Excess micronutrient intake: defining toxic effects and upper limits in vulnerable populations.
Ann N Y Acad Sci
; 1446(1): 21-43, 2019 06.
Article
in En
| MEDLINE
| ID: mdl-30569544
ABSTRACT
Excessive micronutrient intake causes a variety of adverse health effects, depending on dose and duration. The risk of excess intake carries significant implications for micronutrient delivery interventions, particularly when such programs are overlapping. To minimize risk and provide public health guidance, several countries and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization have set upper intake levels (ULs) for various life-stage populations using the risk assessment framework. However, there is a lack of international consensus on the actual ULs due to variability in application of this framework and a scarcity of evidence from which to draw upon, especially for children. Often ULs for children are established through a downward weight-based extrapolation from adult ULs, which is not always appropriate. The published ULs of nine organizations are compared, recent population nutrient intake evidence is presented, and the toxic effects of key minerals and vitamins are reviewed. Finally, the evidence for toxicity and setting of ULs for each nutrient is discussed including a comment on our degree of confidence in the strength of existing individual ULs. Challenges with risk assessment and opportunities for strengthening the definition of ULs are discussed.
Key words
Full text:
1
Collection:
01-internacional
Database:
MEDLINE
Main subject:
Micronutrients
/
Vulnerable Populations
Type of study:
Risk_factors_studies
Limits:
Adult
/
Child
/
Humans
Language:
En
Journal:
Ann N Y Acad Sci
Year:
2019
Type:
Article
Affiliation country:
Canada