inflammatory diseases, including chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and asthma, is still poorly understood. Here, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on the nasal mucosa of healthy individuals and patients with three subtypes of CRS and identified disease-specific cell subsets and molecules that specifically contribute to the pathogenesis of CRS subtypes. As such, ALOX15+ macrophages contributed to the type 2 immunity-driven pathogenesis of one subtype of CRS, eosinophilic CRS with nasal polyps (eCRSwNP), by secreting chemokines that recruited eosinophils, monocytes and T helper 2 (TH2) cells. An inhibitor of ALOX15 reduced the release of proinflammatory chemokines in human macrophages and inhibited the overactivation of type 2 immunity in a mouse model of eosinophilic rhinosinusitis. Our findings advance the understanding of the heterogeneous immune microenvironment and the pathogenesis of CRS subtypes and identify potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of CRS and potentially other type 2 immunity-mediated diseases.
Assuntos
Pólipos Nasais , Rinite , Sinusite , Animais , Doença Crônica , Eosinófilos , Humanos , Camundongos , Mucosa NasalRESUMO
The nasal mucosa is often the initial site of respiratory viral infection, replication, and transmission. Understanding how infection shapes tissue-scale primary and memory responses is critical for designing mucosal therapeutics and vaccines. We generated a single-cell RNA-sequencing atlas of the murine nasal mucosa, sampling three regions during primary influenza infection and rechallenge. Compositional analysis revealed restricted infection to the respiratory mucosa with stepwise changes in immune and epithelial cell subsets and states. We identified and characterized a rare subset of Krt13+ nasal immune-interacting floor epithelial (KNIIFE) cells, which concurrently increased with tissue-resident memory T (TRM)-like cells. Proportionality analysis, cell-cell communication inference, and microscopy underscored the CXCL16-CXCR6 axis between KNIIFE and TRM cells. Secondary influenza challenge induced accelerated and coordinated myeloid and lymphoid responses without epithelial proliferation. Together, this atlas serves as a reference for viral infection in the upper respiratory tract and highlights the efficacy of local coordinated memory responses.
Assuntos
Memória Imunológica , Células T de Memória , Mucosa Nasal , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae , Animais , Memória Imunológica/imunologia , Camundongos , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/imunologia , Infecções por Orthomyxoviridae/virologia , Células T de Memória/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Humanos , Análise de Célula Única , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Influenza Humana/virologia , Feminino , Receptores CXCR6/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR6/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologia , Vírus da Influenza A/fisiologiaRESUMO
Colonization of the upper respiratory tract by pneumococcus is important both as a determinant of disease and for transmission into the population. The immunological mechanisms that contain pneumococcus during colonization are well studied in mice but remain unclear in humans. Loss of this control of pneumococcus following infection with influenza virus is associated with secondary bacterial pneumonia. We used a human challenge model with type 6B pneumococcus to show that acquisition of pneumococcus induced early degranulation of resident neutrophils and recruitment of monocytes to the nose. Monocyte function was associated with the clearance of pneumococcus. Prior nasal infection with live attenuated influenza virus induced inflammation, impaired innate immune function and altered genome-wide nasal gene responses to the carriage of pneumococcus. Levels of the cytokine CXCL10, promoted by viral infection, at the time pneumococcus was encountered were positively associated with bacterial load.
Assuntos
Coinfecção/imunologia , Influenza Humana/imunologia , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Infecções Pneumocócicas/imunologia , Quimiocina CXCL10/imunologia , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito/imunologia , Método Duplo-Cego , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Inflamação/imunologia , Monócitos/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Streptococcus pneumoniaeRESUMO
Nasal vaccination elicits a humoral immune response that provides protection from airborne pathogens1, yet the origins and specific immune niches of antigen-specific IgA-secreting cells in the upper airways are unclear2. Here we define nasal glandular acinar structures and the turbinates as immunological niches that recruit IgA-secreting plasma cells from the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues (NALTs)3. Using intact organ imaging, we demonstrate that nasal vaccination induces B cell expansion in the subepithelial dome of the NALT, followed by invasion into commensal-bacteria-driven chronic germinal centres in a T cell-dependent manner. Initiation of the germinal centre response in the NALT requires pre-expansion of antigen-specific T cells, which interact with cognate B cells in interfollicular regions. NALT ablation and blockade of PSGL-1, which mediates interactions with endothelial cell selectins, demonstrated that NALT-derived IgA-expressing B cells home to the turbinate region through the circulation, where they are positioned primarily around glandular acinar structures. CCL28 expression was increased in the turbinates in response to vaccination and promoted homing of IgA+ B cells to this site. Thus, in response to nasal vaccination, the glandular acini and turbinates provide immunological niches that host NALT-derived IgA-secreting cells. These cellular events could be manipulated in vaccine design or in the treatment of upper airway allergic responses.
Assuntos
Imunoglobulina A , Tecido Linfoide , Mucosa Nasal , Plasmócitos , Linfócitos T , Conchas Nasais , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Bactérias/imunologia , Movimento Celular , Quimiocinas CC/imunologia , Quimiocinas CC/metabolismo , Centro Germinativo/imunologia , Centro Germinativo/citologia , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Imunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Tecido Linfoide/imunologia , Tecido Linfoide/citologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mucosa Nasal/citologia , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Plasmócitos/imunologia , Plasmócitos/citologia , Plasmócitos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/citologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Conchas Nasais/citologia , Conchas Nasais/imunologia , Vacinação , Administração Intranasal , Vacinas/imunologia , SimbioseRESUMO
The upper airway is an important site of infection, but immune memory in the human upper airway is poorly understood, with implications for COVID-19 and many other human diseases1-4. Here we demonstrate that nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs can be used to obtain insights into these challenging problems, and define distinct immune cell populations, including antigen-specific memory B cells and T cells, in two adjacent anatomical sites in the upper airway. Upper airway immune cell populations seemed stable over time in healthy adults undergoing monthly swabs for more than 1 year, and prominent tissue resident memory T (TRM) cell and B (BRM) cell populations were defined. Unexpectedly, germinal centre cells were identified consistently in many nasopharyngeal swabs. In subjects with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections, local virus-specific BRM cells, plasma cells and germinal centre B cells were identified, with evidence of local priming and an enrichment of IgA+ memory B cells in upper airway compartments compared with blood. Local plasma cell populations were identified with transcriptional profiles of longevity. Local virus-specific memory CD4+ TRM cells and CD8+ TRM cells were identified, with diverse additional virus-specific T cells. Age-dependent upper airway immunological shifts were observed. These findings provide new understanding of immune memory at a principal mucosal barrier tissue in humans.
Assuntos
Memória Imunológica , Células B de Memória , Células T de Memória , Mucosa Nasal , Nasofaringe , SARS-CoV-2 , Adulto , Humanos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/virologia , Centro Germinativo/imunologia , Centro Germinativo/citologia , Imunoglobulina A/imunologia , Memória Imunológica/imunologia , Células B de Memória/imunologia , Células T de Memória/imunologia , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , Nasofaringe/virologia , Nasofaringe/imunologia , Plasmócitos/imunologia , Plasmócitos/citologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologiaRESUMO
Nonsense mutations are the underlying cause of approximately 11% of all inherited genetic diseases1. Nonsense mutations convert a sense codon that is decoded by tRNA into a premature termination codon (PTC), resulting in an abrupt termination of translation. One strategy to suppress nonsense mutations is to use natural tRNAs with altered anticodons to base-pair to the newly emerged PTC and promote translation2-7. However, tRNA-based gene therapy has not yielded an optimal combination of clinical efficacy and safety and there is presently no treatment for individuals with nonsense mutations. Here we introduce a strategy based on altering native tRNAs into efficient suppressor tRNAs (sup-tRNAs) by individually fine-tuning their sequence to the physico-chemical properties of the amino acid that they carry. Intravenous and intratracheal lipid nanoparticle (LNP) administration of sup-tRNA in mice restored the production of functional proteins with nonsense mutations. LNP-sup-tRNA formulations caused no discernible readthrough at endogenous native stop codons, as determined by ribosome profiling. At clinically important PTCs in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR), the sup-tRNAs re-established expression and function in cell systems and patient-derived nasal epithelia and restored airway volume homeostasis. These results provide a framework for the development of tRNA-based therapies with a high molecular safety profile and high efficacy in targeted PTC suppression.
Assuntos
Códon sem Sentido , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística , RNA de Transferência , Animais , Camundongos , Aminoácidos/genética , Códon sem Sentido/genética , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/genética , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/metabolismo , RNA de Transferência/administração & dosagem , RNA de Transferência/genética , RNA de Transferência/uso terapêutico , Pareamento de Bases , Anticódon/genética , Biossíntese de Proteínas , Mucosa Nasal/metabolismo , Perfil de RibossomosRESUMO
Preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection by modulating viral host receptors, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)1, could represent a new chemoprophylactic approach for COVID-19 that complements vaccination2,3. However, the mechanisms that control the expression of ACE2 remain unclear. Here we show that the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a direct regulator of ACE2 transcription in several tissues affected by COVID-19, including the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. We then use the over-the-counter compound z-guggulsterone and the off-patent drug ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) to reduce FXR signalling and downregulate ACE2 in human lung, cholangiocyte and intestinal organoids and in the corresponding tissues in mice and hamsters. We show that the UDCA-mediated downregulation of ACE2 reduces susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro, in vivo and in human lungs and livers perfused ex situ. Furthermore, we reveal that UDCA reduces the expression of ACE2 in the nasal epithelium in humans. Finally, we identify a correlation between UDCA treatment and positive clinical outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection using retrospective registry data, and confirm these findings in an independent validation cohort of recipients of liver transplants. In conclusion, we show that FXR has a role in controlling ACE2 expression and provide evidence that modulation of this pathway could be beneficial for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection, paving the way for future clinical trials.
Assuntos
Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2 , COVID-19 , Receptores Virais , Ácido Ursodesoxicólico , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/genética , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , COVID-19/metabolismo , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Receptores Virais/genética , Receptores Virais/metabolismo , Estudos Retrospectivos , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Cricetinae , Transcrição Gênica , Ácido Ursodesoxicólico/farmacologia , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/metabolismo , Organoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Organoides/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Mucosa Nasal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Nasal/metabolismo , Sistema de Registros , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Transplante de FígadoRESUMO
The molecular mechanisms regulating olfactory receptor (OR) expression in the mammalian nose are not yet understood. Here, we identify the transient expression of histone demethylase LSD1 and the OR-dependent expression of adenylyl cyclase 3 (Adcy3) as requirements for initiation and stabilization of OR expression. As a transcriptional coactivator, LSD1 is necessary for desilencing and initiating OR transcription, but as a transcriptional corepressor, it is incompatible with maintenance of OR expression, and its downregulation is imperative for stable OR choice. Adcy3, a sensor of OR expression and a transmitter of an OR-elicited feedback, mediates the downregulation of LSD1 and promotes the differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). This novel, three-node signaling cascade locks the epigenetic state of the chosen OR, stabilizes its singular expression, and prevents the transcriptional activation of additional OR alleles for the life of the neuron.
Assuntos
Adenilil Ciclases/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Oxirredutases N-Desmetilantes/metabolismo , Receptores Odorantes/genética , Células Receptoras Sensoriais/metabolismo , Animais , Regulação para Baixo , Histona Desmetilases , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Mucosa Nasal/metabolismo , Neurônios Receptores Olfatórios/metabolismoRESUMO
It is not fully understood why COVID-19 is typically milder in children1-3. Here, to examine the differences between children and adults in their response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, we analysed paediatric and adult patients with COVID-19 as well as healthy control individuals (total n = 93) using single-cell multi-omic profiling of matched nasal, tracheal, bronchial and blood samples. In the airways of healthy paediatric individuals, we observed cells that were already in an interferon-activated state, which after SARS-CoV-2 infection was further induced especially in airway immune cells. We postulate that higher paediatric innate interferon responses restrict viral replication and disease progression. The systemic response in children was characterized by increases in naive lymphocytes and a depletion of natural killer cells, whereas, in adults, cytotoxic T cells and interferon-stimulated subpopulations were significantly increased. We provide evidence that dendritic cells initiate interferon signalling in early infection, and identify epithelial cell states associated with COVID-19 and age. Our matching nasal and blood data show a strong interferon response in the airways with the induction of systemic interferon-stimulated populations, which were substantially reduced in paediatric patients. Together, we provide several mechanisms that explain the milder clinical syndrome observed in children.
Assuntos
COVID-19/sangue , COVID-19/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Interferons/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Adulto , Brônquios/imunologia , Brônquios/virologia , COVID-19/patologia , Chicago , Estudos de Coortes , Progressão da Doença , Células Epiteliais/citologia , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Londres , Masculino , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Análise de Célula Única , Traqueia/virologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant emerged in 20211 and has multiple mutations in its spike protein2. Here we show that the spike protein of Omicron has a higher affinity for ACE2 compared with Delta, and a marked change in its antigenicity increases Omicron's evasion of therapeutic monoclonal and vaccine-elicited polyclonal neutralizing antibodies after two doses. mRNA vaccination as a third vaccine dose rescues and broadens neutralization. Importantly, the antiviral drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir retain efficacy against Omicron BA.1. Replication was similar for Omicron and Delta virus isolates in human nasal epithelial cultures. However, in lung cells and gut cells, Omicron demonstrated lower replication. Omicron spike protein was less efficiently cleaved compared with Delta. The differences in replication were mapped to the entry efficiency of the virus on the basis of spike-pseudotyped virus assays. The defect in entry of Omicron pseudotyped virus to specific cell types effectively correlated with higher cellular RNA expression of TMPRSS2, and deletion of TMPRSS2 affected Delta entry to a greater extent than Omicron. Furthermore, drug inhibitors targeting specific entry pathways3 demonstrated that the Omicron spike inefficiently uses the cellular protease TMPRSS2, which promotes cell entry through plasma membrane fusion, with greater dependency on cell entry through the endocytic pathway. Consistent with suboptimal S1/S2 cleavage and inability to use TMPRSS2, syncytium formation by the Omicron spike was substantially impaired compared with the Delta spike. The less efficient spike cleavage of Omicron at S1/S2 is associated with a shift in cellular tropism away from TMPRSS2-expressing cells, with implications for altered pathogenesis.
Assuntos
COVID-19/patologia , COVID-19/virologia , Fusão de Membrana , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Internalização do Vírus , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Linhagem Celular , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Membrana Celular/virologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Convalescença , Feminino , Humanos , Soros Imunes/imunologia , Intestinos/patologia , Intestinos/virologia , Pulmão/patologia , Pulmão/virologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Mucosa Nasal/patologia , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/metabolismo , Técnicas de Cultura de Tecidos , Virulência , Replicação ViralRESUMO
During the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in humans, a D614G substitution in the spike glycoprotein (S) has emerged; virus containing this substitution has become the predominant circulating variant in the COVID-19 pandemic1. However, whether the increasing prevalence of this variant reflects a fitness advantage that improves replication and/or transmission in humans or is merely due to founder effects remains unknown. Here we use isogenic SARS-CoV-2 variants to demonstrate that the variant that contains S(D614G) has enhanced binding to the human cell-surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), increased replication in primary human bronchial and nasal airway epithelial cultures as well as in a human ACE2 knock-in mouse model, and markedly increased replication and transmissibility in hamster and ferret models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data show that the D614G substitution in S results in subtle increases in binding and replication in vitro, and provides a real competitive advantage in vivo-particularly during the transmission bottleneck. Our data therefore provide an explanation for the global predominance of the variant that contains S(D614G) among the SARS-CoV-2 viruses that are currently circulating.
Assuntos
COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , Mutação , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Replicação Viral/genética , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/genética , Enzima de Conversão de Angiotensina 2/metabolismo , Animais , Brônquios/citologia , Brônquios/virologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Cricetinae , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Feminino , Furões/virologia , Efeito Fundador , Técnicas de Introdução de Genes , Aptidão Genética , Humanos , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Camundongos , Mucosa Nasal/citologia , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , Ligação Proteica , RNA Viral/análise , Receptores de Coronavírus/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/metabolismo , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidadeRESUMO
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein substitution D614G became dominant during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic1,2. However, the effect of this variant on viral spread and vaccine efficacy remains to be defined. Here we engineered the spike D614G substitution in the USA-WA1/2020 SARS-CoV-2 strain, and found that it enhances viral replication in human lung epithelial cells and primary human airway tissues by increasing the infectivity and stability of virions. Hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2 expressing spike(D614G) (G614 virus) produced higher infectious titres in nasal washes and the trachea, but not in the lungs, supporting clinical evidence showing that the mutation enhances viral loads in the upper respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients and may increase transmission. Sera from hamsters infected with D614 virus exhibit modestly higher neutralization titres against G614 virus than against D614 virus, suggesting that the mutation is unlikely to reduce the ability of vaccines in clinical trials to protect against COVID-19, and that therapeutic antibodies should be tested against the circulating G614 virus. Together with clinical findings, our work underscores the importance of this variant in viral spread and its implications for vaccine efficacy and antibody therapy.
Assuntos
COVID-19/transmissão , COVID-19/virologia , Aptidão Genética , Mutação , SARS-CoV-2/genética , SARS-CoV-2/fisiologia , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/genética , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/uso terapêutico , COVID-19/imunologia , Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , Cricetinae , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Pulmão/virologia , Masculino , Mesocricetus/virologia , Modelos Biológicos , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , Testes de Neutralização , Estabilidade Proteica , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Técnicas de Cultura de Tecidos , Traqueia/virologia , Carga Viral , Vírion/química , Vírion/patogenicidade , Vírion/fisiologia , Replicação Viral/genéticaRESUMO
In cystic fibrosis (CF), impaired mucociliary clearance leads to chronic infection and inflammation. However, cilia beating features in a CF altered environment, consisting of dehydrated airway surface liquid layer and abnormal mucus, have not been fully characterized. Furthermore, acute inflammation is normally followed by an active resolution phase requiring specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs) and allowing return to homeostasis. However, altered SPMs biosynthesis has been reported in CF. Here, we explored cilia beating dynamics in CF airways primary cultures and its response to the SPMs, resolvin E1 (RvE1) and lipoxin B4 (LXB4). Human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs) from CF and non-CF donors were grown at air-liquid interface. The ciliary beat frequency, synchronization, orientation, and density were analyzed from high-speed video microscopy using a multiscale Differential Dynamic Microscopy algorithm and an in-house developed method. Mucins and ASL layer height were studied by qRT-PCR and confocal microscopy. Principal component analysis showed that CF and non-CF hNEC had distinct cilia beating phenotypes, which was mostly explained by differences in cilia beat organization rather than frequency. Exposure to RvE1 (10 nM) and to LXB4 (10 nM) restored a non-CF-like cilia beating phenotype. Furthermore, RvE1 increased the airway surface liquid (ASL) layer height and reduced the mucin MUC5AC thickness. The calcium-activated chloride channel, TMEM16A, was involved in the RvE1 effect on cilia beating, hydration, and mucus. Altogether, our results provide evidence for defective cilia beating in CF airway epithelium and a role of RvE1 and LXB4 to restore the main epithelial functions involved in the mucociliary clearance.
Assuntos
Fibrose Cística , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico/análogos & derivados , Humanos , Cílios , Mucosa Nasal , InflamaçãoRESUMO
All respiratory viruses establish primary infections in the nasal epithelium, where efficient innate immune induction may prevent dissemination to the lower airway and thus minimize pathogenesis. Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) cause a range of pathologies, but the host and viral determinants of disease during common cold versus lethal HCoV infections are poorly understood. We model the initial site of infection using primary nasal epithelial cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI). HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, and human rhinovirus-16 are common cold-associated viruses that exhibit unique features in this model: early induction of antiviral interferon (IFN) signaling, IFN-mediated viral clearance, and preferential replication at nasal airway temperature (33 °C) which confers muted host IFN responses. In contrast, lethal SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV encode antagonist proteins that prevent IFN-mediated clearance in nasal cultures. Our study identifies features shared among common cold-associated viruses, highlighting nasal innate immune responses as predictive of infection outcomes and nasally directed IFNs as potential therapeutics.
Assuntos
Resfriado Comum , Imunidade Inata , Interferons , Mucosa Nasal , SARS-CoV-2 , Transdução de Sinais , Humanos , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Mucosa Nasal/metabolismo , Interferons/metabolismo , Interferons/imunologia , Resfriado Comum/imunologia , Resfriado Comum/virologia , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Replicação Viral , Rhinovirus/imunologia , Coronavirus Humano 229E/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Células Epiteliais/virologia , Células Epiteliais/imunologia , Células Epiteliais/metabolismo , Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória do Oriente Médio/imunologia , Coronavirus Humano NL63/imunologiaRESUMO
Respiratory virus infections in humans cause a broad-spectrum of diseases that result in substantial morbidity and mortality annually worldwide. To reduce the global burden of respiratory viral diseases, preventative and therapeutic interventions that are accessible and effective are urgently needed, especially in countries that are disproportionately affected. Repurposing generic medicine has the potential to bring new treatments for infectious diseases to patients efficiently and equitably. In this study, we found that intranasal delivery of neomycin, a generic aminoglycoside antibiotic, induces the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the nasal mucosa that is independent of the commensal microbiota. Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of neomycin provided significant protection against upper respiratory infection and lethal disease in a mouse model of COVID-19. Furthermore, neomycin treatment protected Mx1 congenic mice from upper and lower respiratory infections with a highly virulent strain of influenza A virus. In Syrian hamsters, neomycin treatment potently mitigated contact transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In healthy humans, intranasal application of neomycin-containing Neosporin ointment was well tolerated and effective at inducing ISG expression in the nose in a subset of participants. These findings suggest that neomycin has the potential to be harnessed as a host-directed antiviral strategy for the prevention and treatment of respiratory viral infections.
Assuntos
Administração Intranasal , Antivirais , Neomicina , SARS-CoV-2 , Animais , Neomicina/farmacologia , Neomicina/administração & dosagem , Camundongos , Humanos , Antivirais/farmacologia , Antivirais/administração & dosagem , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2/efeitos dos fármacos , COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , COVID-19/virologia , Infecções Respiratórias/imunologia , Infecções Respiratórias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções Respiratórias/virologia , Infecções Respiratórias/prevenção & controle , Mucosa Nasal/imunologia , Mucosa Nasal/virologia , Mucosa Nasal/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Tratamento Farmacológico da COVID-19 , Mesocricetus , Feminino , Vírus da Influenza A/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Influenza A/imunologiaRESUMO
Haemophilus influenzae is a human respiratory pathogen and inhabits the human respiratory tract as its only niche. Despite this, the molecular mechanisms that allow H. influenzae to establish persistent infections of human epithelia are not well understood. Here, we have investigated how H. influenzae adapts to the host environment and triggers the host immune response using a human primary cell-based infection model that closely resembles human nasal epithelia (NHNE). Physiological assays combined with dualRNAseq revealed that NHNE from five healthy donors all responded to H. influenzae infection with an initial, 'unproductive' inflammatory response that included a strong hypoxia signature but did not produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Subsequently, an apparent tolerance to large extracellular and intraepithelial burdens of H. influenzae developed, with NHNE transcriptional profiles resembling the pre-infection state. This occurred in parallel with the development of intraepithelial bacterial populations, and appears to involve interruption of NFκB signalling. This is the first time that large-scale, persistence-promoting immunomodulatory effects of H. influenzae during infection have been observed, and we were able to demonstrate that only infections with live, but not heat-killed H. influenzae led to immunomodulation and reduced expression of NFκB-controlled cytokines such as IL-1ß, IL-36γ and TNFα. Interestingly, NHNE were able to re-activate pro-inflammatory responses towards the end of the 14-day infection, resulting in release of IL-8 and TNFα. In addition to providing first molecular insights into mechanisms enabling persistence of H. influenzae in the host, our data further indicate the presence of infection stage-specific gene expression modules, highlighting fundamental similarities between immune responses in NHNE and canonical immune cells, which merit further investigation.