Nanoerythrosome-functionalized biohybrid microswimmers.

Biohybrid microswimmers, which are realized through the integration of motile microscopic organisms with artificial cargo carriers, have a significant potential to revolutionize autonomous targeted cargo delivery applications in medicine. Nonetheless, there are many open challenges, such as motility performance and immunogenicity of the biological segment of the microswimmers, which should be overcome before their successful transition to the clinic. Here, we present the design and characterization of a biohybrid microswimmer, which is composed of a genetically engineered peritrichously flagellated Escherichia coli species integrated with red blood cell-derived nanoliposomes, also known as nanoerythrosomes. Initially, we demonstrated nanoerythrosome fabrication using the cell extrusion technique and characterization of their size and functional cell membrane proteins with dynamic light scattering and flow cytometry analyses, respectively. Then, we showed the construction of biohybrid microswimmers through the conjugation of streptavidin-modified bacteria with biotin-modified nanoerythrosomes by using non-covalent streptavidin interaction. Finally, we investigated the motility performance of the nanoerythrosome-functionalized biohybrid microswimmers and compared it with the free-swimming bacteria. The microswimmer design approach presented here could lead to the fabrication of personalized biohybrid microswimmers from patients' own cells with high fabrication efficiencies and motility performances.