RESUMO
Giant congenital melanocytic nevi are NRAS-driven proliferations that may cover up to 80% of the body surface. Their most dangerous consequence is progression to melanoma. This risk often triggers preemptive extensive surgical excisions in childhood, producing severe lifelong challenges. We have presented preclinical models, including multiple genetically engineered mice and xenografted human lesions, which enabled testing locally applied pharmacologic agents to avoid surgery. The murine models permitted the identification of proliferative versus senescent nevus phases and treatments targeting both. These nevi recapitulated the histologic and molecular features of human giant congenital nevi, including the risk of melanoma transformation. Cutaneously delivered MEK, PI3K, and c-KIT inhibitors or proinflammatory squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) achieved major regressions. SADBE triggered innate immunity that ablated detectable nevocytes, fully prevented melanoma, and regressed human giant nevus xenografts. These findings reveal nevus mechanistic vulnerabilities and suggest opportunities for topical interventions that may alter the therapeutic options for children with congenital giant nevi.
Assuntos
Melanoma , Nevo Pigmentado , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Animais , Xenoenxertos , Humanos , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/patologia , Camundongos , Transplante de Neoplasias , Nevo Pigmentado/congênito , Nevo Pigmentado/tratamento farmacológico , Nevo Pigmentado/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/prevenção & controleRESUMO
To define the cellular composition and architecture of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), we combined single-cell RNA sequencing with spatial transcriptomics and multiplexed ion beam imaging from a series of human cSCCs and matched normal skin. cSCC exhibited four tumor subpopulations, three recapitulating normal epidermal states, and a tumor-specific keratinocyte (TSK) population unique to cancer, which localized to a fibrovascular niche. Integration of single-cell and spatial data mapped ligand-receptor networks to specific cell types, revealing TSK cells as a hub for intercellular communication. Multiple features of potential immunosuppression were observed, including T regulatory cell (Treg) co-localization with CD8 T cells in compartmentalized tumor stroma. Finally, single-cell characterization of human tumor xenografts and in vivo CRISPR screens identified essential roles for specific tumor subpopulation-enriched gene networks in tumorigenesis. These data define cSCC tumor and stromal cell subpopulations, the spatial niches where they interact, and the communicating gene networks that they engage in cancer.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/metabolismo , Genômica/métodos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismo , Animais , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas/genética , Humanos , Queratinócitos/citologia , Queratinócitos/metabolismo , Camundongos , RNA-Seq , Análise de Célula Única , Pele/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Transcriptoma , Transplante HeterólogoRESUMO
Error-prone polymerases are alleged to induce mutations while replicating damaged DNA and to increase the risk of cancer. Using in vitro studies and mice models, Yoon et al. (2019) provide evidence that the error-prone Pol θ polymerase protects against ultraviolet light-induced skin cancer despite its mutagenic potential.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Cutâneas , Raios Ultravioleta , Animais , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/genética , Camundongos , Mutagênese , DNA Polimerase tetaRESUMO
Our bodies are equipped with powerful immune surveillance to clear cancerous cells as they emerge. How tumor-initiating stem cells (tSCs) that form and propagate cancers equip themselves to overcome this barrier remains poorly understood. To tackle this problem, we designed a skin cancer model for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) that can be effectively challenged by adoptive cytotoxic T cell transfer (ACT)-based immunotherapy. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and lineage tracing, we found that transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß)-responding tSCs are superior at resisting ACT and form the root of tumor relapse. Probing mechanism, we discovered that during malignancy, tSCs selectively acquire CD80, a surface ligand previously identified on immune cells. Moreover, upon engaging cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4), CD80-expressing tSCs directly dampen cytotoxic T cell activity. Conversely, upon CTLA4- or TGF-ß-blocking immunotherapies or Cd80 ablation, tSCs become vulnerable, diminishing tumor relapse after ACT treatment. Our findings place tSCs at the crux of how immune checkpoint pathways are activated.
Assuntos
Transferência Adotiva , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/imunologia , Imunidade Celular , Vigilância Imunológica , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/terapia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Proteínas de Neoplasias/imunologia , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/terapia , Linfócitos T/patologiaRESUMO
Cancers from sun-exposed skin accumulate "driver" mutations, causally implicated in oncogenesis. Because errors incorporated during translesion synthesis (TLS) opposite UV lesions would generate these mutations, TLS mechanisms are presumed to underlie cancer development. To address the role of TLS in skin cancer formation, we determined which DNA polymerase is responsible for generating UV mutations, analyzed the relative contributions of error-free TLS by Polη and error-prone TLS by Polθ to the replication of UV-damaged DNA and to genome stability, and examined the incidence of UV-induced skin cancers in Polθ-/-, Polη-/-, and Polθ-/- Polη-/- mice. Our findings that the incidence of skin cancers rises in Polθ-/- mice and is further exacerbated in Polθ-/- Polη-/- mice compared with Polη-/- mice support the conclusion that error-prone TLS by Polθ provides a safeguard against tumorigenesis and suggest that cancer formation can ensue in the absence of somatic point mutations.
Assuntos
DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/metabolismo , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/fisiologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismo , Animais , Dano ao DNA/genética , Reparo do DNA/genética , Replicação do DNA/fisiologia , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/efeitos da radiação , Instabilidade Genômica/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Mutação/genética , Pele/citologia , Pele/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , DNA Polimerase tetaRESUMO
Although clonal neo-antigen burden is associated with improved response to immune therapy, the functional basis for this remains unclear. Here we study this question in a novel controlled mouse melanoma model that enables us to explore the effects of intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) on tumor aggressiveness and immunity independent of tumor mutational burden. Induction of UVB-derived mutations yields highly aggressive tumors with decreased anti-tumor activity. However, single-cell-derived tumors with reduced ITH are swiftly rejected. Their rejection is accompanied by increased T cell reactivity and a less suppressive microenvironment. Using phylogenetic analyses and mixing experiments of single-cell clones, we dissect two characteristics of ITH: the number of clones forming the tumor and their clonal diversity. Our analysis of melanoma patient tumor data recapitulates our results in terms of overall survival and response to immune checkpoint therapy. These findings highlight the importance of clonal mutations in robust immune surveillance and the need to quantify patient ITH to determine the response to checkpoint blockade.
Assuntos
Heterogeneidade Genética/efeitos da radiação , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Raios Ultravioleta/efeitos adversos , Animais , Carcinogênese/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Estudos de Coortes , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral , Melanoma/mortalidade , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Camundongos Knockout , Mutação/efeitos da radiação , Filogenia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/mortalidade , Taxa de Sobrevida , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, yet most patients do not respond. Here, we investigated mechanisms of response by profiling the proteome of clinical samples from advanced stage melanoma patients undergoing either tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-based or anti- programmed death 1 (PD1) immunotherapy. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, we quantified over 10,300 proteins in total and â¼4,500 proteins across most samples in each dataset. Statistical analyses revealed higher oxidative phosphorylation and lipid metabolism in responders than in non-responders in both treatments. To elucidate the effects of the metabolic state on the immune response, we examined melanoma cells upon metabolic perturbations or CRISPR-Cas9 knockouts. These experiments indicated lipid metabolism as a regulatory mechanism that increases melanoma immunogenicity by elevating antigen presentation, thereby increasing sensitivity to T cell mediated killing both in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our proteomic analyses revealed association between the melanoma metabolic state and the response to immunotherapy, which can be the basis for future improvement of therapeutic response.
Assuntos
Imunoterapia/métodos , Melanoma/metabolismo , Melanoma/terapia , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Proteômica/métodos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/terapia , Transferência Adotiva/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Activating mutations in NRAS account for 20%-30% of melanoma, but despite decades of research and in contrast to BRAF, no effective anti-NRAS therapies have been forthcoming. Here, we identify a previously uncharacterized serine/threonine kinase STK19 as a novel NRAS activator. STK19 phosphorylates NRAS to enhance its binding to its downstream effectors and promotes oncogenic NRAS-mediated melanocyte malignant transformation. A recurrent D89N substitution in STK19 whose alterations were identified in 25% of human melanomas represents a gain-of-function mutation that interacts better with NRAS to enhance melanocyte transformation. STK19D89N knockin leads to skin hyperpigmentation and promotes NRASQ61R-driven melanomagenesis in vivo. Finally, we developed ZT-12-037-01 (1a) as a specific STK19-targeted inhibitor and showed that it effectively blocks oncogenic NRAS-driven melanocyte malignant transformation and melanoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings provide a new and viable therapeutic strategy for melanomas harboring NRAS mutations.
Assuntos
GTP Fosfo-Hidrolases/metabolismo , Melanoma/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Melanócitos/metabolismo , Melanoma/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Nus , Mutação , Fosforilação , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genéticaRESUMO
Roquin and Regnase-1 proteins bind and post-transcriptionally regulate proinflammatory target messenger RNAs to maintain immune homeostasis. Either the sanroque mutation in Roquin-1 or loss of Regnase-1 cause systemic lupus erythematosus-like phenotypes. Analyzing mice with T cells that lack expression of Roquin-1, its paralog Roquin-2 and Regnase-1 proteins, we detect overlapping or unique phenotypes by comparing individual and combined inactivation. These comprised spontaneous activation, metabolic reprogramming and persistence of T cells leading to autoimmunity. Here, we define an interaction surface in Roquin-1 for binding to Regnase-1 that included the sanroque residue. Mutations in Roquin-1 impairing this interaction and cooperative regulation of targets induced T follicular helper cells, germinal center B cells and autoantibody formation. These mutations also improved the functionality of tumor-specific T cells by promoting their accumulation in the tumor and reducing expression of exhaustion markers. Our data reveal the physical interaction of Roquin-1 with Regnase-1 as a hub to control self-reactivity and effector functions in immune cell therapies.
Assuntos
Autoimunidade , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Imunoterapia Adotiva , Melanoma Experimental/terapia , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Ribonucleases/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/terapia , Linfócitos T/transplante , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Animais , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Imunidade Humoral , Masculino , Melanoma Experimental/genética , Melanoma Experimental/imunologia , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Mutação , Fenótipo , Ligação Proteica , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Ribonucleases/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismo , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genéticaRESUMO
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) display pro-tumorigenic phenotypes for supporting tumor progression in response to microenvironmental cues imposed by tumor and stromal cells. However, the underlying mechanisms by which tumor cells instruct TAM behavior remain elusive. Here, we uncover that tumor-cell-derived glucosylceramide stimulated unconventional endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses by inducing reshuffling of lipid composition and saturation on the ER membrane in macrophages, which induced IRE1-mediated spliced XBP1 production and STAT3 activation. The cooperation of spliced XBP1 and STAT3 reinforced the pro-tumorigenic phenotype and expression of immunosuppressive genes. Ablation of XBP1 expression with genetic manipulation or ameliorating ER stress responses by facilitating LPCAT3-mediated incorporation of unsaturated lipids to the phosphatidylcholine hampered pro-tumorigenic phenotype and survival in TAMs. Together, we uncover the unexpected roles of tumor-cell-produced lipids that simultaneously orchestrate macrophage polarization and survival in tumors via induction of ER stress responses and reveal therapeutic targets for sustaining host antitumor immunity.
Assuntos
Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático , Retículo Endoplasmático/metabolismo , Membranas Intracelulares/metabolismo , Ativação de Macrófagos , Melanoma/metabolismo , Lipídeos de Membrana/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismo , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular , Retículo Endoplasmático/ultraestrutura , Glucosilceramidase/metabolismo , Membranas Intracelulares/ultraestrutura , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/ultraestrutura , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Fenótipo , Fosforilação , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/genética , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/ultraestrutura , Evasão Tumoral , Microambiente Tumoral , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor/ultraestrutura , Proteína 1 de Ligação a X-Box/genética , Proteína 1 de Ligação a X-Box/metabolismoRESUMO
Although the pathological significance of tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) heterogeneity is still poorly understood, TAM reprogramming is viewed as a promising anticancer therapy. Here we show that a distinct subset of TAMs (F4/80hiCD115hiC3aRhiCD88hi), endowed with high rates of heme catabolism by the stress-responsive enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), plays a critical role in shaping a prometastatic tumor microenvironment favoring immunosuppression, angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. This population originates from F4/80+HO-1+ bone marrow (BM) precursors, accumulates in the blood of tumor bearers and preferentially localizes at the invasive margin through a mechanism dependent on the activation of Nrf2 and coordinated by the NF-κB1-CSF1R-C3aR axis. Inhibition of F4/80+HO-1+ TAM recruitment or myeloid-specific deletion of HO-1 blocks metastasis formation and improves anticancer immunotherapy. Relative expression of HO-1 in peripheral monocyte subsets, as well as in tumor lesions, discriminates survival among metastatic melanoma patients. Overall, these results identify a distinct cancer-induced HO-1+ myeloid subgroup as a new antimetastatic target and prognostic blood marker.
Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Heme Oxigenase-1/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Melanoma/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor/imunologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Biomarcadores Tumorais/antagonistas & inibidores , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Linhagem Celular Tumoral/transplante , Quimioterapia Adjuvante/métodos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/imunologia , Feminino , Heme/metabolismo , Heme Oxigenase-1/antagonistas & inibidores , Heme Oxigenase-1/sangue , Heme Oxigenase-1/genética , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares/secundário , Neoplasias Pulmonares/terapia , Masculino , Melanoma/mortalidade , Melanoma/secundário , Melanoma/terapia , Proteínas de Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Células Progenitoras Mieloides/imunologia , Células Progenitoras Mieloides/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/mortalidade , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/terapia , Evasão Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral/efeitos dos fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Macrófagos Associados a Tumor/metabolismoRESUMO
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are essential to maintain tissue homeostasis. In cancer, ILC2s can harbor both pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic functions, but we know little about their underlying mechanisms or whether they could be clinically relevant or targeted to improve patient outcomes. Here, we found that high ILC2 infiltration in human melanoma was associated with a good clinical prognosis. ILC2s are critical producers of the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, which coordinates the recruitment and activation of eosinophils to enhance antitumor responses. Tumor-infiltrating ILC2s expressed programmed cell death protein-1, which limited their intratumoral accumulation, proliferation and antitumor effector functions. This inhibition could be overcome in vivo by combining interleukin-33-driven ILC2 activation with programmed cell death protein-1 blockade to significantly increase antitumor responses. Together, our results identified ILC2s as a critical immune cell type involved in melanoma immunity and revealed a potential synergistic approach to harness ILC2 function for antitumor immunotherapies.
Assuntos
Anticorpos/farmacologia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacologia , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Interleucina-33/farmacologia , Linfócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Melanoma Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quimiotaxia de Leucócito/efeitos dos fármacos , Citotoxicidade Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Eosinófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Eosinófilos/imunologia , Eosinófilos/metabolismo , Feminino , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/genética , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/metabolismo , Humanos , Linfócitos/imunologia , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Melanoma Experimental/genética , Melanoma Experimental/imunologia , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Fenótipo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/genética , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismoRESUMO
CTLA-4 immune checkpoint blockade is clinically effective in a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma. We identify a subcluster of MAGE-A cancer-germline antigens, located within a narrow 75 kb region of chromosome Xq28, that predicts resistance uniquely to blockade of CTLA-4, but not PD-1. We validate this gene expression signature in an independent anti-CTLA-4-treated cohort and show its specificity to the CTLA-4 pathway with two independent anti-PD-1-treated cohorts. Autophagy, a process critical for optimal anti-cancer immunity, has previously been shown to be suppressed by the MAGE-TRIM28 ubiquitin ligase in vitro. We now show that the expression of the key autophagosome component LC3B and other activators of autophagy are negatively associated with MAGE-A protein levels in human melanomas, including samples from patients with resistance to CTLA-4 blockade. Our findings implicate autophagy suppression in resistance to CTLA-4 blockade in melanoma, suggesting exploitation of autophagy induction for potential therapeutic synergy with CTLA-4 inhibitors.
Assuntos
Antígeno CTLA-4/genética , Antígeno CTLA-4/imunologia , Epigênese Genética , Mutação em Linhagem Germinativa , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Autofagia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Metilação de DNA , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Ipilimumab/farmacologia , Masculino , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/imunologia , Antígenos Específicos de Melanoma/genética , Antígenos Específicos de Melanoma/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologiaRESUMO
BRAF(V600E) mutant melanomas treated with inhibitors of the BRAF and MEK kinases almost invariably develop resistance that is frequently caused by reactivation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. To identify novel treatment options for such patients, we searched for acquired vulnerabilities of MAPK inhibitor-resistant melanomas. We find that resistance to BRAF+MEK inhibitors is associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Subsequent treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat suppresses SLC7A11, leading to a lethal increase in the already-elevated levels of ROS in drug-resistant cells. This causes selective apoptotic death of only the drug-resistant tumor cells. Consistently, treatment of BRAF inhibitor-resistant melanoma with vorinostat in mice results in dramatic tumor regression. In a study in patients with advanced BRAF+MEK inhibitor-resistant melanoma, we find that vorinostat can selectively ablate drug-resistant tumor cells, providing clinical proof of concept for the novel therapy identified here.
Assuntos
Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Sistema y+ de Transporte de Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Animais , Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Humanos , MAP Quinase Quinase 1/metabolismo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases , Melanoma/genética , Camundongos , Mutação , Transplante de Neoplasias , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas B-raf/genética , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Resultado do Tratamento , Vorinostat/farmacologiaRESUMO
Tumors have long been suspected of hijacking stem cell mechanisms used for tissue maintenance and repair. Ge et al. now show that skin tumors exhibit merged chromatin profiles from distinct stem cell lineages. This "lineage infidelity" recreates a state akin to transient wound repair that persists to maintain uncontrolled growth.
Assuntos
Linhagem da Célula , Células-Tronco , Cromatina , Humanos , Neoplasias Cutâneas , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
Homeostatic programs balance immune protection and self-tolerance. Such mechanisms likely impact autoimmunity and tumor formation, respectively. How homeostasis is maintained and impacts tumor surveillance is unknown. Here, we find that different immune mononuclear phagocytes share a conserved steady-state program during differentiation and entry into healthy tissue. IFNγ is necessary and sufficient to induce this program, revealing a key instructive role. Remarkably, homeostatic and IFNγ-dependent programs enrich across primary human tumors, including melanoma, and stratify survival. Single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) reveals enrichment of homeostatic modules in monocytes and DCs from human metastatic melanoma. Suppressor-of-cytokine-2 (SOCS2) protein, a conserved program transcript, is expressed by mononuclear phagocytes infiltrating primary melanoma and is induced by IFNγ. SOCS2 limits adaptive anti-tumoral immunity and DC-based priming of T cells in vivo, indicating a critical regulatory role. These findings link immune homeostasis to key determinants of anti-tumoral immunity and escape, revealing co-opting of tissue-specific immune development in the tumor microenvironment.
Assuntos
Interferon gama/imunologia , Melanoma/imunologia , Monócitos/imunologia , Metástase Neoplásica/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Proteínas Supressoras da Sinalização de Citocina/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Homeostase , Humanos , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/patologia , Camundongos , Monócitos/patologia , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Análise de Célula Única , Neoplasias Cutâneas/genética , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Tissue stem cells contribute to tissue regeneration and wound repair through cellular programs that can be hijacked by cancer cells. Here, we investigate such a phenomenon in skin, where during homeostasis, stem cells of the epidermis and hair follicle fuel their respective tissues. We find that breakdown of stem cell lineage confinement-granting privileges associated with both fates-is not only hallmark but also functional in cancer development. We show that lineage plasticity is critical in wound repair, where it operates transiently to redirect fates. Investigating mechanism, we discover that irrespective of cellular origin, lineage infidelity occurs in wounding when stress-responsive enhancers become activated and override homeostatic enhancers that govern lineage specificity. In cancer, stress-responsive transcription factor levels rise, causing lineage commanders to reach excess. When lineage and stress factors collaborate, they activate oncogenic enhancers that distinguish cancers from wounds.
Assuntos
Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Linhagem da Célula , Células Epidérmicas , Folículo Piloso/citologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Pele/citologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cromatina/metabolismo , Epiderme/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Transplante de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Transcriptoma , Transplante Heterólogo , CicatrizaçãoRESUMO
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy has shifted the paradigm for cancer treatment. However, the majority of patients lack effective responses due to insufficient T cell infiltration in tumors. Here we show that expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in tumor cells determines the immunostimulatory feature of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and is positively associated with prolonged survival. UCP2 reprograms the immune state of the TME by altering its cytokine milieu in an interferon regulatory factor 5-dependent manner. Consequently, UCP2 boosts the conventional type 1 dendritic cell- and CD8+ T cell-dependent anti-tumor immune cycle and normalizes the tumor vasculature. Finally we show, using either a genetic or pharmacological approach, that induction of UCP2 sensitizes melanomas to programmed cell death protein-1 blockade treatment and elicits effective anti-tumor responses. Together, this study demonstrates that targeting the UCP2 pathway is a potent strategy for alleviating the immunosuppressive TME and overcoming the primary resistance of programmed cell death protein-1 blockade.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Melanoma Experimental/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Microambiente Tumoral/imunologia , Proteína Desacopladora 2/imunologia , Animais , Antineoplásicos Imunológicos/farmacologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/imunologia , Fatores Reguladores de Interferon/metabolismo , Melanoma Experimental/irrigação sanguínea , Melanoma Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma Experimental/mortalidade , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/irrigação sanguínea , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutâneas/mortalidade , Análise de Sobrevida , Resultado do Tratamento , Proteína Desacopladora 2/genética , Proteína Desacopladora 2/metabolismoRESUMO
CD8+ T cell exhaustion is a state of dysfunction acquired in chronic viral infection and cancer, characterized by the formation of Slamf6+ progenitor exhausted and Tim-3+ terminally exhausted subpopulations through unknown mechanisms. Here we establish the phosphatase PTPN2 as a new regulator of the differentiation of the terminally exhausted subpopulation that functions by attenuating type 1 interferon signaling. Deletion of Ptpn2 in CD8+ T cells increased the generation, proliferative capacity and cytotoxicity of Tim-3+ cells without altering Slamf6+ numbers during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 infection. Likewise, Ptpn2 deletion in CD8+ T cells enhanced Tim-3+ anti-tumor responses and improved tumor control. Deletion of Ptpn2 throughout the immune system resulted in MC38 tumor clearance and improved programmed cell death-1 checkpoint blockade responses to B16 tumors. Our results indicate that increasing the number of cytotoxic Tim-3+CD8+ T cells can promote effective anti-tumor immunity and implicate PTPN2 in immune cells as an attractive cancer immunotherapy target.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/fisiologia , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Imunoterapia/métodos , Coriomeningite Linfocítica/imunologia , Vírus da Coriomeningite Linfocítica/fisiologia , Células Progenitoras Linfoides/fisiologia , Melanoma/imunologia , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 2/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Animais , Senescência Celular , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Feminino , Receptor Celular 2 do Vírus da Hepatite A/metabolismo , Tolerância Imunológica , Interferon Tipo I/metabolismo , Masculino , Melanoma Experimental , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 2/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Família de Moléculas de Sinalização da Ativação Linfocitária/metabolismoRESUMO
Fibroblasts strongly impact tumor progression, but whether they prime the pre-metastatic niche is poorly understood. In this issue of Immunity, Gong and Li et al. identify lung-specific immunosuppressive fibroblasts, which are hijacked by breast cancer cells to facilitate metastasis.