Toxicity of Tetrabromobisphenol A and Its Derivative in the Mouse Liver Following Oral Exposure at Environmentally Relevant Levels.

As typical brominated flame retardants (BFRs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its derivative TBBPA-bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (TBBPA-BDBPE) are ubiquitous in various environmental compartments. However, the potential health risk posed by these compounds, especially at environmentally relevant levels, remains unclear. In this study, using adult male mice, we investigated the toxicity of orally administered TBBPA and TBBPA-BDBPE at an environmentally relevant dose (57 nmol/kg body weight). After a single exposure and daily exposure, we assessed lipid metabolism homeostasis, the transcriptome, and immune cell components in the liver. We found that the single exposure to TBBPA or TBBPA-BDBPE alone increased the number of hepatic macrophages, induced alterations in the levels of lipids, including triacylglycerol and free fatty acids, and caused transcriptome perturbation. The results from the daily administration groups showed that TBBPA and TBBPA-BDBPE both significantly increased the triacylglycerol content; however, the elevation of hepatic macrophages was observed only in the TBBPA-BDBPE treatment group. This study confirmed that environmentally relevant levels of TBBPA and TBBPA-BDBPE are toxic to the liver. Our findings revealed that dysfunction of the liver is a health concern, following exposure to BFRs, even at very low concentrations. The chronic effects induced by TBBPA and its derivatives should be further investigated.